During the onslaught of a storm on the coasts of Taiwan in summer and autumn, large waves and storm surge have often caused beach erosion. In order to mitigate coastal disasters and erosion, soft-options have been promoted in recent years, to fulfill the purpose of shore protection, as well as to meet the new requirements of landscape, ecology and recreation. Consequently, semi-natural approaches have been adopted in stead of the conventional hard-structures. This thesis aims to report a study on the effects of detached submerged breakwater layouts and storm wave types on beach profile changes and berm retreat. In order to establish a practical procedure to assist the assessment of beach profile changes with submerged breakwaters during storm, we first collect and analyze the beach profile change data performed in large wave tanks (CE from the US and PI from Japan), and apply the well known SBEACH model to derive regression relationship between the two key parameters ( and ) in this model against the non-dimensional fall velocity ( ). The suggestion of Larson and Kraus (2000) to include hard bottom option in SBEACH with a set of modified and values, which may be different from that originally developed for a sandy beach environment, is then carried out using the beach profile changes results conducted experimentally with submerged breakwaters (Risio and Lisi, 2010). Consequently, we have conducted the numerical experiments systematically to study the beach profile changes using submerged breakwaters under various environmental combinations (with 10 different offshore distances, 10 breakwater heights, 10 crown widths and 4 types of storm wave conditions derived from storm return periods), from which a new set of and values are derived and used in SBEACH for the investigation of installing submerged breakwaters to mitigate potential beach erosion. Our numerical investigations using SBEACH for a beach with submerged breakwater reveal that: (1) Beach profile changes in erosion (0 m line and berm) and accretion (0 m line) due to regular waves are more significant than that of irregular waves. (2) Storm waves with a long return period cause more erosion to the shoreline (0 m line) and berm, while that with short return period may produce accretion to the shoreline. (3) The further a submerged breakwater away offshore, the more sediment transportation offshore and severe beach and berm erosion. (4).An increase of submerged breakwater height would result in accretion near the 0 line; except during a violent storm event, when an increase of berm height could reduce berm erosion. (5) An increase to the crown width of a submerged breakwater could only become effective to reduce wave energy and berm erosion, if an appropriate breakwater height is used; otherwise, a mere increase in width with insufficient height would increase wave height and berm erosion.

Invasive aquatic species such as Hydrilla verticillata (hydrilla) have become a pervasive and nearly ineradicable part of the waterways of the American south. Hydrilla is an aggressive colonizer; grows rapidly and rapidly blocks flow areas, which greatly reduces the capacity of water supply canals. Hydrilla grows up through the water column and is present throughout flow zones that are typically assumed to be free flowing and without resistance, other than that transmitted via the mechanics of a Newtonian fluid. Hydrilla is highly flexible and its morphology in the flow field is dependent on many parameters, including flow, growth stage, cross-section geometry and substrate. Traditional methods of calculating canal flow capacities assume that resistance to flow originates at the boundary of the channel. These methods typically attempt to account for vegetation by increasing resistance coefficients, which are associated with the boundary of the canal. A combination of field studies and experimentation in three separate laboratory channels was used to characterize the behavior of hydrilla and its impacts on open-channel flow. This work developed relationships for energy losses of flow within the vegetation, as well as velocity gradients within the vegetation and through the vegetation water interface to the open water. The information developed in this investigation was used to develop a model of the cross-section of flow with vegetation growing in the center of the channel. The model is based on the Prandtlvon Kármán universal-velocity-distribution law; and uses modifications to the method of calculating the hydraulic radius, to account for the increased frictional elements and reduced flow areas in the canal cross-section. A simple function was developed to estimate the remaining flow capacity in a canal as a function of the remaining unblocked area. The Prandtl-von Kármán universal-velocity-distribution law, together with modifications to the method for calculating the hydraulic radius, can improve estimates of the flow in channels impacted by submerged aquatic vegetation. The effects of a broad range of parameters can thus be represented by a relatively simple function, which was developed in this project.

M.A. dissertation, University of Hong Kong, 1976.

Dependence on foreign oil remains a serious issue for the U.S. economy. Additionally, automobile emissions related to petroleum-based, fossil fuel has been cited as one source of environmental problems, such as global warming and reduced air quality. Using agricultural and forest biomass as a source for the biofuel ethanol industry, provides a partial solution by displacing some fossil fuels. However, the use of high cost enzymes as an input is a significant limitation for ethanol production.Economic analyses of cellulase enzyme production costs using solid state cultivation (SSC) are performed and compared to the traditional submerged fermentation (SmF) method. Results from this study indicate that the unit costs for the cellulase enzyme production are $15.67 per kilogram ($/kg) and $40.36/kg, for the SSC and SmF methods, respectively, while the market price for the cellulase enzyme is $36.00/kg. Profitability analysis and sensitivity analysis also provide positive results.Since these results indicate that the SSC method is economical, ethanol production costs may be reduced, with the potential to make ethanol a viable supplemental fuel source in light of current political, economic and environmental issues.

No description available.

Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1993. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 60-61). Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1976. / Also available in print.

Submitted by RAYZA MORGANNA FARIAS CAVALCANTI null (rayzaaires@hotmail.com) on 2017-05-12T13:58:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rayza Morganna Farias Cavalcanti - Dissertação.pdf: 2306411 bytes, checksum: 60982615938f2943b9d769d2c7cc2ae6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-05-12T14:31:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 cavalcanti_rmf_me_araiq.pdf: 2306411 bytes, checksum: 60982615938f2943b9d769d2c7cc2ae6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:31:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cavalcanti_rmf_me_araiq.pdf: 2306411 bytes, checksum: 60982615938f2943b9d769d2c7cc2ae6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O Bioma Caatinga, caracterizado por apresentar condições extremas de habitat, é fonte de novas espécies, como microrganismos endofíticos, com potencial para síntese de compostos bioativos. Esses microrganismos são responsáveis por produzir uma série de metabólitos de interesse biotecnológico como, por exemplo, enzimas. Entretanto, a tanase, enzima que hidrolisa ésteres e ligações laterais de taninos hidrolisáveis, produzindo glicose e ácido gálico ou ácido elágico, ainda é pouco explorada quanto à produção por microrganismos endofíticos. Essas enzimas são de grande interesse biotecnológico para aplicações em indústrias alimentícias, químicas, de bebidas e farmacêuticas. Diante disto, este estudo visou à prospecção de tanases produzidas por fungos endofíticos associados às plantas ricas em taninos encontradas no Bioma Caatinga. A partir das cascas das plantas angico (Anadenanthera colubrina Vell.), aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemao), baraúna (Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl.), cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale L.) e catingueira (Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tul), coletadas no estado da Paraíba, foi possível isolar 16 fungos endofíticos para seleção dos produtores de tanase. Dentre os isolados, as espécies Aspergillus niger ANG18 e Aspergillus fumigatus CAS21 apresentaram maior produção de tanase. No processo de otimização em Fermentação Submersa (FSbm) A. niger ANG18 apresentou maior nível enzimático quando cultivado em meio Khanna, com 2% de ácido tânico, por 24 horas, a 37ºC e 120 rpm, enquanto que A. fumigatus CAS21 os maiores níveis foram atingidos quando cultivado em meio mineral, adicionado de peptona, 2% de ácido tânico, por 24 horas, a 37ºC e 120 rpm. Em Fermentação em Estado Sólido (FES), A. niger ANG18, cultivado em folhas de eucalipto, umidificado com sais de Khanna (1:1) por 96 horas a 37ºC, apresentou maior produção de tanase quando comparado a A. fumigatus CAS21. Contudo, A fumigatus CAS21 apresentou a maior produção da enzima de interesse em FSbm, a qual foi purificada 4,9 vezes com taxa de recuperação de 10,2%, e caracterizada bioquimicamente. A tanase de A. fumigatus CAS21 tem massa molecular nativa de 60,34 kDa, com 39,1% de conteúdo de carboidratos. Apresentou temperatura ótima de atividade no intervalo de 30 a 40ºC e tempo de meia vida (t50) de 120 minutos e 90 minutos a 30ºC e 45ºC, respectivamente. O valor de pH ótimo aparente de atividade foi 5,0, mantendo-se ativa quando incubada no pH 5,0-6,0 por 24 horas. A atividade enzimática foi aumentada na presença ureia, e inibida na presença de íons de ferro e concentrações de ácido gálico acima de 5mM. Os parâmetros cinéticos foram analisados e a enzima mostrou maior afinidade pelo substrato propil galato (Km = 3,61 mM) quando comparado ao ácido tânico (Km = 6,38 mM) e ao metil galato (Km = 6,28 mM). Contudo, a maior eficiência catalítica foi obtida para o substrato ácido tânico. A aplicação do extrato bruto para tratamento de efluentes de curtume do couro de bode reduziu em 89% o teor de taninos presentes após 2 horas de incubação. Deste modo, o fungo endofítico A. fumigatus CAS21 isolado de planta da Caatinga mostrou-se como um interessante produtor de tanase com propriedades importantes para aplicação industrial. / Caatinga Biome is characterized by extreme habitat conditions and presents source of new species like endophytic microorganisms with potential bioactive compounds synthesis. These microorganisms are responsible to produce metabolites with biotechnological interest, such as enzymes. However, tannase, an enzyme that promote esters and side bonds of hydrolyzes hydrolyzable tannins, producing glucose and gallic acid or ellagic acid, is still little explored in terms of its production by endophytic microorganisms. These enzymes have great biotechnological importance for applications in food, chemical, beverage and pharmaceutical industries. In view of this, this study aims to prospect the production of tannases by endophytic fungi associated with tannins rich plants from the Caatinga Biome. Barks of angico, aroeira, barauna, cashew and catingueira plants were collected in the State of Paraíba and 16 endophytic fungi strains were isolated for the selection of tannase producers. The species Aspergillus niger ANG18 and Aspergillus fumigatus CAS21 showed higher tannase production among the isolated microorganisms. In the process of optimization in Submerged Fermentation (SbmF) A. niger ANG18 presented a higher enzymatic level when grown in Khanna medium, with 2% tannic acid, for 24 hours at 37ºC and 120 rpm, while A. fumigatus CAS21 presented better levels when grown in mineral medium, with addition of peptone, 2% of tannic acid, for 24 hours, at 37ºC and 120 rpm. Under solid state fermentation (SSF), A. niger ANG18 cultivated in eucalypt leaves, humidified with Khanna salts (1:1) for 96 hours at 37ºC, presented higher tannase level when compared to A. fumigatus CAS21. However, A. fumigatus CAS21 showed the highest production of tannase under FSbm, which was purified 4.9 fold with recovery of 10.2%, and biochemically characterized. The A. fumigatus CAS21 tannase has a native molecular mass of 60.34 kDa, with 39.1% carbohydrate content. It presents optimum temperature of activity in the range from 30 to 40ºC and half-fife (t50) of 120 minutes and 90 minutes at 30ºC and 45ºC, respectively. The optimum apparent pH of activity was 5.0 and its activity was maintained when incubated at pH 5.0-6.0 for 24 hours. The tannase activity was improved in the presence of urea, and inhibited in the presence of iron ions and gallic acid above 5 mM. The kinetic parameters were analyzed and the enzyme showed higher affinity for the propyl gallate substrate (Km = 3.61 mM) compared to tannic acid (Km = 6.38 mM) and methyl gallate (Km = 6.28 mM). On the other hand, the best catalytic efficiency was obtained for the substrate tannic acid. The application of the crude filtrate to treat tannery effluents from goat leather reduced the tannin content 89% after 2 hours of incubation. Thus, the endophytic fungi A. fumigatus CAS21 isolated from Caatinga plant was an interesting producer of tannase with important properties for industrial application.

Orientador: Eleni Gomes / Banca: Adalbeto Pessoa Júnior / Banca: Maria de Lourdes Teixeira de Moraes Polizeli / Banca: Márcia Regina Brochetto Braga / Banca: Gustavo Orlando Bonilla Rodriguez / Resumo: Pectinases termoestáveis apresentam características interessantes do ponto de vista da sua aplicação industrial, como alta estabilidade ao pH e à temperatura. Além disso, o tipo de processo fermentativo pode influenciar a produção e propriedades físico-químicas destas enzimas. A produção de poligalacturonase (PG) pelo fungo Thermoascus aurantiacus foi realizada em fermentação submersa (FSM) e em estado sólido (FES), usando substratos contendo pectina comercial ou subprodutos agro- industriais como fonte de carbono. A PG bruta obtida em FES apresentou atividade ótima a 65ºC e pH 5,0, com estabilidade na faixa de pH entre 4,0 e 5,0 e entre 7,5 e 8,5 e manteve 85% da atividade original quando incubada a 60ºC, por 1 hora. Em FSM, o melhor meio de cultivo foi a água amarela, com pH inicial de 5,5, após 5 dias de cultivo a 45ºC. A enzima em sua forma bruta apresentou temperatura ótima de 60ºC e pH ótimo de 5,0, maior estabilidade em pH ácido (3,0 a 4,5) e menor termoestabilidade, quando comparada com a obtida em FES, mantendo apenas 13% da atividade original quando incubada a 60ºC, por 1 hora. As enzimas foram purificadas utilizando-se cromatografias de filtração em gel e troca iônica. A PG purificada proveniente da FSM apresentou pH e temperatura ótimos de 5,5 e 60-65ºC, estabilidade em pH 5,0-5,5 e manteve, após 1 hora de incubação, 100% da atividade original até 50ºC. Resultados similares foram obtidos para a PG proveniente da FES. A PG de FES apresentou massa molar de 29,3 kDa, Km de 1,58 mg/mL e Vmáx de 1553,1 ? mol/min/mg, enquanto que a da FSM apresentou massa molar de 30,1 kDa, km de 1,46 mg/mL e Vmáx de 2433,3 ? mol/min/mg. Íons como Fe+3, Ca+2, e K+ praticamente não afetaram a atividade da enzima... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Thermostable pectinases present important characteristics under the view of their industrial application, as their high stability to pH and temperature. Besides, the type of fermentative process used can affect the ir production and physical-chemical properties. The polygalacturonase (PG) production by the thermophilic fungus Thermoascus aurantiacus was carried out by submerged fermentation (SMF) and solid state fermentation (SSF) using substrates containing commercial pectin or agro- industrial residues as carbon sources. The crude PG from SSF presented optimum activity at 65ºC and pH 5.0, with stability at pH 4.0-5.0 and 7.5-8.5 and maintained 85% of its original activity at 60º C for 1 hour. In SMF the best cultivation medium was the liquid waste from juice extraction, with initial pH of 5.5, after 5 days of cultivation at 45ºC. The crude enzyme showed an optimum activity at 60ºC and pH 5.0, higher stability in acid ic pH (3.0 to 4.5) and was less thermostable when compared to that obtained in SSF, wich maintained only 13% of its original activity at 60ºC, for 1 hour. Purification of enzymes was carried out using filtration and ion-exchange chromatographies. The purified PG, from SMF, showed optimum pH and temperature of 5.5 and 60-65ºC, stability at pH 5.0-5.5 and preserved, after 1 hour incubation, 100% of its original activity at 50ºC. Similar results were obtained to PG from SSF. The PG obtained by SSF presented molar mass of 29.3 kDa, Km of 1.58 mg/ml and Vmáx of 1553.1 ? mol/min/mg, while that the enzyme from SMF presented molar mass of 30.1 kDa, km of 1.46 mg/ml and Vmáx of 2433.3 ? mol/min/mg. Ions such as Fe3+, Ca2+ and K+ practically did not affect the enzyme activity, while Mg2+, Mn2+ and Zn2+ decreased 7%, 75% and 50%... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below) / Doutor

As bactÃrias promotoras de crescimento em plantas (BPCP) representam uma parcela funcional ativa da biota do solo sÃo presentes na rizosfera no rizoplano e no interior de plantas hospedeiras O uso biotecnolÃgico dessas bactÃrias tem se intensificado nos Ãltimos anos O gÃnero Bacillus vem sendo continuamente citado em estudos relacionados a promoÃÃo de crescimento em espÃcies vegetais Algumas espÃcies podem ser aplicadas no tratamento de sementes, ÃrgÃos de propagaÃÃo vegetativa e mudas Diante disso o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a produÃÃo de biomassa de Bacillus sp (RAB9) com potencial uso na promoÃÃo de crescimento de mudas de bananeira A cepa Bacillus sp (RAB9) pertencente ao grupo das bactÃrias epifÃticas, foi isolada de rabanete proveniente da ColeÃÃo de Culturas do LaboratÃrio de Fitobacteriologia da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco Os experimentos foram realizados em agitador orbital e em reator de bancada Em agitador orbital foi estudada a curva de crescimento da linhagem a 30ÂC para observar sua fase exponencial Para a produÃÃo de biomassa foram observados os efeitos da adiÃÃo do teor de peptona (5 a 50 g.L-1) no meio NYD (extrato de carne, extrato de levedura peptona de carne e dextrose) adiÃÃo de elementos secundÃrios (K2HPO4 e MgSO4) e fonte de nitrogÃnio inorgÃnico ((NH4)2SO4) Em reator de bancada foram realizados testes com diferentes vazÃes de ar em batelada simples bem como uma comparaÃÃo com batelada alimentada com o meio modificado As fermentaÃÃes nos reatores apresentaram formaÃÃo de espuma testes foram feitos com Ãleos vegetais (milho canola girassol soja) e mineral para verificaÃÃo do melhor antiespumante Posteriormente aos testes foram quantificadas a biomassa o aÃÃcar residual nitrogÃnio residual e nitrogÃnio amoniacal Com os resultados obtidos foi observado a importÃncia da adiÃÃo dos elementos (MgSO4 e (NH4)2SO4) ao meio NYD e da vazÃo de ar sobre o crescimento da cepa Com os parÃmetros estudados foram determinadas as melhores condiÃÃes para a produÃÃo de Bacillus sp RAB9 / The growth-promoting bacteria in plants (BPCP) represents a functional portion of the active biota soil rhizosphere are present in rhizoplane and within host plants The biotechnological use of these bacteria has intensified in recent years The genus Bacillus has been continually cited in studies related to growth promotion in plant species Some species can be applied as a seed treatment organs for the vegetative propagation and seedling Therefore this study aimed to assess the biomass of Bacillus sp (RAB9) with potential use in promoting growth of banana plantlets The strain Bacillus sp (RAB9) belonging to the group of epiphytic bacteria was isolated from radish from the Culture Collection of the Laboratory of Fitobacteriologia Federal Rural University of Pernambuco The experiments were performed on an orbital shaker and batch reactor In orbital shaker was studied growth curve of strain at 30ÂC to observe their exponential phase For the production of biomass were observed the effects of adding the content of peptone (5 to 50 g.L-1) in NYD medium (meat extract yeast extract meat peptone and dextrose) addition of secondary elements (K2HPO4 and MgSO4) and inorganic nitrogen source ((NH4)2SO4) In batch reactor tests were conducted with different air flows in simple batch and fed batch with a comparison with the modified medium The fermentations presented in the reactors foaming tests were made with vegetable oils (corn canola sunflower soybean) and to verify the best mineral defoamer Later tests were quantified biomass residual sugar residual nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen With the results noted the importance of the addition of elements (MgSO4 and (NH4)2SO4) in half NYD and air flow on the growth of strain With the studied parameters were determined the best conditions for the production of Bacillus sp RAB9