Pour les femmes immigrées d’Afrique sub-Saharienne l’arrivée en France peut constituer une rupture dans leur trajectoire sexuelle, affective et reproductive. Si beaucoup ont déjà fait l’expérience d’une grossesse avant leur arrivée, un certain nombre n’aura pas encore débuté sa vie reproductive. Toutefois et pour les femmes qui le souhaitent, l’arrivée en France, et le changement du paysage contraceptif peut être l’occasion d’accéder à une contraception efficace ou bien de changer de méthode. En 2010, en France, sur l’ensemble de la population des femmes âgées entre 15-49 ans et en besoin de contraception, 78.5% déclarait utiliser une contraception médicale contre 22.9% en Afrique subsaharienne (tous pays confondus) pour les femmes de la même tranche d’âge. Par ailleurs, la population originaire d’Afrique subsaharienne est particulièrement touchée par le VIH/sida en Afrique mais aussi en France, où ils représentent le deuxième groupe le plus affecté.A partir de deux enquêtes, Parcours et Vespa 2, notre étude a visé à mettre en lumière les pratiques contraceptives et les éventuelles inégalités en matière de contraception dont les immigrées originaires d’Afrique subsaharienne feraient l’objet, afin de repérer les leviers d’une meilleure prise en charge de leur santé sexuelle et reproductive.Les résultats de cette thèse mettent en évidence que les femmes africaines immigrées se saisissent d'un système qui articule la promotion de la contraception, un dispositif d'accès facilitant et des pratiques médicales aboutissant à une forte adhésion à la contraception médicale efficace puisque la majorité des femmes déclare utiliser la pilule, l’implant et parfois le DIU. Ces résultats sont toutefois à moduler pour deux raisons. D’une part, lorsque les femmes vivent avec le VIH, (les femmes immigrées ou nées en France) utilisent très majoritairement le préservatif. D’autre part, le recours à l’implant est nettement plus marqué qu’en population générale ce qui doit nous inciter à poursuivre les études pour savoir jusqu'à quel point les méthodes en usage correspondent à un choix et conviennent aux besoins des femmes . / For immigrant women from sub-Saharan Africa, arriving in France may be a break in their sexual, emotional and reproductive trajectory. If many have already experienced pregnancy before arriving, a number will not have started their reproductive life. However, for women who wish so, the arrival in France and the change in the contraceptive landscape may be an opportunity to access effective contraception or to change the method. In 2010, in France, of the entire population of women between the ages of 15-49 and in need of contraception, 78.5% reported using medical contraception compared to 22.9% in sub-Saharan Africa (all countries combined) for women in the same age group. Moreover, the population from sub-Saharan Africa is particularly affected by HIV/AIDS in Africa but also in France, where they represent the second most affected group.Based on two surveys, Parcours and Vespa 2, our study aimed to highlight the contraceptive practices and possible inequalities in contraception that immigrant women from sub-Saharan Africa face, in order to identify improvements in their sexual and reproductive health care.The results of this thesis highlight that African immigrant women seize a system that articulates the sponsoring of contraception, easier access and medical practices resulting in a strong adherence to effective medical contraception since the majority of women report using the pill, the implant and sometimes the IUD. These results must however be adjusted for two reasons. On one hand, women living with HIV (immigrant women or women born in France) use condoms for the most part. On the other hand, the use of an implant is much more pervasive than in the general population which should encourage us to continue studying to what extent the methods in use correspond to a choice and are adapted to the needs of women.

Près des deux tiers des patients vivant avec le VIH habitent en Afrique sub-saharienne. Dans ces pays à ressources limitées, la question du niveau optimal de CD4 pour débuter le traitement antirétroviral (ARV) est un enjeu majeur de santé publique. Nous avons étudié la reconstitution immunitaire à long terme sous ARV et son association avec la survie dans quatre projets de prise en charge du VIH soutenus par Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) en Afrique sub-Saharienne entre 2001 et 2010. Nous avons utilisé des modèles mixtes pour prendre en compte les mesures de CD4 répétées aussi bien dans la modélisation de la réponse immunitaire que dans l'analyse de survie. Dans la première partie modélisant la reconstitution immunitaire, nous avons montré que les femmes ont une meilleure reconstitution immunitaire que les hommes et que la capacité de reconstitution immunitaire est la même quel que soit le taux de CD4 au démarrage des ARV. La deuxième étude a mis en évidence que la survie était améliorée sous ARV chez les patients atteignant un taux de CD4 courant supérieur à 500 cellules/μL par rapport à ceux qui ont un taux de CD4 entre 350 et 499 cellules/μL. Le sexe, l'âge et l'observance ont aussi été identifiés comme prédicteurs indépendants de mortalité après neuf mois sous ARV. En conclusion, nous montrons que les femmes ont une meilleure reconstitution immunitaire et atteignent plus vite un taux de CD4 de 500 cellules/μL qui est associé à une meilleure survie. Ce travail suggère qu'un démarrage plus précoce des ARV, avant que le taux de CD4 ne tombe en dessous de 500 cellules/μl, pourrait améliorer la survie et confirme le besoin d'essais cliniques évaluant les bénéfices individuels d'une telle stratégie / Almost two third of individuals living with HIV are in sub-Saharan Africa. In these resource limited countries, the optimal CD4 cell count level to initiate antiretroviral treatment (ART) is still debated. We studied long term immune reconstitution on ART and its association with survival in four HIV programs supported by Médecins Sans Frontières in sub-Saharan Africa between 2001 and 2010. We used mixed models to account for repeated CD4 measurements in the modelling of the immune reconstitution and the survival analysis. In the first part modelling immune response to ART, we showed that women achieved a better immune reconstitution compared to men and that the immune reconstitution capacity is the same for each level of CD4 at ART initiation. The second study showed that survival is improved for patient with an updated CD4 above 500 cells/μL compared to those with CD4 levels between 350-499 cells/μL. Furthermore, gender, age and adherence are independently associated with mortality. As a conclusion, women have a better immune reconstitution and achieved quicker

The purpose of this research is to describe the role of human rights lawyers in a rights based approach to poverty reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa. The objective is to inform these role players of their proper functions and powers in using human rights regime to fight poverty in the region. / Mini Dissertation (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervison of Dr Christopher Mbazira, of the Community Law Centre, Faculty of Law, University of the Western Cape. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

The thesis deals with evaluation of missions lead by regional and sub-regional organizations in Africa. The cases for the study are the ECOMICI mission in Ivory Coast lead by the ECOWAS and the AMIS mission lead by the AU. The regional peacekeeping operations developed mainly the during the 1990's. Peacekeeping is the dynamic field and the evaluation of outcomes is important for future missions. The evaluation framework used fot this study was designed by Diehl and Druckman and described in their book The evaluation of peace operations. The thesis is structured into the four main parts, In hte first part of the study there is an introduction into the field of peace operation, the regional organisations and their security frameworks and also the peacekeeping evaluation field. In the second part the analytic framework for the evaluation is described, the third part deals with the evalution of the two missions, ECOMICI and AMIS and last part is devoted to conclusions. By analysing these two operations we are able to conclude if the regional organisations are able to deploy peacekeeping missions, if they are successful and what are the main challenges and advantages for the regional peacekeeping. Keywords peacekeeping, evaluation, AMIS, ECOMICI, regional organisation, sub- regional organisation,...

Ultra-wide Band (UWB) has sparked a lot of interest lately from the industry and academia. The growing capacity of the wireless industry is requires a new communication system that satisfies the high data rate which does not interfere with existing RF systems. UWB promises to be this new technology. UWB also promises low power, low cost and flexibility. The UWB Channel opens up a huge new wireless channel with Giga Hertz Capacities as well as the highest spatial capacities measured in bits per hertz per square meter. When properly implemented UWB channel can share spectrum with traditional radio systems without causing harmful interference. In this thesis we studied and compared several reduced complexity sub-optimal Ultra-Wide Band receivers. These receivers include auto correlation receiver, the square value detector and the absolute value detector are studied. We consider OOK and PPM modulation schemes. We examine these schemes and the receivers on Gaussian and UWB indoor channels. We compare the performance with optimal receivers. A transmitter receiver system using 0.1us pulses implemented using existing hardware. A packet consisting of 24 bits were transmitted and the received signal could be verified in real time using a vector signal analyzer. The results show sub-optimal receivers provide a better trade off between robust, complexity and performance.

Research to determine the impact of PTA<SUB>SCS</SUB> on incidence of mastitis, daughter response to infection, and other measures of daughter performance was conducted using data on 1st, 2nd, and 3rd lactation Holsteins obtained from the Virginia Tech herd and from VA DHI herds. Overall correlation of PTA<SUB>SCS</SUB> to lactation average SCS ranged from 0.13 to 0.17 across all data sets. Correlations between PTA<SUB>SCS</SUB> and 1st lactation SCS measures were higher than those between PTA<SUB>SCS</SUB> and SCS in later parities, but higher correlations were found between 2nd and 3rd lactation SCS measures than between 1st and later parities. Correlation of lactation average SCS and incidence of clinical mastitis was 0.41. Regression of lactation average SCS and averages of test day SCS measures on PTA<SUB>SCS</SUB> was significant in 1st, 2nd, and 3rd lactations. All significant relationships were linear and equal or close to 1.0. Relationships between PTA<SUB>SCS</SUB> and number of cases of clinical mastitis (.79), number of treatments (2.0), number of days treated (7.0), changes in SCS from beginning to end of a lactation (-.26), and the slope of changes in test day SCS with DIM (5.9x10-4) were significant only in 1st lactation. No significant relationships between PTA<SUB>SCS</SUB> and measures of clinical mastitis or variation in test day SCS measures were found in 2nd or 3rd lactations. Heavy cull rates imposed on 1st lactation cows in the Virginia Tech herd explained lack of significance in the later parities in the herd study, but results in following analyses indicated that measures of SCS in 1st and later parities may be two different, but correlated, traits. The greatest impact of PTA<SUB>SCS</SUB> on measures of daughter performance and profit was the negative relationship between PTA<SUB>SCS</SUB> and herd life. Increased PTA<SUB>SCS</SUB> resulted in the decreased ability to survive involuntary culling, and thus decreased opportunity for lifetime yield and profit. Selection on PTA<SUB>SCS</SUB> should be an effective method of reducing incidence of clinical mastitis, lactation average SCS, and variation in SCS, or response to infection. The response, however, may be different in 1st lactation than in later parities. / Master of Science

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.