Yes / The subject area of the Europe's Lost Frontiers project, the submerged landscape of Doggerland, is inaccessible and the data by which we can understand it is complex and hard for the non-specialist to understand. In order to be able to present the project at public events, an Augmented Reality sandbox was constructed, which records the shape of sand in a box, interprets it as a landscape inhabited by humans, animals and plants, and projects this simulated land back on to the sand. Different software packages can be used to highlight the effects of climate change or provide examples of the different types of evidence available to archaeologists researching submerged landscapes. The end result is an interactive, accessible display which attracts all ages and can be used as a starting point to conversation regarding the project's archaeological, scientific and technological aspects.

The numerous benefits that wetlands provide make them essential to ecosystem services and ecological functions. Historically, wetland losses have been caused by natural and anthropogenic changes. In Texas, nearly 50% of coastal wetland habitat has been lost since the 1930s and losses in the Lower Neches watershed have been some of the most extensive. Restoration is a way to mitigate these losses and can be accomplished in many ways. Each restoration design creates different aquatic habitats that can influence both submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) and faunal communities. The restoration of the Lower Neches Wildlife Management Area (LNWMA) has created the conditions for the growth of the invasive submerged macrophyte, Myriophyllum spicatum (Eurasian watermilfoil) which may be competing with the native aquatic grass, Ruppia maritima (widgeongrass) for essential nutrients. In this study, an attempt was made to link restoration design with both SAV and aquatic fauna community structures by using a throw trap to characterize assemblages observed in three different types of restored marshes. We also performed two controlled mesocosm experiments in 0.5 gal aquariums to determine growth inhibition by M. spicatum on R. maritima. Analyses using Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test determined that temporal variations in fauna and SAV community composition was greater than any restoration effect. Discriminant Function Analyses (DFAs) determined two to three key faunal species that best predicted association among restoration designs, but linear regressions could not determine any consistent relationship between individual species density and biomass of the dominant SAV species, M. spicatum. For the mesocosm experiments, M. spicatum inhibited the biomass production and branch count of R. maritima when the two species are grown together (ANOVA, p = 0.004 and 0.003, respectively). Changes in SAV assemblages due to competition and habitat characteristics could play a major role in determining faunal community. In order to minimize the temporal effect observed and better determine any habitat pattern that may be present, a much longer study is necessary.

Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In recent years, breakwater design has been governed not only by structural stability, but by cost effectiveness as well. Breakwater designers are constantly trying to find the perfect balance between low-risk design and low-cost design. The combination of a main rubble mound breakwater and a submerged offshore reef, that are designed to function together, is known as a tandem breakwater. The reef structure is responsible for dissipating some of the energy by causing wave breaking. Thereafter, the area between the reef and the main structure - the tranquillity zone - allows for natural energy dissipation. The combination of the effects of the reef and tranquillity zone results in reduced significant wave heights at the main rubble mound structure, which allows it to be designed with lighter armour units. This study investigates the application of a tandem breakwater, based on the conditions at the port of Mossel Bay, by achieving the following set of objectives: (1) to determine the influence of the tandem breakwater‟s submerged reef crest elevation on the damage level of the main rubble mound structure, (2) to determine the relationship between the relative wave attenuation distance and the percentage wave attenuation, and (3) to compare the abovementioned parameters for rock and geotube reefs. A physical model test series was conducted to gain the data required for achieving the objectives. A rubble mound structure that makes use of dolos armour units, resembling the one at Mossel Bay, was constructed inside a concrete flume equipped with a single-paddle wavemaker. Two reef structure types (rock and geotube) were tested at three crest elevations (below-LAT, LAT and ML), against combinations of two significant wave heights (2.5 m and 3 m) and two peak periods (8 s and 12 s), at one water level (ML) and one offshore reef distance (50 m). From the model test results, it is evident that the presence of a reef structure significantly affects the wave conditions that reach the main structure. When comparing significant wave heights measured at a prototype distance of 20 m in front of the main breakwater, a reduction of as high as 42% can be observed for a reef structure made from rocks and 54% for a geotube structure. In all cases, the geotube structure causes more wave attenuation due to its lower permeability, which enables it to reflect more wave energy. However, it should be noted that the stability of the geotube reef was not considered during testing. Generic graphs are presented, that aim to provide guidance in the design process of such a tandem breakwater system. The graphs are produced for a case where dolos armour units are used and might not be exactly the same when a different type of armour unit is used. One graph shows the relationship between the damage reduction at the main breakwater and the relative reef submergence. The other shows the relationship between wave attenuation and the relative wave attenuation distance. Unfortunately, the implementation of geotube reefs of the nature described in this investigation is not likely in the South African context at present. This, however, does not eliminate the possibility of future applications. As geotextile technology develops and greater operational experience and equipment is gained, tandem breakwaters that incorporate geotube reefs could provide an alternative that is both cost-effective and more environmentally friendly with regards to transport emissions. Until then, tandem breakwaters that incorporate rock reefs may be able to provide a desired alternative design for certain scenarios. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die afgelope jare, word breekwater ontwerp nie net beheer deur strukturele stabiliteit nie, maar ook koste effektiwiteit. Ontwerpers poog alewig om die perfekte balans tussen lae-risiko ontwerp en lae-koste ontwerp na te streef. Die kombinasie van 'n hoof ruklipgolfbreker en 'n sekondêre onderwater rif breekwater, wat ontwerp is om as 'n eenheid te funksioneer, staan bekend as „n tandem breekwater. Die rif struktuur is verantwoordelik vir die verlies van 'n gedeelte van die golf energie deur golf breking te veroorsaak. Daarna veroorsaak die area tussen die rif en die hoof struktuur – die kalmeringsone – verdere natuurlike energie verlies. Die gekombineerde effek van die rif en kalmeringsone veroorsaak dat kleiner branders die hoof breekwater bereik, wat toelaat dat dit ontwerp kan word met kleiner pantser eenhede. Dié studie ondersoek die toepassing van 'n tandem breekwater, gebaseer op die kondisies by die Mosselbaai hawe, deur die volgende doelwitte te bewerkstellig: (1) om die invloed van die onderwater rif kruinhoogte op die vlak van skade aan die hoof breekwater te bepaal, (2) om die verhouding tussen die relatiewe golfhoogte-verminderings-afstand en die golfhoogte vermindering te bepaal, en (3) om die bogenoemde parameters vir rots en geo-buis riwwe te vergelyk. 'n Fisiese model toets reeks is uitgevoer sodat die benodigde data ingesamel kan word om die doelwitte te bereik. „n Rotsvul breekwater wat gebruik maak van dolos pantser eenhede, soortgelyk aan dié by Mosselbaai, is gebou in 'n beton kanaal wat toegerus is met 'n enkel-spaan golfmasjien. Twee tipes riwwe (rots en geo-buis) is getoets met drie kruin hoogtes (onder-LAG, LAG en GV), teen kombinasies van twee beduidende golfhoogtes (2.5 m en 3 m) en twee spitsperiodes (8 s en 12 s), by een watervlak (GV) en een sekondêre breekwater afstand (50 m). Uit die model toets resultate is dit duidelik dat die teenwoordigheid van 'n rif struktuur, die golfkondisies wat die hoof breekwater bereik, beduidend beïnvloed. Wanneer beduidende golfhoogtes, gemeet op 'n prototipe afstand van 20 m voor die hoof breekwater, vergelyk word, word 'n vermindering van so hoog as 42% waargeneem vir 'n rif bestaande uit rots en 54% vir 'n rif bestaande uit geo-buise. In alle gevalle veroorsaak die geo-buis struktuur meer golfhoogte vermindering, as gevolg van sy laer deurlaatbaarheid, wat dit in staat stel om meer golfenergie te reflekteer. Die stabiliteit van die geo-buis struktuur is egter nie in ag geneem tydens die toetse nie. Generiese grafieke word weergegee, met die doel om leiding te gee tydens die ontwerpsproses van só 'n tandem breekwater struktuur. Die grafieke hou verband met die geval waar dolos pantser eenhede gebruik word, en mag verskil vir ander tipes pantser eenhede. Een van die grafieke dui die verhouding tussen skadevermindering aan die hoof breekwater en die relatiewe posisie van die onderwater rif se kruinhoogte aan. Die ander grafiek dui die verhouding tussen die golfhoogte vermindering en die relatiewe golfhoogte-verminderings-afstand aan. Huidiglik is die toepassing van die tipe geo-buis riwwe soos beskryf in hierdie ondersoek, ongelukkig onwaarskynlik in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks. Dit skakel egter nie die moontlikheid van toekomstige toepassings van dié aard uit nie. Soos geo-tekstiel tegnologie ontwikkel en meer operasionele ervaring en toerusting bekom word, kan die effektiewe implementasie van geo-buis riwwe 'n alternatief bied wat beide koste effektief en omgewingsvriendelik is met betrekking tot die vrystelling van uitlaatgasse tydens die vervoer van materiale. Tot dan, kan tandem breekwaters wat van rots riwwe gebruik maak, moontlik die gewenste alternatiewe ontwerp bied vir sekere situasies.

The presence of gas and oil in some sand formations decreases the seismic velocity and density to such an extent that anomalously large reflections coefficients are encountered at fluid contacts. Geerstma and Gassmann's theories are equivalent and provide a good way to study the physical properties that affect the elastic behavior of the porous rock. The fluid-contact reflectivity (gas-water, oil-water) can be well estimated based on the brine saturated velocity alone. A comparison between the estimated and observed fluid-contact reflectivities on seismic and well log data from an Offshore prospect showed a remarkable agreement. / text

This Ph.D. Thesis is focused on the effect of submerged vegetation on the structure of lake ecosystem and trophic relationships among fishes. Succession of submerged vegetation is a dynamic process and the vegetation community may change dramatically even during a year. Many environmental factors have impact on the succession of submerged vegetation and consequently the presence of the vegetation has substantial impact on the aquatic ecosystem. Nutrient level (mainly nitrogen and phosphorus) plays a key role in the succession of freshwater ecosystems. Further, herbivory significantly influences species composition and biomass of macrophytes and macroalgae. Herbivory of fish is a foraging strategy that is dependent on temperature. Foraging preferences of fish may suppress the palatable species. The rate of herbivory affects plant growth patterns and thus inpalatable species may be advantaged in the competition among plants. In aquatic ecosystems, herbivory is often performed by omnivorous species. The diet preferences of omnivorous fish differ among aquatic ecosystems and submerged vegetation can shape their trophic niches substantially.

Este trabalho apresenta uma análise das condições de soldagem sobre o desgaste abrasivo de um revestimento duro. O revestimento foi feito pela deposição metálica por arco submerso variando os parâmetros de soldagem e utilizando fluxos comerciais. Foram utilizados dois conjuntos de parâmetros de soldagem (conjunto 01 com velocidade de soldagem de 55 cm/min, extensão do eletrodo de 35,0 mm, tensão de 30V, corrente de 450A e o conjunto 02 com velocidade de soldagem de 50 cm/min, extensão do eletrodo de 25,5 mm, tensão do arco de 26V e corrente de 440A) e quatro fluxos comerciais (identificados como E, M, L e R) formando assim oito condições de soldagem. Foram feitas duas camadas com três cordões de solda cada sobre uma chapa base de aço SAE 1020. Corrente contínua com polaridade direta (CC-) foi utilizada em ambas condições. A resistência ao desgaste abrasivo a baixa-tensão foi avaliada pelo ensaio de desgaste do tipo Roda de borracha/areia seca conforme a norma ASTM G65-94. A análise microestrutural foi feita por microscopia óptica e a análise da região desgastada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A resistência ao desgaste abrasivo dos revestimentos do conjunto 01 foi superior em comparação com os revestimentos do conjunto 02, para todos os fluxos utilizados. Os fluxos E e R proporcionaram os melhores desempenho e a martensita de agulhas foi a microestrutura com a qual foram obtidos os melhores resultados de desgaste abrasivo a baixa-tensão neste estudo realizado. / This work presents an analysis of the welding conditions and its effects in the abrasive wear of hardfacings. The hardfacings were obtained by submerged arc surfacing. The welding variables were changed and the commercials fluxes were used. Two groups of welding variables were used (group 01: a traveI speed of 55 cm/min, an electrode extension of 35,0 mm, a voltage of 30V and an amperage of 450A; group 02: a traveI speed of 50 cm/min, an electrode extension of 25,0 mm, a voltage of 26V and an amperage of 440A) and four commercials fluxes (E, M, L e R designated) establishing eight welding conditions. Double-Iayered ot three beads were deposited (applied) on a SAE 1020 base metal plate. Direct current electrode negative polarity (CC-) were used in both groups of welding. The low stress abrasion resistance evaluation was carried out by dry sand/rubber wheel apparatus according to the ASTM G65-94. The microstructural analysis were done by optical microscopy and the worn surface analysis were done by scanning electronic microscopy. The abrasion resistance of the group 01 was superior as compared to the group 02, independent of the fluxe was used. The fluxes E and R presented the best results and the befter abrasion resistant microstructure was lath martensite.

A disposição ambientalmente adequada dos resíduos sólidos em aterros sanitários requer atenção ao tratamento do lixiviado gerado, que atualmente representa um desafio aos engenheiros, técnicos e pesquisadores da área. Esse trabalho avalia a tratabilidade do lixiviado pelo processo oxidativo avançado Reagente de Fenton, seguido por tratamento consorciado com esgoto sanitário em biofiltro aerado submerso. Os ensaios com Reagente de Fenton foram realizados em escala de bancada, com tempo de duração de 70 min por batelada; constatou-se que a razão mássica mais eficiente em termos de remoção de DQO do lixiviado bruto foi de 2:1 (H2O2:Fe II). Os resultados mostraram que esse tratamento reduziu, em média, 62% da DQO do lixiviado bruto. Entretanto, houve acréscimo do teor de sólidos no efluente e formação de lodo. Quanto ao tratamento consorciado com esgoto sanitário, foram utilizados dois biofiltros aerados submersos - reator controle (R1) e reator R2, que recebia 2% de lixiviado tratado por reagente de Fenton - com vazões de 330 mL/h e 450 mL/h, respectivamente, ambos com tempo de detenção hidráulica de 12 h. No período monitorado e considerando as eficiências médias de remoção de DQO de 75% e 70% e de DBO de 95% e 88% nos reatores R1 e R2, respectivamente, não foi possível concluir se houve tratamento do lixiviado ou apenas diluição. Entretanto, foi observado que a adição de lixiviado comprometeu a eficiência de remoção de matéria orgânica na forma de COD, no biofiltro R2. / The environmentally sound disposal of solid waste in landfills requires attention to the treatment of the leachate generated, which currently represents a challenge to the engineers, technicians and researchers. This research assesses the treatability of leachate by advanced oxidation process Fenton\'s reagent, followed by combined treatment with sewage submerged aerated biofilters. Assays with Fenton\'s reagent were performed in a bench scale, with a duration of 70 min per batch, it was found that the most efficient weight ratio in terms of COD removal of crude leachate was 2:1 (H2O2:Fe II). Results shows that treatment decreased on average 62% of the COD of the crude leachate. However, there was an increase of solids in the effluent and sludge formation. As for combination with sewage treatment, two submerged aerated biofilters were used - control reactor (R1) and R2 reactor, which received 2% of treated leachate by Fenton\'s reagent - with flows of 330 mL/h and 450 mL/h, respectively, both with a hydraulic retention time of 12 h. In the monitored period and considering the average COD removal efficiencies of 75% and 70% of BOD and 95% and 88% in the reactors R1 and R2, respectively, it was not possible to conclude whether there was treatment of leachate or just dilution. However, it was observed that the addition of leachate compromised the efficiency of removal of organic material in the form of COD in the biofilter R2.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as propriedades mecânicas do metal como soldado usando fluxo ativado na condição como recebido. Foram utilizadas cinco chapas base, sendo quatro delas de aço do tipo alta resistência e baixa liga (ABRL) e uma de aço carbono comum SAE 1020, que foram soldadas usando um único passe. O eletrodo utilizado foi o arame EM 12K , diâmetro de 4 mm e pó de ferro 400. As condições de soldagem utilizada foram: tensão de 34V, corrente de 660A, velocidade de soldagem de 30 cm/mim por minuto e uma adição de pó metálico de 373 g/m. Estas condições produzem um aporte de calor de 4,5 kJ/mm e uma diluição da chapa base em torno de 43%. Os ensaios mecânicos realizados forma de dureza, de tração e de impacto. A natureza das inclusões não metálicas foi investigada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e análise por Energy Dispersive X RAY (EDS). Os resultados mostraram que as condições do fluxo e a diluição da chapa base alteraram a química nos metais como soldados, principalmente o oxigênio, isto permitiu mudanças significativas na temperabilidade. Como resultado as percentagens das microestruturas foram bastante alteradas principalmente na ferrita acicular, ocasionando mudanças nas propriedades mecânicas de dureza, tração e impacto. / The objective of this work was to study the properties of the metal as welded using activated flux in the condition as received. Five base plates, four of which were HSLA steel and one SAE 1020, that were welded using a single pass. EM 12K electrode and 400 metallic powder were used. The conditions for welding were: voltage 34V, current 660A, welding speed 30 cm/min and addition of metallic powder 373 Kg/M. These conditions produced a heat input of 4,5 kJ/mm and dilution in the base plate around 43%. Mechanical tests of hardness, impact resistance and tensile strength were carried out. The nature of non-metallic inclusions was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and analysis by Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDS). The results showed that the conditions of the flux and the dilution of the base plate changed the chemical compositions in the metal as welded, mainly oxygen, which altered significantly the hardenability. As a result, the percentage of the microstructures changed, specially for acicular ferrite, allowing for changes in mechanical properties of hardness, impact resistance and tensile strength.

Seagrass meadows, or submerged aquatic vegetation, constitute an ecosystem with great importance to the coastal zone, and may be characterized as the most productive ecosystem on Earth. In addition to the provision of habitat for a wide variety of species, protection of the coastal zone and production of organic matter base for the marine trophic web, these environments have been recognized for their great capacity to store organic carbon in their soils and are, therefore, a priority area for the mitigation of increased carbon in the atmosphere. In spite of the great importance of these areas, there is little information about the soils of these ecosystems, mainly using an approach based on the genesis of its soils. Thus, this thesis covers 4 chapters aiming to: (i) evaluate changes in the characteristics of seagrass meadows publications in the last 50 years, identify knowledge gaps and priorities for future studies; (ii) to discuss the paradoxical lack of information on Brazilian seagrass meadows soils, stimulate studies to understand their characteristics and contribute to the correct inclusion of seagrass meadows soils in the Brazilian System for Soil Classification; (iii) characterize and investigate soils of seagrass meadows along the Brazilian coast, in order to understand the pedogenetic processes within these soils; and (iv) identify variations in the biogeochemical processes related to the dynamics of Fe, Mn and S along the Brazilian coast, aiming to provide an improved basis for the understanding of this ecosystem and subsidies for the use and protection policies of these coastal areas. / As pradarias marinhas (seagrasses), ou vegetação aquática submersa, constituem um ecossistema de grande importância para a zona costeira, caracterizando-se como o ecossistema mais produtivo da Terra. Além de fornecer habitat para uma grande variedade de espécies, favorecer a estabilidade costeira e produzir matéria orgânica base para a teia trófica marinha, estes ambientes têm sido reconhecidos pela grande capacidade de armazenar carbono orgânico em seus solos e são, portanto, prioritários para as medidas de mitigação do aumento de carbono na atmosfera. Apesar da grande importância desse ecossitema, há pouca informação a respeito dos solos onde estes ecossistemas estão inseridos, principalmente utilizando uma abordagem baseada na gênese dos solos. Esta tese contempla 4 capítulos cujos objetivos visam avaliar as mudanças nas características das publicações sobre pradarias marinhas nos últimos 50 anos, identificando lacunas de conhecimentos e prioridades para estudos futuros; discutir a paradoxal ausência de informação sobre os solos das pradarias marinhas do Brasil, estimulando estudos para o entendimento de suas características e contribuindo para a correta inclusão de solos de pradarias marinhas no Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de solos; caracterizar e investigar os solos das pradarias marinhas ao longo da costa brasileira, com vistas a entender os processos pedogenéticos atuantes nestes solos; e Identificar variações nos processos biogeoquímicos relacionados à dinâmica de Fe, Mn e S ao longo da costa brasileira, com a finalidade de fornecer base para o entendimento deste ecossistema e subsídios para as políticas de proteção e de uso destas áreas costeiras.

Esta pesquisa teve o objetivo de avaliar o pós-tratamento de um Reator UASB com Filtro Biológico Aerado Submerso, no intuito de verificar sua eficácia na nitrificação, submetendo o mesmo a diferentes taxas de recirculação do lodo do decantador final para a entrada do FBAS. A necessidade do pós-tratamento, deve-se ao fato do efluente do reator UASB, mesmo tendo uma boa eficiência na remoção de matéria orgânica, seu efluente não atende a Legislação ambiental brasileira, logo, o pós-tratamento tem o principal papel de completar a remoção de matéria orgânica, e também efetuar a remoção de nitrogênio amoniacal, que de acordo com a Resolução CONAMA Nº 357, de 17 de março de 2005, o padrão de lançamento é de até 20 mgN/L. Esse estudo foi desenvolvido em unidade de escala piloto, em três regimes distintos de operação, situada no Centro Tecnológico de Hidráulica ? CTH, constituída por um FBAS com um volume útil de 605 L, seguido de decantador, tratando o efluente de um reator UASB de 25 m3. Os três regimes de operação tiveram tempo de duração de 75, 80 e 54 dias, respectivamente, com vazões de alimentação de 500 L/h nos dois primeiros regimes e 200 L/h no regime 3. As taxas de recirculação foram respectivamente 0,2, 0,4 e 0,8, para os regimes 1, 2 e 3. Esses três regimes de operação apresentaram as seguintes taxas de aplicação superficial, respectivamente: DQO (35, 40 e 16 g DQO/m2.dia); DBO (16, 14 e 7 g DBO/m2.dia) e NKT (8,8, 8,7 e 3,1 g NKT/m2.dia). Foram realizadas análises de DBO, DQO, sólidos em suspensão, nitrogênio amoniacal e Kjeldahl, nitrito, nitrato e alcalinidade, onde o regime de operação 3 apresentou os melhores resultados, produzindo um efluente final com as seguintes concentrações médias: 78 mg/L (DQO), 28 mg/L (DBO), 27 mg/L (SST), 12 mg/L (NKT), 10 mg/L (NH3/NH4 +) e 23,4 mg/L (NO3 -). As eficiências de remoção observadas foram: 68% (DQO), 76% (DBO), 79% (SST), 75% (NKT) e 75% (NH3/NH4 +). / This study aimed at to evaluate the post-treatment of UASB reactor with aerated submerged biological filter, with the objective of verifying your effectiveness in the nitrification process, submitting it to different sludge recirculation rates from the final settling tank to the entrance of FBAS. The necessity of the post-treatment is due to the fact of the UASB reactor effluent, although tends a good efficiency in the removal of organic matter, it doesn't to meet the standards of Brazilian environmental legislation, therefore, the post-treatment has the main paper of completing the organic matter removal, and also to ammonia nitrogen removal, that in agreement with the Resolution CONAMA N. 357, of march 17, 2005, the release pattern for this parameter is 20 mgN/L. This study was developed in a pilot plant with three different operational regimes, located in ?Centro Tecnológico de Hidráulica ? CTH?, constituted by a FBAS with an useful volume at 605 L, following by settling tank, treating the effluent from 25 m3 UASB reactor. The three operation regimes had time of duration of 75, 80 and 54 days, respectively, with feeding flows at 500 L/hour in the first two regimes and 200 L/hour in the regime 3. The sludge recirculation rate were 0,2, 0,4 and 0,8, for the regimes 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The three operation regimes introduced these superficial aplication rates, respectively: COD (35, 40 and 16 g COD/m2.day); BOD (16, 14 and 7 g BOD/m2.day) and NKT (8,8, 8,7 and 3,1 g NKT/m2.day). Analyses of parameters were accomplished as BOD, COD, solids in suspension, ammonia nitrogen and total Kjeldahl nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate and alkalinity, where the operation regime 3 presented the best results, producing a final effluent with these average concentrations: 78 mg/L (COD), 28 mg/L (BOD), 27 mg/L (TSS), 12 mg/L (NKT), 10 mg/L (NH3/NH4 +) and 23,4 mg/L (NO3 -). The observed efficiency removal were: 68% (COD), 76% (BOD), 79% (TSS), 75% (NKT) and 75% (NH3/NH4 +).