Imperfect Personality in Commercial Law Robert Pelikán Abstract In the theory of law, legal personality (the terms "legal person" and "legal personality" are used in this text in their continental sense, i.e. describing both non-human and human entities and their legal capacity) is usually seen as a simple quality having only values, true or false. The existing theories of legal personality were, therefore, trying to find such characteristics of legal personality, which will fully describe all legal persons existing in practice. Such an effort had to fail or, more precisely, the process of search for such a common denominator had to result in the disappearance of all the key characteristics necessary for understanding of the phenomenon of legal personality. The exploration of legal personality must hence begin with the finding that legal personality is not a quality having only values - true or false - but rather a full scale of values from nil to a (rarely seen) full legal personality, moreover appearing in many dimensions. In order to duly explain the phenomenon, the theory must not search for a common denominator of existing persons, but describe the concept of full legal personality and explain the consequences of imperfection of existing legal persons in any of such qualities. Those requirements cannot...

In this thesis I deal with legal personality of nursery schools. I define the concept of legal personality, describe its influence on school management, present the extent of legal personality of Czech nursery schools in a historical comparison, and briefly also in an international comparison with other European countries. The topic of the thesis directly addresses the field of legal status of schools. In the theoretical section, I describe the current situation, explain relevant terms, and the needs preceding the necessity to establish the legal personality of schools. Furthermore, I present the history and legal terms of legal personality of schools in the time frame of the 1990s when all types of schools gradually gained their legal personality. In a separate chapter, I discuss management of the school as a legal entity. In the research section of the thesis, I show the present extent of legal personality of Czech public nursery schools. The aim of the thesis is to help create a comprehensive view of how legal personality affects school management and the authority of the headmaster as an executive of an organization with legal personality.

Diplomová práce se zabývá srovnáním systémů terciárního vzdělávání v zemích Evropské unie s využitím metod vícekriteriálního hodnocení variant. Teorie vícekriteriálního rozhodování slouží k usnadnění a objektivizaci rozhodovacích procesů. Použití rozhodovacích metod sice významným způsobem snižuje vliv hodnotícího subjektu, stále ale v těchto úlohách přetrvávají subjektivní faktory, které nelze nikdy zcela vyloučit. Takovými faktory, které jsou závislé na uživateli postupu a ovlivňují výsledky hodnocení, jsou například: použitá metoda hodnocení variant; relevance použitých kritérií; množina kritérií, podle kterých se varianty budou vyhodnocovat a množina hodnocených variant.

The main aim of this thesis is to introduce Husserl's theory of knowledge. The whole work is prefaced by the interpretation of Husserl's idea of the failure of modern science and its societal consequences. The following is an explanation specifying the problem of knowledge as a problem of the transcendence of consciousness towards the cognized object. In the summary of Husserl's critique of the origin and development of modern science and philosophy is the focus laid on the motives that prove the impossibility of solving the problem of knowledge using objectivistic respectively naturalistic concepts. On the other hand, Husserl's answer to the problem of knowledge is the analysis of the constitution of subjectivity in the field of transcendental consciousness. In the final chapter, Patočka's critique of several key concepts of Husserl's phenomenology is outlined.

Advantages and risks of introducing animal legal personality into Czech law system The topic of my thesis is animal legal personality and consideration of advantages as well as negative aspects of introducing it into the Czech law. The aim of this work is to examine whether the animal legal personality is a solution that could lead to higher animal protection. In order to assess the benefits and risks of introducing legal personality of animals, I analyze the current legal status and investigate whether animals have any rights today. Furthermore, I concentrate on whether the integration of the legal personality of the animals into the legal system is at all possible, and seek such form that would make the integration acceptable. The work is divided into six chapters. In the first chapter I examine the history of the legal protection of animals with a focus on its development in the Czech lands. The second chapter is a summary of current legislation of animal rights, especially in the Czech Republic but also in other European countries. There is a sub-chapter here dealing with international law that has a direct impact on the Czech law. In the last sub-chapter I seek an answer whether, according to the applicable law of the Czech Republic, the animals already have any rights today. In the third chapter I...

Trust fund in context of tax law Abstract Trust fund is a relatively new legal structure in Czech legal system, embodied in the Civil Code with recodification of Civil law in 2014. Trust fund is constituted by appropriation of property from trustor for trustee's administration either for personal purpose or for purpose of general interest. The property does not turn into the property of trustee, beneficiary, nor does it stay the property of trustor. On the contrary it becomes separate and independent property without any owner. Trust fund is lackíng legal personality and is fully under the administration of trustee. The thesis focuses on trust fund under the Civil Code in the light of tax law. The objective of this thesis is to expound on and analyse current private law and tax law legal framework of trust fund, to assess the rate of embodiment of trust fund into Czech legal society and also to assess the success rate of proclaimed tax neutrality with tax regime of legal entities. Beyond above mentioned the thesis also offers the interpretation and solution of both known and by the author's point of view relevant though yet unknown problematic issues. The thesis consists of three parts. The first part of thesis focuses on the history of modern angloamerican trust and its ancestor known as "use," it also...

This thesis discusses women and their changing subjectivity in connection to their participation within terrorist movements. Work emphasizes on the case of the Islamic State, currently the most influential terrorist movement; and the role of women within it. For the purpose of introduction into the topic- as well acquaintance with the current state of knowledge- work discusses historical examples of women's participation within terrorist groups. Concerning theoretical framework, this thesis is based on constructivist feminism and gender theory, which examines how thoughts about gender influence global politics. Empirical part of this thesis is devoted to the method of CDA, namely three-dimensional model of CDA implemented by Fairclough as well as additional conceptual framework - grammar of visual design introduced by Kress and van Leeuwen. The main purpose is to examine what the role of women within the Islamic state is, why they are so crucial and the most importantly how the Islamic State affects women's emancipation. Various propaganda materials of IS are analyzed in order to address these issues.

The Status of Non-governmental Organizations in International Law Abstract Non-governmental Organizations and particularly International Non-governmental Organizations are important players in international relations as well as other stakeholders like States, International Governmental Organizations and Supranational Corporations. Each of these actors has a unique role in international relations, but the role of these actors can overlap each other. Where the interests of these entities overlap, the interaction between actors takes the place. The aim of this thesis was the historical evaluation of the status of International Non- governmental Organizations till the present, settle up with the theoretical basis of legal doctrine on international legal subjectivity and the classification and division of International Non-governmental Organizations. Another objective of the thesis was the definition of individual actors of international relations and embracing of organizations "sui generis" and the most important non-governmental organizations from different sectors and (by using a uniform methodology) compare these organizations and theirs influence on the international public law. In the next part, the thesis pursued with the extraction of statistical data and their placement into the historical context,...

The Status of Non-governmental Organizations in International Law Abstract Non-governmental Organizations and particularly International Non-governmental Organizations are important players in international relations as well as other stakeholders like States, International Governmental Organizations and Multinational Corporations. Each of these actors has a unique role in international relations, with different impacts into the international law. This thesis has mapped international NGOs in detail, from the beginning of their origin to the present. NGOs were divided and classified according to several selected criteria and finally, the definition of NGOs was made. In the next part of the work, has been identified a group of non-governmental organizations sui generis. Although they are non-governmental organizations, enjoy international legal subjectivity. This thesis dealt with elements of the sociological method, so it dealt much more with the facts why the document was created in such a form and how it is actually fulfilled, rather than what is the content of the document itself and how it should be interpreted. With regard to the chosen method, causal cases are placed in historical contexts. The second part of the work dealt mainly with sports organizations, which were the initial impulse to write this...

This text explores the question of reasons for morality and the related issues, particularly the nature and the source of moral motivation. First, I elaborate the metaphysical distinction between subjective and objective, which concerns the status of moral reasons and the extent to which a human agent in involved in their genesis. Next, I raise some questions about moral motivation and I introduce briefly some contemporary views on these issues. Major part of the work is dedicated to the exposition of Kierkegaard's position, which combines subjective motivation for ethics (avoidance of personally perceived symptoms of despair) and objectively grounded reasons for morality (sin). Philosophers interested in moral motivation typically look for fundamental moral principles and compelling arguments in favour of being moral, but Kierkegaard turns the attention of his readers to the task of their own selves. His pseudonyms do not look for an objective moral principle, they show why the ethical life-view is essential for attainment of true selfhood. In this work, I compare some contemporary accounts of moral motivation to Kierkegaard's, I comment critically on some interpretations of Kierkegaard and differentiate between different aspects of reason for choosing the ethical life, implied in his pseudonymous...