Orientador: Maurício Tatsuei Sakima / Banca: João Roberto Gonçalves / Banca: Cyneu Aguiar Pansani / Banca: Ana Cláudia Moreira Melo / Banca: Hélio Hissashi Terada / Resumo: Um estudo cefalométrico longitudinal e retrospectivo foi desenvolvido com o propósito de estudar diferentes métodos de sobreposições cefalométricas para a maxila e mandíbula. O método dos pontos cefalométricos (PC) para sobreposições parciais na maxila (BRONZI, 2002) e os métodos das estruturas anatômicas para sobreposições na maxila e mandíbula (SAKIMA et al., 2004) foram comparados o método dos implantes metálicos (padrão ouro) para verificar sua confiabilidade. Foram selecionadas telerradiografias em norma de 45 graus do lado esquerdo de 19 indivíduos, com faixa etária entre 6,7 anos e 10,2 anos. As radiografias foram tomadas em um mesmo aparelho de raios X, com um intervalo de tempo médio de 1 ano. O principal critério de inclusão era a presença de implantes metálicos em todas as telerradiografias. Análises intra-examinador e inter-examinadores foram realizadas para verificar a confiabilidade de diferentes examinadores nas mensurações realizadas na pesquisa. Foram verificadas as médias das diferenças das mudanças nas posições dentárias (coroa e raiz) da radiografia inicial para a final, em cada tipo de traçado cefalométrico quando comparado aos implantes metálicos nos métodos testados. Após análise estatística de Wilcoxon e verificação das médias e desvio padrão das medidas analisadas, é permitido sugerir sobreposições parciais na maxila em pontos cefalométricos e estruturas anatômicas para telerradiografias em norma de 45 graus. Para as sobreposições cefalométricas em estruturas anatômicas na mandíbula, poderiam ser sugeridas apenas no sentido horizontal, provavelmente pela dificuldade de marcação das estruturas anatômicas em algumas radiografias, principalmente o canal mandibular. As análises intra-examinador e inter-examinadores demonstraram uma boa confiabilidade dos métodos de sobreposições... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: A study longitudinal and retrospective cephalometric was developed with the purpose of studying different methods of maxillary and mandibular cephalometrics superimposition. The method of the cephalometric points (PC) for partial maxillary superimposition (BRONZI, 2002) and the methods of the anatomical structures for maxillary and mandibular cephalometrics superimposition (SAKIMA et al., 2004) they were compared the method of the metallic implants (golden standard) to verify his reliability. Forty-five degrees cephalometric radiographs of 19 persons, left side, aged between 6,7 years and 10,2 years were selected. The x-rays were taken in a same X ray device, with an interval of medium time 1 years old. The main inclusion criterion was the presence of metallic implants in all radiographs. Analyses intra-examiner and inter-examiners were accomplished to verify the different examiners' reliability in the mensurements accomplished in the research. The averages of the differences of the changes in the dental positions (it crowns and root) were verified of the initial x-ray for to final, in each type of cephalometric tracing when compared to the metallic implants in the tested methods. After statistical analysis of Wilcoxon and verification of the averages and standard deviation of the analyzed measures, it is allowed to suggest partial superimposition maxillary in the points cephalometrics and anatomical structures for 45º cephalometric radiography. For the mandibular superimposition in anatomical structures, they could just be suggested in the horizontal reference, probably for the difficulty of demarcation of the anatomical structures in some x-rays, mainly the mandibular canal. The analyses intra-examiner and inter-examiners demonstrated a good reliability for the methods of cephalometric superimposition, with results inferior for the method of mandibular cephalometric superimposition in anatomical structures. / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-08-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:07:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bronzi_es_dr_arafo.pdf: 1101377 bytes, checksum: 2fd7b6856c709e7fcdae073389cc9ac2 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Um estudo cefalométrico longitudinal e retrospectivo foi desenvolvido com o propósito de estudar diferentes métodos de sobreposições cefalométricas para a maxila e mandíbula. O método dos pontos cefalométricos (PC) para sobreposições parciais na maxila (BRONZI, 2002) e os métodos das estruturas anatômicas para sobreposições na maxila e mandíbula (SAKIMA et al., 2004) foram comparados o método dos implantes metálicos (padrão ouro) para verificar sua confiabilidade. Foram selecionadas telerradiografias em norma de 45 graus do lado esquerdo de 19 indivíduos, com faixa etária entre 6,7 anos e 10,2 anos. As radiografias foram tomadas em um mesmo aparelho de raios X, com um intervalo de tempo médio de 1 ano. O principal critério de inclusão era a presença de implantes metálicos em todas as telerradiografias. Análises intra-examinador e inter-examinadores foram realizadas para verificar a confiabilidade de diferentes examinadores nas mensurações realizadas na pesquisa. Foram verificadas as médias das diferenças das mudanças nas posições dentárias (coroa e raiz) da radiografia inicial para a final, em cada tipo de traçado cefalométrico quando comparado aos implantes metálicos nos métodos testados. Após análise estatística de Wilcoxon e verificação das médias e desvio padrão das medidas analisadas, é permitido sugerir sobreposições parciais na maxila em pontos cefalométricos e estruturas anatômicas para telerradiografias em norma de 45 graus. Para as sobreposições cefalométricas em estruturas anatômicas na mandíbula, poderiam ser sugeridas apenas no sentido horizontal, provavelmente pela dificuldade de marcação das estruturas anatômicas em algumas radiografias, principalmente o canal mandibular. As análises intra-examinador e inter-examinadores demonstraram uma boa confiabilidade dos métodos de sobreposições... / A study longitudinal and retrospective cephalometric was developed with the purpose of studying different methods of maxillary and mandibular cephalometrics superimposition. The method of the cephalometric points (PC) for partial maxillary superimposition (BRONZI, 2002) and the methods of the anatomical structures for maxillary and mandibular cephalometrics superimposition (SAKIMA et al., 2004) they were compared the method of the metallic implants (golden standard) to verify his reliability. Forty-five degrees cephalometric radiographs of 19 persons, left side, aged between 6,7 years and 10,2 years were selected. The x-rays were taken in a same X ray device, with an interval of medium time 1 years old. The main inclusion criterion was the presence of metallic implants in all radiographs. Analyses intra-examiner and inter-examiners were accomplished to verify the different examiners' reliability in the mensurements accomplished in the research. The averages of the differences of the changes in the dental positions (it crowns and root) were verified of the initial x-ray for to final, in each type of cephalometric tracing when compared to the metallic implants in the tested methods. After statistical analysis of Wilcoxon and verification of the averages and standard deviation of the analyzed measures, it is allowed to suggest partial superimposition maxillary in the points cephalometrics and anatomical structures for 45º cephalometric radiography. For the mandibular superimposition in anatomical structures, they could just be suggested in the horizontal reference, probably for the difficulty of demarcation of the anatomical structures in some x-rays, mainly the mandibular canal. The analyses intra-examiner and inter-examiners demonstrated a good reliability for the methods of cephalometric superimposition, with results inferior for the method of mandibular cephalometric superimposition in anatomical structures.

Orbitale Erkrankungen stellen für mehrere klinische Fachdisziplinen in Bezug auf Diagnostik und Therapie ein großes Problem dar. Die hochauflösende MRT (HR-MRT) ist in der Lage, eine detailierte Übersicht für die Orbitaanatomie und deren Abnormalitäten zu liefern. Aus diesem Grunde ist diese Studie durchgeführt worden, in der hochauflösenden MRT-Charakteristika von 224 Patienten mit orbitalen Erkrankungen beurteilt worden ist. Die Kriterien der Beurteilung sind: Lokalisation, Größe, Form, Rand, Ausdehnung und Veränderung der Nachbarstrukturen sowie die Signalintensitäten der Erkrankungen. Die Lokalisationskriterien sind sehr nützlich für die Differentialdiagnose orbitaler Erkrankungen der Augenmuskeln, dem extrakonalen und subperiostalen Kompartiment mittels der HR-MRT mit Oberflächenspule. Durch die Zuordnung zu einem Kompartiment kann die Differentialdiagnose grob eingeengt werden. Das subperiostale Kompartiment kann in Sinus, Meningen, orbitalen Knochen und subperiostalen Spaltraum weiter unterteilt werden. Mukozelen und Nasennebenhöhlentumoren sind nur in den Sinus zu finden, sämtliche Keilbeinmeningeome weisen einen Befall der Meningen auf. 83,3% Epidermoide und Dermoide liegen im orbitalen subperiostalen Raum mit einer engen Nachbarschaft zu einer Sutur. Die meisten Muskelbefälle der endokrinen Orbitopathie betreffen den inferioren und medialen geraden Muskel, die Verdickung des Muskelbefalls ist typischerweise nur im Muskelbauch ohne Muskelsehnebefall. Myositiden haben häufiger einen Muskelsehnebefall. Wenn eine Verdickung eines einzelnen Muskels den M. rectus lateralis betrifft, ist die Diagnose einer endokrinen Orbitopathie nicht wahrscheinlich. Rhabdomyosarkome liegen häufig im oberen inneren Quadranten der Orbita. Lymphome liegen meistens im frontalen Anteil des extrakonalen Kompartiment in Nachbarschaft zum Septum orbitale. Für eine weitere Differentialdiagnose sollen die morphologischen Kriterien verwendet werden. Auch die Große, Form und der Rand der orbitalen Erkrankungen können den wichtigen Hinweis zur Differentialdiagnose liefern. Ein reduziertes Muskelvolumen ist bei der Muskelatrophie und dem Trauma mit Muskel Einklemmung gesehen worden. Bei 11 von 128 endokrinen Orbitopathien ist das Volumen normal. Die meiste Erkrankungen gehen mit einer Volumenzunahme einher. Keilbeinmeningeome, Karziome der Nasennebenhöhlen, Rhabdomyosarkome und Lymphome haben große Volumina. Myositis und endokrine Orbitopathie mit Muskelbefall haben meist geringe oder mittlere Volumenzunahmen. Mukozelen, Epidermoid, Dermoid, Metastasen und Hämangiom können in allen Größenstufen gefunden werden. Epidermoide, Dermoide, Mukozelen, Hämangioperizytome, Hämangiome, Rhabdomyosarkome und Metastasen haben meist runde oder elliptische Formen, eine längliche Form wird bei orbitaler Myositis und endokriner Orbitopathie mit Muskelbefall beobachtet. Karzinome der Nasennebenhöhlen, Keilbeinmeningeome, Lymphome, endokrine Orbitopathie mit Fettbefall, Pseudotumoren und Phlegmone zeigen sich unregelmäßige Formen. Epidermoide, Dermoide, Mukozelen, Myositis, endokrine Orbitopathie, Hämangiome und Hämangioperizytome haben meistens einen scharfen Rand. Dagegen weisen Karziome der Nasennebenhöhlen, Lymphome, Keilbeinmeningeome, Rhabdomyosarkome, Metastasen, Pseudotumoren und Phlegmonen undeutliche Ränder auf.Die Verwendung der MRT-Signalintensit?ten zur Diffenrenzierung ist eingeschränkt, weil die meisten Läsionen sehr ähnliche Signalintensitäten zeigen. Es gibt aber einige Läsionen, die aufgrund ihrer Zusammensetzung besondere Signalintensitäten aufweisen, z.B. Blutungen, Melanin (paramagnetisch), Fett, Proteine, Wasser und Nekrosen. Mit einer Kontrastmittelgabe und dem Verhalten des Enhancements kann eine weitere Charakterisierung erfolgen. Bei den Veränderungen der Nachbarstrukturen sind vor allem die Knochenveränderungen am aussagekräftigsten. Epidermoide, Dermoide und Mukozelen sind meist mit Knochendefekten oder Kompressionsveränderungen verbunden, Keilbeinmeningeome stehen eng in Zusammenhang mit Knochenhyperplasien, Nasennebenhöhlenkarzinome sind immer mit Knochendestruktionen verbunden und Frakturen werden nur bei Traumata gesehen. Die raumfordernde Wirkung von Lymphomen ist nicht sichtbar, denn hier zeigt sich eine Diskrepanz zwischen einer oft charakteristischen, ausgedehnten Infiltration und nur einer geringen Verlagerung anderer Orbitastrukturen. Die klinische Krankengeschichte ist auch wesentlich zur Findung der Differentialdiagnose. Alle hier untersuchten Patienten mit Phlegmone und Trauma haben besondere Krankengeschichten. 70% Patienten mit Metastasen haben einen gesicherten Primärtumor in der Krankengeschichte. Alle Patienten mit endokriner Orbitopathie haben in der Anamnese eine Schilddrüsenerkrankung. Von diesen Patienten sind etwa 80% weiblich und 73% zwischen 30 und 60 Jahre alt. Rhabdomyosarkome treten hauptsächlich in der Kindheit auf. Pseudotumoren sprechen schnell und außerordentlich gut auf Steroidtherapien an. Somit kann eine Verbindung von Anamnese und MRT-Bildgebung wertvolle Informationen zur Differentialdiagnose liefern.Zur Differenzierung endokriner Orbitopathie und Myositis ist es nützlich die Lokation des Muskelbefalls (unilateral oder bilateral, Muskelsehne- oder Muskelbauchbefall, Einzelbefall oder Befall mehrerer Muskeln und Bevorzugung bestimmter Muskeln), die Ausdehnung (mit oder ohne Fettbefall), die Verlagerung des Augapfels, MRT-Signalintensitäten und die zeitliche Anamnese zu berücksichtigen. Zur Differenzierung Rhabdomyosarkom und Lymphome sollen das Alter, die Form der Läsionen und der Muskelbefall berücksichtigt werden. Zur Differenzierung zwischen Metastasen und Hämangiome können ihre klinische Krankengeschichte (mit oder ohne frühere Tumoren), der Rand der Läsionen, Muskelbefall und ihr MRT-Signal und das Ausmaß des Enhancements wertvolle Informationen liefern. Die einzige Differenzierungsmöglichkeit zwischen Epidermoid und Dermoid ist die MRT-Signalintensität (fettiger oder wässriger Inhalt der Läsion). Die Lokation ist am wichtigsten für die Differenzierung zwischen Epidermiod und Mukozelen. Für eine Differenzierung zwischen Keilbeinmeningeomen und Masennebenhöhlenkarzinome können ihre Lokationen, ihre Signalintensität, das Kontrasmittelverhalten und Veränderungen der Nachbarstrukturen den wichtigen Hinweis liefern. / The clinical diagnosis of orbital diseases is especially difficult because of the variety of tissues that built up the orbit and present with similar clinical presentation. High-resolution MRI (HR-MRI) has become an important modality for evaluation of the orbital diseases, due to its superb soft tissue resolution, direct multiplanar capability and lack of ionizing radiation. In this study, 224 patients with pathologically identified orbital diseases were evaluated retrospectively. The imaging characteristics of the orbital diseases on HR-MRI with surface coil were assessed. The analyzed criteria were: location, size, shape, margins, extension, adjacent structure, and signal intensity. Locazilation criteria in muscles, extraconal and subperiosteal compartments are very useful in the differential diagnosis of orbital tumors and other disease. If their locations are subdivided into greater detail, the differential diagnosis will be narrowed considerably. For example, the subperiosteal compartment can be subdivided into sinus, meninges, bone and subperiosteal space. Mucocele and carcinoma of nasal sinuses always occur in the nasal sinuses. Sphenoidal meningiomas occur in the meninges, and epidermoid and dermoid are found to 83.3% in the orbital subperiosteal space near the bone sutures and show bony defects or thinning and sclerosis. The most frequently involved muscles in thyroid orbitopathy are the inferior rectus and the medial rectus muscles. Typically, the muscle enlargement involves the muscle belly and spares its tendinous portion. While orbital myositis most frequently involves the lateral rectus muscles in particular the muscles' tendon. When isolated lateral rectus muscle enlargement is present, another etiology rather than thyroid orbitopathy should be considered. Within the extraconal compartment the upper inner quadrant is the most common site of rhabdomyosarcoma. While lymphomas mostly occur in the anterior orbit, posterior to the orbital septum. For further differentiation, morphological criteria can be employed, such as the size, shape, and margin help to make the differential diagnosis. Reduced muscle volume is characteristic in the atrophic muscle. The shortened muscle length occurs in traumas connected with muscle incarcerations. Disease without volume changes may happen in thyroid orbitopathy with the involvement of the muscle or the fat tissue. All the other diseases have a enlarged volume of lesion. The size of Sphenoidal meningioma, carcinoma of nasal sinuses, lymphoma and rhabdomyosarcoma is greatly enlarged. While the size-distribution of mucoceles, epidermoids and dermoids show no difference. But orbital myositis and thyroid orbitopathy have slight to moderate enlarged volume of involved muscles. Concerning the pathology shape mucoceles, dermoids, epidermoids, haemangiomas, and metastases are round or elliptical. The orbital myositis and thyroid orbitopathy with muscle involvement show long shapes. Lymphomas and the thyroid orbitopathy with fat tissue involvement have mostly irregular shapes. The poor-defined margin is often seen in malignant lesions, infections or inflammations, such as a paranasal carcinomas, lymphomas, rhabdomyosarcomas, pseudotumors and phlegmon. While the sharp delineation suggests a benign process, such as a mucocele, dermoid, epidermoid, haemangioma, thyroid orbitopathy and myositis. The use of MRI signal intensity for a differential criterion may be limited, because most diseases have the same signal intensity on MR imaging. Thus it seems to be that signal intensity patterns are usually not specific for the differentiating of diagnose. However, MRI may have some specificity for certain lesions based on signal intensity patterns, especially in those containing hemorrhage, paramagnetic melamin, fat, protein, water, enlarged vessels, and necrosis. With contrast enhancement MRI further contributes to the characterization of various types of lesions within the orbit. It can be made a definitive diagnosis for the dermoid (contains fat), cholesterolcyste, meningioma, lymphangioma (contain hemorrhage), haemangioma, metastasis of melanoma, thyroid orbitopathy with active edema and chronic fibrosis, hematoma and emphysema due to a trauma. Another criterium is the adjacent structure changes. Out of them, the bone changes are very important. Epidermoid, dermoid, and mucocele are often accompanied by bone defects or pressure changes. The sphenoidal meningioma is frequently accompanied by bone hyperplasia. Bone fractures are seen in traumas. Malignant tumors are almost associated with bone destruction when they involve the orbit, e.g., the carcinoma of the nasal sinuses. The effect of occupying space in lymphomas causes mismatch with the size, which often has greater volume. It mostly infiltrates tissue, but it seldom produces mechanical shift to adjacent structures. Clinical history is essential and occasionally it provides a clue that alters the boundary of differential diagnoses and redirects the investigation toward possibilities that had not been previously entertained. Patients with metastases have a definite primary tumor history to 70%. The knowledge of previous malignancy is important for the diagnoses of orbital metastasis. All the patients with thyroid orbitopathy, phlegmon, pseudotumor and trauma have also special clinical histories or symptoms. The rhabdomyosarcoma and capillary hemangioma are the most common orbital tumors in children, while the cavernous hemangioma is the most common orbital vascular tumor in adults. Thyroid orbitopathy occurs with highest prevalence in females with middle age. Orbital pseudotumors usually show a dramatic resolution under steroid therapy. In fact, its final diagnosis is often based on response to steroids. When combined with clinical history and examination, radiologic imaging can provide valuable information regarding the diagnosis and differential diagnoses. For the differentiation of the thyroid orbitopathy and myositis it is useful to take their locations (unilateral or bilateral, tendon involvement or not, single or multiple muscles involvement, and which muscles involvement), sizes, extensions (with or without fat-infiltration), and MRI signal intensities into account; For the differentiation of rhabdomyosarcomas and lymphomas clinical history (ages), the shape of the lesions, and the adjacent structure changes (muscles infiltration) are of diagnostic interest. Clinical history (with or without previous malignancy), the margin of the lesion, their adjacent structure changes (muscles infiltration), and MRI signal intensities help to discriminate between metastases and hemangiomas. The only difference between epidermoid and dermoid is their MRI signal intensities (with or without fat). Location is important to differentiate the epidermiod and mucocele. Locations, adjacent structure changes and MRI signal intensities can provide valuable information to distinguish between sphenoidal meningioma and carcinoma of nasal sinuses. The different shape, margin, adjacent structure change, and MRI signal intensity between the carcinoma of nasal sinuses and mucocele are of diagnostic help.