The thesis is made up by four studies, on the comprehensive theme of integrated and subject-specific science education in Swedish compulsory school. A literature study on the matter is followed by an expert survey, then a case study and ending with two analyses of students' science results from PISA 2003 and PISA 2006. The first two studies explore similarities and differences between integrated and subject-specific science education, i.e. Science education and science taught as Biology, Chemsitry and Physics respectively. The two following analyses of PISA 2003 and PISA 2006 data put forward the question whether there are differences in results of students' science literacy scores due to different types of science education. The expert survey compares theories of integration to the Swedish science education context. Also some difference in intention, in the school case study, some slight differences in the way teachers plan the science education  are shown, mainly with respect to how teachers involve students in their planning. The statistical analysis of integrated and subject-specific science education comparing students' science results from PISA 2003 shows no difference between students or between schools. The analysis of PISA 2006, however, shows small differences between girls' results with integrated and subject-specific science education both in total scores and in the three scientific literacy competencies. No differences in boys' results are shown on different science education.

Habilitation--Universität, Heidelberg, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [329]-343) and index.

Habilitation--Universität, Heidelberg, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [329]-343) and index.

Thesis (D.L.S.)--Columbia University, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 140-150).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Pittsburgh, 1969. / Typescript. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [194]-197).

Thesis (D.L.S.)--Columbia University, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 140-150).

Ce travail s'appuie principalement sur le texte d’Etienne de La Boétie, étudié dans son arrière-plan humaniste et socioculturel brossé à grands traits. Qu’est-ce qui inscrit le texte dans son époque et qu’est-ce qui la transcende ? Quels sont les ressorts de la servitude : sont-ils inscrits dans le psychisme de l’humain et comment s’articulent-ils au niveau individuel et collectif ? La forme textuelle répond-elle à des canons académiques ou bien fait-elle signe d’un affranchissement de ces règles, premier pas vers la libération du sujet ? Les solutions présentées par La Boétie sont-elles efficientes pour son époque et jusqu’à nos jours ou bien la servitude est-elle constitutive du sujet lui-même ? La théorie psychanalytique présente-t-elle une alternative libératrice que la cure peut mettre en oeuvre ? Autant de questions auxquelles cette thèse qui croise littérature et psychanalyse tente de répondre. / This work is based mainly on Etienne de La Boétie’s text, studied, in broad outline, from a humanist and socio cultural standpoint .To what extend is the text a reflection of the time when it was written and to what extend does it transcend it ? What motivates servitude: is it part and parcel of the psyche of the human mind ? And how does it link up with the individual and collective levels ? Does the layout of the text answer the academic canons or does it show signs of liberation from these rules, first step towards the liberation of the subject ? Were the solutions put forward by La Boétie efficient from his time till nowadays ? Are they still efficient today or is servitude a component of the subject himself ? Does the psychoanalytic theory offer a liberating alternative that the cure can implement ? So many questions this thesis which intertwines literature and psychoanalysis tries to answer.

This thesis investigates continuities and change in the visualization of the hero in 1960s English football, a period of transition for the player from traditional to modern football practices. It does so from a socio-historical perspective. Its principal aim has been to explore the media representation of the evolution of the visual image of the football hero. This through the study of primary source archive material in the form of media images held by the National Football Museum archive and the National Photographic collection at the National Media Museum. In addition a corpus of contemporary images published in the mass and sports media of the day are considered, along with objects of material culture pertinent to the eulogy of the football hero. In so doing the research looks to understand if the theoretical hero typologies of previous sociological studies are evident in the actual historic visual portrayal of the time. The study of the historic visual culture of football is of relevance given the corporeal nature of the game and the prevalence of the image in communicating its narrative. However, the interrogation of the visual record is an under-utilised research tool in sports history. This research then looks to play a part in addressing this omission in its contribution to the understanding of what constitutes a football hero. The thesis firstly considers theoretical hero typologies appropriate to the football context. It then provides a chronological synopsis of the visualisation of the hero footballer in the period preceding that of this particular study, the 1960s. The chronological structure is continued in the specific study of the Sixties decade. Individual hero players are considered in each chapter as redolent of relevant hero types. Visual references are included as examples at the conclusion of each chapter. Based on the visual evidence the thesis finds that, unlike those sociological typologies that tend to be presented sequentially, visual representations of the hegemonic football hero are continuous, gradualist and emergent. It establishes that the synthesis of change in player socio-economic circumstance and coterminous media advances combines to influence both the on-field and off-duty representation of the football hero. It also challenges the assertion that cultural and aesthetic decisions dominate technological determinism, by suggesting that the commercial imperative plays a central role in shaping the image of the football hero.

*page 147 not removed from text / According to postmodern philosophy, the great political errors and crimes of the modern period may be traced back to the essentialism of modern thought. Modernity sought to base universal political projects upon a universal definition of humanity as a rationally self-determining species. However, such a view of humanity is opposed to the real cultural differences which characterize real communities. The essentialist picture of human being, far from furthering the work of freedom, legitimates the suppression of any differences judged to be unessential. Postmodernism hopes to overcome the suppression of differences by rejecting the notion of subjecthood upon which modernity rested. However, by giving up the idea that humanity is essentially self-determining, postmodern politics become incoherent. The concern for the oppressed which animates postmodern philosophy pre-supposes what postmodern critique denies-a real, universal human capacity to alter circumstances in accordance with self-given plans. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Sweden has a growing proportion of children living in a multilingual environment. It is thus highly important that caretakers as well as professionals who meet these children have knowledge of multilingualism and its impact on language development. Also, an increase of referrals of multilingual children with suspected language impairment to speech and language pathology clinics is seen. The objective of this study was to investigate the linguistic ability in both Swedish and Arabic in a four year old child with suspected language impairment. A further aim was to implement an intensive intervention and evaluate the efficacy of it. Language testing in both languages showed that the boy’s greatest need was in the lexical domain. Thus, the intervention focused on strengthening the vocabulary within a limited number of categories. The study was performed with a single-subject design with multiple baseline assessments before intervention and efficacy measurement after the intervention. These were made with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III and the Boston Naming Test and both in Arabic and Swedish. The intervention was made in Swedish. After the intervention a significant increase in both passive and active Swedish vocabulary was seen. No transfer effect to the non-trained language was noted. / I det svenska samhället lever en växande andel barn i en flerspråkig miljö. Det är därför av stor vikt att så väl vårdnadshavare som alla professioner som möter dessa barn har kunskap om flerspråkighet och dess påverkan på barnets språkutveckling. Det har skett en ökning av remissinflödet av flerspråkiga barn med misstänkt språkstörning till logopedmottagningarna. Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka den språkliga förmågan avseende såväl arabiska som svenska hos ett flerspråkigt fyraårigt barn med misstänkt språkstörning samt genomföra och värdera effekten av en intensiv intervention på svenska. En språklig testning visade att pojkens största svårigheter var i den lexikala domänen varför interventionen inriktades på att stärka ordförrådet. Studien utfördes enligt single-subject design med multipla baslinjemätningar före intervention och effektmätning efter interventionen. Baslinjemätningar och effektmätning skedde med Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III och Boston Naming Test och genomfördes på barnets både språk. Efter interventionen visade sig att såväl passivt som aktivt svenskt ordförråd har ökat signifikant. Det aktiva ordförrådet utvecklades i högre utsträckning än det passiva. Ingen signifikant skillnad mellan resultat före och efter intervention avseende arabiskan noterades. Ingen överföringseffekt till det icke tränade språket kunde således noteras.