Induction of growth of submerged cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fibers from cultured ovules has been investigated for the first time. Both exogenous plant hormone levels and the age of the ovules at induction play important roles in induction of submerged cotton fiber growth. The diameter of submerged fibers was about same as that of air-grown fibers but was smaller than that of fibers grown in vivo. Submerged fibers were shorter in the fiber length, stronger in the tensile strength, and they had thicker secondary cell walls and smaller crystallite sizes compared with air-grown fibers and fibers in vivo. Helical secondary cell wall thickenings were exclusively found in submerged fibers. Congo Red is a natural dye that has a high affinity for the biopolymer cellulose. The addition of Congo Red to the culture medium had an influence only on submerged cotton fibers and not on air-grown cotton fibers. When Congo Red was applied in the early primary wall stage, fiber cell elongation was inhibited, but amyloplast production was induced. When Congo Red was applied in late primary wall or early secondary wall stage (about 14-16 DPA), the effects were less severe, but a significant increase in birefringence of secondary cell walls was observed. In both conditions of treatment with Congo Red in the primary wall and the secondary wall stages, a "nodulation" occurred on the wall surface. Neither cellobiohydrolase CBH I or CBH II had affinity for the external wall materials, implying that there was no cellulose present or binding sites for CBH had been occupied by Congo Red. X-ray diffraction data showed that Congo Red decreased the crystallite size of cellulose in submerged cotton fibers. The preliminary investigation with auxin (indole-3-acetic acid) depletion in the culture medium was to study whether or not amyloplasts were produced under this condition. No amyloplasts were observed in submerged fibers grown in the auxindepleted medium, but cellulose microfibrils in the secondary cell wall were greatly disorganized. Possibly, indole-3-acetic acid might play an important role in regulating the arrays of microtubules, which, in turn, may help to organize the patterns of cellulose deposition. / text

Η Παρούσα εργασία περιγράφει την έρευνα της θαλάσσιας γεωφυσικής διασκόπησης η οποία εκτελέστηκε στο δυτικό τμήμα του Κορινθιακού κόλπου από την περιοχή του Αιγίου μέχρι την ακτή των Νικολέικων και παρουσιάζει τα αποτελέσματα της ερμηνείας των γεωφυσικών στοιχείων που συλλέχθηκαν με την βοήθεια του τομογράφου υποδομής πυθμένα. Προς τα βόρεια η περιοχή οριοθετείται από το ακρωτήρι Γύφτισσα ενώ προς τα νότια φτάνει μέχρι την παραλία των Νικολέικων. Περιλαμβάνει το υποθαλάσσιο τμήμα της υφαλοκρηπίδας και έχει συνολική έκταση 12,1km2, τεκτονικά βρίσκεται πάνω στην οροφή του ρήγματος του Αιγίου. Σκοπός της εργασίας είναι η μελέτη της συμπεριφοράς της οροφής του υποθαλάσσιου τμήματος του ρήγματος του Αιγίου σε σχέση με την τεκτονική δραστηριότητα της περιοχής. Για αυτό τον λόγο έχει γίνει αναγνώριση και χαρτογράφηση των ενεργών υποθαλάσσιων ρηγμάτων της περιοχής μελέτης καθώς και ο προσδιορισμός της κλίσης και του κατακόρυφου άλματος τους. Τα κύρια ρήγματα που εντοπίστηκαν στην περιοχή είναι το ρήγμα του Αιγίου, το αντιθετικό ρήγμα του Αιγίου και το ρήγμα της Γύφτισσας. Το ρήγμα το Αιγίου συσχετίστηκε με το αντίστοιχο ρήγμα της χέρσου και αποδείχθηκε ότι παρουσιάζει την ίδια γεωμετρία. Διακρίνεται δηλαδή ένας τύπος ρήγματος, ο οποίος χαρακτηρίζεται από μια μόνο επιφάνεια αποκόλλησης και στα άκρα του καταλήγει σε μονοκλινική κάμψη (δηλαδή η μετατόπιση του ρήγματος είναι στα άκρα μηδενκή). Από τους ρυθμούς ιζηματογένεσης που υπολογίστηκαν για το ρήγμα του Αιγίου για τα τελευταία 10.000 χρόνια, αποδείχθηκε ότι ο ρυθμός ιζηματογένεσης στην οροφή του ρήγματος αυξάνεται όσο πηγαίνουμε σε μεγαλύτερα βάθη. Στην περιοχή αναγνωρίστηκε και χαρτογραφήθηκε ένας υποεπιφανειακός Πλειστοκαινικός ορίζοντας (Ζ), ο οποίος αντιπροσωπεύει χονδρόκοκκα ιζήματα (άμμο και κροκάλες) και αποτελεί την διαχωριστική επιφάνεια Ολοκαίνου / Πλειστοκαίνου, η οποία είναι και επιφάνεια συγκέντρωσης αερίων υδρογονανθράκων. Επίσης προσδιορίστηκε το πάχος των αποτιθέμενων ιζημάτων πάνω από τον ορίζοντα (Ζ), τα οποία είναι Ολοκαινικής ηλικίας και αποδείχθηκε ότι τα μεγαλύτερα πάχη εντοπίζονται στις παλαιοεκβολές του ποταμού Σελινούντα, καθώς και στην σημερινή του εκβολή (νότιο τμήμα της περιοχής μελέτης) και στην τεκτονική τάφρο που σχηματίζεται από το ρήγμα του Αιγίου και το αντιθετικό του. Τέλος στον πόδα του ρήγματος του Αιγίου εντοπίστηκαν και χαρτογραφήθηκαν κρατήρες (pockmarks). Σύμφωνα με το Soter, S., (1999) οι κρατήρες της περιοχής μελέτης ενεργοποιήθηκαν κατά τον σεισμό του 1995. Αυτοί σχηματίστηκαν σε μικρά βάθη νερού 25-45 μέτρα στα Ολοκαινικά ιζήματα και είναι πολύ μικροί σε μέγεθος σε σύγκριση με αυτούς που εντοπίστηκαν στον ΝΑ Πατραϊκό και στον Δυτικό Κορινθιακό κόλπο στην περιοχή του Ελαιώνα. Ο μηχανισμός δημιουργίας τους πιθανά να είναι αναβλύσεις γλυκού νερού, όπως ακριβώς συμβαίνει και στην ακτή του Ελαιώνα στο ΝΔ-ικό τμήμα του Κορινθιακού κόλπου. / This project describes the prospection of sea geophysical survey which took place at the West side of Corinth Gulf, From Egio area to Nikoleika Coast and shows the results of the construction of the geophysical elements which were collected by using a Sub Bottom profiler, 3,5kHz. The study area includes the self zone from Gyftissa cape (on the North) to Nikoleika coast (on the South) and it’s 12,1 Km2 in extent, tectonically it’s on the hangiwall of the Egion Fault. The aim of this project is to study the reaction of the hanging wall of offshore part of the Egion fault, in relation to the tectonically activity of the area. For this reason there has been recognition and mapping of the active offshore faults of the study area as well as specification of vertical offset. The main active faults which have been located in the area are the Egio fault, the antithetic of the Egio fault and the Gyftissa fault. The Egio fault was related to the corresponding fault of waste land and they proved to have the same geometry. A type of fault can be seen which is characterized by a single fault scarp or a monoclinal warp. Calculating the sedimentation rates of the Egion fault that last 10.000 years it has been proved that the sedimentation rate on the hangiwall increases from West to East (as we go deeper). In the area a subbottom Pleistocene horizon (Z) has been both identified and mapped which represents fine grained sediments (sands and pebbles). This horizon is the Holocene/Pleistocene interface, which is also the surface on which gaseous hydrocarbon is concentrated. The thickness of the Holocene deposited sediments over the horizon (Z) has also been defined and it has been proved that the greatest thickness can be seen at the old estuary of the Selinounda river as well as the modern mouth (south part of the study area) and at the tectonicl graben between the Egio fault and its’ antithetic. Finally at the footwall of Egio fault pockmarks have been found and mapped. According to Soter.S. (1999) these pockmarks were activated during the earthquake in 1995. they were formed in little depths of water 25-45m in Holocene sediments and are too small in size compared with the ones found on the SE of the Patraikos Gulf and at the western Corinth Gulf in Eleona coast. The procedure of their creation found probably escape of groundwater of seabed just as it happens at Eleona coast at SW part of Corinth Gulf.

No description available.

A harsh, cold, and icy environment is of no surprise to the conditions of a winter climate, where the wide use of de-icing salts on roads and highways allows for the initiation of chloride-induced corrosion of the reinforcement of concrete structures; a reduced service life, loss of structural integrity, visible damages, and ultimately structural failure are among the many unwanted effects of rebar corrosion. Chloride ingress into concrete has been extensively studied for the last four decades; however, most of the relevant research to date does not take into account the effects of sustained loading on chloride transport properties. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the influence of sustained compressive and tensile stresses on chloride ingress into concrete, and ultimately to understand what the effect of sustained stress is on chloride penetration depth, on chloride concentration by % weight of concrete, and on apparent diffusion coefficients by comparing results to those of unloaded control specimens. To achieve these objectives, six post-tensioned and four non-reinforced control concrete beams were constructed with different water-to-cement (w/c) ratios and completely submerged in a 4-5% de-icing salt (NaCl) solution for 12 weeks, allowing chloride transfer to be completely governed by continuous diffusion. The effects of supplementary cementing material on chloride ingress are also studied. Concrete beams were post-tensioned to induce variable sustained compressive and tensile stresses along the beam. After 12 weeks of exposure, beams were fractured at specific locations and sprayed with a 0.1N silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution to determine average penetration depths; chloride concentration profiles were obtained from potentiometric titration of grinded powder samples. Apparent chloride diffusion coefficients were then obtained from the results of spraying AgNO3 and titration, the latter by non-linear regression curve-fitting to Fick’s second law of diffusion. A good agreement between results from both methods reveals that the use of AgNO3 in field is acceptable in predicting the rate of chloride ingress in concrete sustaining stress. The chloride diffusivity for each profile, relative to that of the unstressed section, was related to the compressive and tensile stresses in the concrete section. The experimental results indicate the dependence of chloride ingress and concentration on the type and level of sustained stress. An analysis of the results to study the effects of the w/c ratio using colourimetric (silver nitrate spray) and potentiometric titration methods was also completed.

This thesis presents estimates of marine gas hydrate distribution and concentration obtained from various geophysical methods. The study area is located in the accretionary prism of the Northern Cascadia subduction zone, offshore Vancouver Island. Canada. The primary objective of this study was to assess the applicability of a suite of geophysical methods in estimating marine gas hydrate distribution and concentration. The measurements tested are downhole log electrical resistivity and seismic velocity, multi-channel seismic (MCS) velocity, and seismic amplitude vs. offset (AVO) of a gas hydrate-related bottom-simulating reflection (BSR). The downhole log data are from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 311, along a transect of four wells, and the seismic data are from a conventional 2-D MCS line along the well transect. Gas hydrate distribution and concentration estimates along the well transect exhibit high spatial variability, both from site to site, and within any given site. On average. estimates from electrical resistivity measurements give 5-15% gas hydrate pore space saturation. whereas velocity-based estimates are 15-25%. Some intervals in both cases show concentrations over 40%. Nonlinear Bayesian inversion of seismic AVO data yields a gas hydrate concentration estimate of 0-23% of the pore space. These results lead to the conclusion that resistivity and velocity data are effective tools for estimating marine gas hydrate concentration. The main uncertainty in the resistivity analysis is the in situ pore fluid salinity, whereas the main uncertainty in the velocity study is the magnitude of the bulk sediment velocity increase associated with gas hydrate occurrence (related to how gas hydrate forms). It is shown here that AVO of a gas hydrate BSR is not a useful method to estimate marine gas hydrate concentration. The method lacks the shear-wave velocity resolution necessary to add useful constraints to what is already known from compressional-wave velocity information.

In this study, annual total phosphorus (TP) budget and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) load were constructed for Lakes Mogan and Eymir for the period of eight years from 1997 to 2004 and the period of ten years covering from 1993 to 1995 and 1997 to 2004, respectively. Lake Mogan experienced seasonal and interannual water level fluctuations. Low water level experienced in 2001 led to decrease in the in-lake TP amount whereas 2-fold increase in the in-lake DIN amount was recorded. Also, high hydraulic residence time resulted in high TP and DIN amount in the lake. Increase in hydraulic residence time was due to management of the lake level. It seems that this practice deteriorates the water quality of Lake Mogan. In Lake Eymir, sewage effluent diversion undertaken in 1995 resulted in 2-fold and 11-fold decrease in TP and DIN amounts in the lake, respectively. High biomass of carp and tench were halved through selective removal during 1998-1999. A 2.5-fold and 1.5 fold decrease in the in-lake TP and DIN amounts, respectively, were recorded after the biomanipulation. In low water level years, the in-lake TP increased and the in-lake DIN amounts were high despite the fact that TP and DIN loads via inflows were significantly low. Therefore, the results showed that the in-lake phosphorus and nitrogen amount were controlled by internal processes rather than external loading in the years with low water levels which coincided with the high hydraulic residence times.

The United States is a nation founded upon a maritime heritage that allowed for the early colonies to form, trade, expand their frontiers and defend themselves. The material remains of this legacy are dispersed across the continent in inland waters, along coasts, and in the depths of the sea. This dissertation aims at presenting a structural overview and assessment of efforts designed at preserving, enhancing, and learning from the material remains of this maritime heritage. The study reviews national and state laws and regulations that apply to such resources, which together create a mosaic of preservation mandates. Discussion of the legal framework is enhanced through incorporation of current issues and examples, and leads to a better understanding of the research element of the study based on a maritime heritage questionnaire distributed to over 100 organizations nationwide. The maritime heritage questionnaire serves as the fundamental original research component of the dissertation, and through it this overview incorporates input from organizations in the public sector, universities, museums, non-profit organizations, avocational groups, and cultural resource management firms. These diverse perspectives offer insights into the current state of the field, identify legislative or other gaps, and suggest areas where efforts need to be redoubled in order to preserve the nation's tangible connection with its maritime past. Together, the legislative overview and professional stakeholder input lead to a set of proposals through which the preservation of the nation's submerged and coastal maritime heritage resources can be enhanced.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wyoming, 2005. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Nov. 1, 2007). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1975. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 163-167).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. / Committee Chair: Dr. Boris Mizaikoff; Committee Member: Dr. Andrew Lyon; Committee Member: Dr. Donald R. Webster; Committee Member: Dr. Facundo M. Fernandez; Committee Member: Dr. Joseph Montoya. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.