This work deals with the structural solution of reinforced concrete floor slab, deep beam and its support of multipurpose building. The structure is designed and assessed in according to valid standards. The continuous one-way slab is analyzed by Finite Element Method, deep beam is solved by Strut-and-Tie model.

The present research is conducted to investigate the structural behaviour of continuously supported deep beams made with SCC. A series of tests on eight reinforced two-span continuous deep beams made with SCC was performed. The main parameters investigated were the shear span-to-depth ratio, the amount and configuration of web reinforcement and the main longitudinal reinforcement ratio. All beams failed due to a major diagonal crack formed between the applied mid-span load and the intermediate support separating the beam into two blocks: the first one rotated around the end support leaving the rest of the beam fixed on the other two supports. The amount and configuration of web reinforcement had a major effect in controlling the shear capacity of SCC continuous deep beams. The shear provisions of the ACI 318M-11 reasonably predicted the load capacity of SCC continuous deep beams. The strut-and-tie model recommended by different design codes showed conservative results for all SCC continuous deep beams. The ACI Building Code (ACI 318M-11) predictions were more accurate than those of the EC2 and Canadian Code (CSA23.3-04). The proposed effectiveness factor equations for the strut-and-tie model showed accurate predictions compared to the experimental results. The different equations of the effectiveness factor used in upper-bound analysis can reasonably be applied to the prediction of the load capacity of continuously supported SCC deep beams although they were proposed for normal concrete (NC). The proposed three dimensional FE model accurately predicted the failure modes, the load capacity and the load-deflection response of the beams tested. / Higher Education Institute in the Libyan Government

The objective of this research is to examine how to design low-noise transport aircraft using Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO). The subject is approached by designing for low-noise both implicitly and explicitly. The explicit design approach involves optimizing an aircraft while explicitly constraining the noise level. An MDO framework capable of optimizing both a cantilever wing and a Strut-Braced-Wing (SBW) aircraft was developed. The framework employs aircraft analysis codes previously developed at the Multidisciplinary Design and Analysis (MAD) Center at Virginia Tech (VT). These codes have been improved here to provide more detailed and realistic analysis. The Aircraft Noise Prediction Program (ANOPP) is used for airframe noise analysis. The objective is to use the MDO framework to design aircraft for low-airframe-noise at the approach conditions and quantify the change in weight and performance with respect to a traditionally designed aircraft. The results show that reducing airframe noise by reducing approach speed alone, will not provide significant noise reduction without a large performance and weight penalty. Therefore, more dramatic changes to the aircraft design are needed to achieve a significant airframe noise reduction. Another study showed that the trailing-edge (TE) flap can be eliminated, as well as all the noise associated with that device, without incurring a significant weight and performance penalty. To achieve approximately 10 EPNdB TE flap noise reduction the flap area was reduced by 82% while the wing reference area was increased by 12.4% and the angle of attack increased from 7.6 degrees to 12.1 degrees to meet the required lift at approach. The wing span increased by approximately 2.2%. Since the flap area is being minimized, the wing weight suffers only about a 2,000 lb penalty. The increase in wing span provides a reduction in induced drag to balance the increased parasite drag due to a lower wing aspect ratio. As a result, the aircraft has been designed to have minimal TE flaps without any significant performance penalty. If noise due to the leading-edge (LE) slats and landing gear are reduced, which is currently being pursued, the elimination of the flap will be very significant as the clean wing noise will be the next 'noise barrier'. Lastly, a comparison showed that SBW aircraft can be designed to be 10% lighter and require 15% less fuel than cantilever wing aircraft. Furthermore, an airframe noise analysis showed that SBW aircraft with short fuselage-mounted landing gear could have similar or potentially a lower airframe noise level than comparable cantilever wing aircraft. The implicit design approach involves selecting a configuration that supports a low-noise operation, and optimizing for performance. A Blended-Wing-Body (BWB) transport aircraft has the potential for significant reduction in environmental emissions and noise compared to a conventional transport aircraft. A BWB with distributed propulsion was selected as the configuration for the implicit low-noise design in this research. An MDO framework previously developed at the MAD Center at Virginia Tech has been refined to give more accurate and realistic aircraft designs. To study the effects of distributed propulsion, two different BWB configurations were optimized. A conventional propulsion BWB with four pylon mounted engines and two versions of a distributed propulsion BWB with eight boundary layer ingestion inlet engines. A 'conservative' distributed propulsion BWB design with a 20% duct weight factor and a 95% duct efficiency, and an 'optimistic' distributed propulsion BWB design with a 10% duct weight factor and a 97% duct efficiency were studied. The results show that 65% of the possible savings due to 'filling in' the wake are required for the 'optimistic' distributed propulsion BWB design to have comparable $TOGW$ as the conventional propulsion BWB, and 100% savings are required for the 'conservative' design. Therefore, considering weight alone, this may not be an attractive concept. Although a significant weight penalty is associated with the distributed propulsion system presented in this study, other characteristics need to be considered when evaluating the overall effects. Potential benefits of distributed propulsion are, for example, reduced propulsion system noise, improved safety due to engine redundancy, a less critical engine-out condition, gust load/flutter alleviation, and increased affordability due to smaller, easily-interchangeable engines. / Ph. D.

Les mousses à cellules ouvertes ont diverses applications industrielles, par exemple pour des échangeurs de chaleur, des réacteurs structurés, la filtration, la catalyse, récepteurs solaires volumétriques en raison de leurs propriétés uniques telles qu'une importante porosité et une surface spécifique élevée. Pour déterminer théoriquement la surface spécifique géométrique et les relations entre les paramètres géométriques de mousses, une corrélation mathématique généralisée a été développée. A cet effet, la géométrie de la tetrakaidecahedron a été utilisé et différentes formes de sections transversales de brins de structures en mousse ont été pris en compte de façon explicite. La corrélation dérivée pour prédire les propriétés géométriques peut facilement être étendue à des formes différentes. Des simulations numériques 3-D à l'échelle des pores ont été réalisées pour étudier la perte de charge et la conductivité effective thermique. L'écoulement du fluide à travers la mousse à cellule ouverte a été réalisé dans trois régimes différents: les régimes de Darcy, transitoire et inertiel. L'importance des propriétés géométriques sur les caractéristiques d'écoulement de fluide et leurs inclusions dans les corrélations proposées pour prédire la perte de charge est discutée. La question « Les paramètres d'Ergun peuvent-ils avoir des valeurs numériques constantes ou non ? » est discutée. Trois différentes corrélations étaient dérivées pour prédire la conductivité thermique effective à la fois isotrope et anisotrope des mousses. Les paramètres géométriques de la matrice de mousse étaient introduits dans les corrélations pour prédire la conductivité thermique effective. / Open cell foams have diverse industrial applications e.g. heat exchangers, structured reactors, filtration due to their unique properties such as high porosity and high specific surface area. In order to theoretically determine the geometric specific surface area and relationships between geometrical parameters of isotropic open cell foams, a generalized mathematical correlation was developed. For this purpose the tetrakaidecahedron geometry was used and different shapes of strut cross-sections of foam structures were taken explicitly into account. The derived correlation to predict geometrical properties can be easily extended to different strut shapes. 3-D numerical simulations at pore scale were performed to study the pressure drop characteristics and effective thermal conductivity. Fluid flow through open cell foam was performed in three different regimes: Darcy regime, transition regime and inertia regime. Importance of geometrical properties on fluid flow characteristics and their inclusion in the proposed correlations for predicting pressure drop is discussed. "Can Ergun parameters have constant numerical values or not" is also extensively discussed. Three different correlations were derived to predict the effective thermal conductivity for both, isotropic and anisotropic open cell foams. Geometrical parameters of foam matrix were introduced in the correlations to predict effective thermal conductivity.

No description available.

Esta pesquisa estuda o comportamento de blocos de concreto armado sobre duas estacas com cálice totalmente embutido, utilizado na ligação pilar-fundação de estruturas de concreto pré-moldado. Particularmente, foi avaliado o efeito que a viga de travamento provoca no bloco quando apoiada nas paredes laterais do cálice. Foi desenvolvida análise numérica tridimensional utilizando programa baseado no método dos elementos finitos (MEF), na qual foi considerada a não-linearidade física dos materiais. Para avaliação do programa adotado, realizou-se análise comparativa de resultados experimentais e numéricos obtidos por meio de outro programa. Nos blocos estudados variou-se a espessura e o tipo de conformação das paredes do cálice, o ângulo de inclinação da biela e a intensidade das ações na viga de travamento. Os resultados indicam que a presença da viga de travamento não altera de modo significativo o comportamento do bloco, e que a parede do cálice é capaz de transferir a força proveniente da viga em direção às estacas de modo eficaz. Por meio das tensões nas barras da armadura principal, foi possível obter a força no tirante e o ângulo de inclinação da biela antes da ruína dos modelos. Constatou-se que os ângulos apresentaram maior inclinação do que as utilizadas no dimensionamento, que por sua vez foi feito baseado nos modelos de bielas e tirantes. / The present research studies the behavior of two pile caps reinforced concrete with embedded socked used in connections of pre-cast concrete structures. It was particularly evaluated the effect provoked by the locking beam on the pile-caps when supported by the socket lateral walls. Three-dimensional numerical analyses using software based on finite element method (FEM) were developed considering the nonlinear physical behavior of the material. To evaluate the adopted software, a comparative analysis was made using numerical and experimental results obtained from other software. In the pile caps studied, it was noticed a variation in the wall thickness, socket interface, strut angle inclination and action on beam. The results show that the presence of beam does not change significantly the pile caps behavior and that the socket wall is able to transfer effectively the force from the beam to the pile caps. By the tensions on the bars of longitudinal reinforcement, it was possible to obtain the force on the tie and the strut angle inclination before the collapse of models. It was found that the angles present more inclinations than those used in the design, which was made based on strut and tie model.

A racionalização e a industrialização da construção civil têm promovido o sistema construtivo baseado em elementos de concretos pré-moldados. O comportamento das ligações entre os elementos pré-moldados constitui uma das principais preocupações dos projetistas, sendo as ligações entre a superestrutura e as fundações determinantes na estabilidade e na distribuição de esforços solicitantes da estrutura. O comportamento de blocos sobre estacas com ligações para pilares pré-moldados possui particularidades em razão do diferente mecanismo de transferência de forças do pilar para o bloco mediante a ligação. Neste trabalho é estudado o comportamento de blocos de fundação apoiados sobre quatro estacas com cálice totalmente embutido para ligação com pilar pré-moldado. O estudo baseou-se em análise numérica não-linear de modelos tridimensionais considerando a fissuração do concreto, a presença de armadura e a interface de ligação. O comportamento de blocos com pilares submetidos à força vertical centrada e excêntrica foi descrito em termos de força última, panorama de fissuração, fluxo de tensões principais e tensões nas armaduras do bloco. Os resultados indicam a ocorrência de transferência de esforços do pilar para a fundação a partir das paredes do cálice de interface lisa, entretanto com intensidade insuficiente para a formação de bielas de compressão, e o risco da ocorrência de punção em blocos onde os pilares são ligados por cálices de paredes lisas. / The rationalization and the industrialization of the civil constructions have stimulated the construction process based on precast elements. One of the main designer\'s worries is about the behavior of the joints between precast elements, and the joints between superstructure and the foundations which are determinant in the construction stability and behavior of elements. In reason of the mechanism of transference of the forces from column to pile-cap by socket connections, the behavior of pile-caps with joints for precast columns has some specificity. The behavior of four-pile caps with embedded socket for precast columns joints is studied in this research. The study is based in nonlinear numerical analysis of three dimensional models considering the cracking in concrete, the reinforcement and the joint interface. The behavior of pile caps under centered and eccentric vertical force is described by ultimate force, cracking patterns, principal stresses flow and reinforcements strains. The results suggests that occurs the transfer of forces from column to the pile cap in the socket walls with smooth interface, however the intensity is not enough to form the struts, and the risk of development of punching shear in pile caps which columns are connected by smooth interface socket walls.

O dimensionamento de Regiões D (regiões em que não é aplicável a Hipótese de Bernoulli), embora amplamente estudado e discutido, é um tópico ainda em desenvolvimento e com normatização relativamente escassa. Os métodos mais comumente empregados são o Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF) e o Método de Bielas e Tirantes (MBT). A dissertação expõe a base teórica e a metodologia dos dois métodos no dimensionamento de estruturas de concreto armado ao Estado Limite Último e aborda a utilização da otimização, em especial da otimização topológica, na definição dos modelos para o MBT. Metodologias para a aplicação dos dois métodos são propostas e aplicadas a exemplos práticos de Regiões D com recomendações normativas específicas para seu dimensionamento (consolo e viga parede biapoiada) e também a uma viga parede de geometria complexa, os resultados através de diferentes técnicas de dimensionamento são comparados e discutidos, assim como a utilização da otimização como meio de obtenção de modelos. / The design of D-Regions (Regions where the Bernoulli hypothesis is not valid), although widely studied and discussed, is a topic still under development and with relatively little standardization, especially in Brazil. The most commonly used methods are the Finite Element Method (FEM) and the Strut-And-Tie Method (STM). The theoretical basis and methodology of both methods in the design of reinforced concrete structures are presented as well as the use of optimization, especially topology optimization, in the definition of STM models. Procedures are proposed for both methods and applied to practical examples of D-Regions with specific recommendations for its design (Corbel and Deep Beam) as well as a deep beam with complex geometry, the results using the different design methods are compared and discussed as well as the use of optimization as a means of obtaining STM models.

Esta pesquisa discorre a respeito do comportamento estrutural de blocos de concreto armado sobre cinco estacas, dispostas nos vértices de um trapézio, e sobre seis estacas, com o arranjo retangular, considerado pilar com força centrada. Foram estudados diversos métodos analíticos para o dimensionamento dos blocos, no intuito de avaliar a compatibilidade entre o comportamento dos blocos e as hipóteses de cada método. Foi desenvolvida análise numérica tridimensional utilizando programa baseado no método dos elementos finitos. Nos blocos estudados variou-se a deformabilidade do solo de apoio das estacas, por meio de molas elásticas, a seção transversal do pilar, considerando pilar quadrado e pilar retangular, as alturas dos blocos sobre estacas e a resistência do concreto. A configuração do fluxo de tensões, vista em perspectiva, indicou a formação de bielas comprimidas discretas ligando o pilar ao topo das estacas. Observou-se que quanto mais deformável for o solo, mais uniformes são as distribuições das reações entre as estacas e das tensões de tração nas barras das armaduras principais. Verificou-se que as configurações das bielas mudaram conforme se alterou a seção transversal do pilar, indicando a importância de se considerar esse aspecto no dimensionamento analítico dos blocos. A altura influenciou de maneira significativa na rigidez e na resistência dos blocos. No entanto, os blocos com grandes alturas não apresentaram bom comportamento estrutural e os blocos com pequenas alturas não indicaram boa distribuição das reações nas estacas, com as tensões de tração se concentrando entre as barras das armaduras entre as estacas mais próximas do pilar. Observou-se que o aumento da resistência do concreto acarretou no aumento da resistência dos blocos, porém não influenciou na rigidez de modo significativo. Os métodos analíticos que se baseiam nas verificações das resistências a momento fletor e à força cortante não foram compatíveis com o fluxo de tensões obtido, que por sua vez indicou melhor compatibilidade com o método de bielas e tirantes. Por fim, foi possível verificar a aplicabilidade de um método analítico, já existente, que emprega conceitos do método de bielas e tirantes, é simples e de fácil utilização para o dimensionamento de blocos sobre cinco e seis estacas. Esse método considera a altura dos blocos por meio do ângulo de inclinação das bielas, a variação da seção transversal do pilar e diferentes arranjos para as estacas. / This research treats about the structural behavior of reinforced concrete pile caps with five piles arranged at the trapezium vertices and with six piles in rectangular arrangement, considering centered load at column. Several analytical methods were studied for pile caps design in order to assess the compatibility between the pile caps behavior and assumptions of each method. A three-dimensional numerical analysis was developed using program based on finite element method. In pile caps studied, the deformability of soil of support piles were varied, through elastic springs, the column cross section, considering square and rectangular column, the pile caps height and the concrete resistances. The flow stress configuration, visualized in perspective, indicated the formation of discrete compressed struts connecting the column base to the piles top. It was observed that the more deformable is the soil, better uniforms are the reactions distribution between the piles and tensile stresses in the main reinforcement bars. It was found that the struts settings changed with the variation of the cross section column, indicating the importance of this variable in the analytical pile caps design. The height of the pile caps significantly affects the stiffness and strength. However, the higher pile caps did not show good structural behavior and the smaller pile cap indicated poor reactions distribution in piles, with tensile stresses concentrated among the bars reinforcement between the piles closest to the column. It was observed that the increasing in the concrete strength resulted in a higher pile caps resistance, but did not influence the stiffness significantly. The analytical methods, which are based on the resistance verification of bending moment and shear force, are not compatible with the tension flow obtained, which indicated better compatibility with the strut and tie method. Finally, it was possible to verify the applicability of a well known analytical method which uses concepts of strut and tie method, which is simple and easy to apply for five and six pile caps. This method considers the height by means of the inclination angle of struts, the column cross section variation and different piles arrangements.

Concrete deep beams with small shear span-to-depth (a/d) ratios are common elements in structures. However, there are few experimental results on the behaviour of FRP reinforced concrete deep beams and no specific modelling techniques exist in design codes for such members. The objectives of this study were to examine the shear behaviour of FRP reinforced concrete deep beams containing no web reinforcement and to develop a modelling technique. Test results of 12 large-scale specimens are reported where the primary variables included the a/d ratio, reinforcement ratio, member height, and concrete strength. The results showed that an arch mechanism was able to form in FRP reinforced concrete beams having a/d 2.1. A strut and tie modelling procedure adapted from CSA A23.3-04 was capable of accurately predicting the capacity of FRP reinforced concrete deep beams containing no web reinforcement while sectional shear models gave poor, but conservative, predictions. / Structural Engineering