Energy efficiency is a growing field that concerns more and more companies, individuals as well as governments in order to reduce costs and use less energy for a more sustainable development. Engie is no exception and values energy efficient projects. In this paper will be documented three energy efficiency related projects that I carried out during my five month end of studies internship. This work spans different topics, the parallel operation of hydraulic distribution pumps, the modeling of an heat exchangers as well as pid calculations for a dedicated ehating network. We delve into the technical aspect of each subject before introducing the tools developed, with some of their results. / Energieffektivisering är ett växande område som berör allt fler företag, privatpersoner såväl som myndigheter för att minska kostnaderna och använda mindre energi för en mer hållbar utveckling. Engie är inget undantag och värdesätter energieffektiva projekt. I den här artikeln kommer tre energieffektivitetsrelaterade projekt att dokumenteras som jag genomförde under min fem månder långa praktikperiod. Detta arbete spänner över olika ämnen, parallelldrift av hydrauliska distributionspumpar, modellering av en värmeväxlare samt pid-beräkningar för ett dedikerat värmenätverk. Vi fördjupar oss i den tekniska aspekten av varje ämne innan vi introducerar de utvecklade verktygen, med några av deras resultat.

Submitted by Maria Aparecida (cidazen@gmail.com) on 2017-08-24T14:18:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Diogo Luis.pdf: 4371869 bytes, checksum: adf1274b2033821c3c2a6cca3766a2e6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-24T14:18:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Diogo Luis.pdf: 4371869 bytes, checksum: adf1274b2033821c3c2a6cca3766a2e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-03 / Power system operation and maintenance require attention, precise diagnostics on failure and agility on system recovery. On the other hand, power systems involve high risks, where each operation needs to be carefully planned and executed, once errors can be fatal. Power system satisfactory operation and maintenance consist on finding equilibrium between these extremes, acting on a cautious, but agile, way. For this purpose, we propose the development of an intelligent system with the ability of detecting abnormal patterns on the electrical signal, providing support for decisions on Power Distribution System real time operation, from the analysis of power substation transformers primary and secondary currents, including learning at each new information acquired by the system. The challenge of this study is to research and develop a method based on ANN for classifying patterns and providing support for decisions, aiming fault detection and/or fault recovery. The method di↵erentiates disturbances that will lead to faults from disturbances generated by transients on power system (for example an undervoltage caused by powering on an engine). A SCADA supervisory system was developed to contain ANN implementation code and also to provide an interface for Operators, generating visual and sound alarms and messages guiding system recovery. The proposed method was evaluated using real data collected from transformers protection digital relays of CEMAR system substations, achieving excellent results. The ANN developed on this study presented satisfactory performance classifying signals and detecting faults properly. / A operação e manutenção do sistema elétrico requerem atenção, diagnósticos precisos em caso de falhas e agilidade na recomposição do sistema. Por outro lado, sistemas elétricos têm um elevado risco, onde cada manobra precisa ser cuidadosamente planejada e executada, pois erros podem ser fatais. A boa operação e manutenção do sistema elétrico consistem em encontrar o ponto de equilíbrio entre esses dois extremos, atuando de forma cautelosa, porém ágil. Com esse intuito, propomos o desenvolvimento de um sistema inteligente dotado da capacidade de detectar padrões anormais no sinal elétrico, fornecendo apoio à decisão na operação em tempo real do SDEE, a partir da análise das correntes primárias e secundárias de transformadores de força de subestações de energia elérica, incluindo aprendizado a cada nova informação integrada ao sistema. O desafio deste estudo é pesquisar e desenvolver um método baseado em RNA para classificação de padrões e apoio à decisão, visando a detecção e/ou recuperaçao de falhas. O método diferencia perturbações que culminarão em uma falta de perturbações geradas por transitórios na rede elétrica (por exemplo o afundamento de tensão gerado pela partida de uma máquina). Um sistema supervisório SCADA foi desenvolvido para hospedar o código de implementação da RNA, além de fornecer uma interface para o Operador, gerando alarmes visuais e sonoros e mensagens orientando a retomada do sistema. O método proposto foi avaliado utilizando-se dados reais coletados diretamente de relés digitais de proteção de transformadores de subestações do sistema da CEMAR, obtendo-se excelentes resultados. A RNA desenvolvida neste estudo apresentou desempenho satisfatório na classificação dos sinais a ela apresentados, detectando corretamente as faltas.

[pt] Transformadores de subestações de distribuição requerem uma atenção especial pelos altos custos, longos tempos de reposição e por impactarem, quando falham, diretamente na confiabilidade da rede, provocando assim a interrupção de inúmeros usuários. Em geral, as subestações são projetadas com transformadores em paralelo, de forma que a carga pico possa ser atendida ainda que um transformador do grupo esteja avariado. No entanto, esta solução requer investimentos elevados. Uma alternativa consiste no compartilhamento de estoques de transformadores reservas e subestações móveis. O dimensionamento dos estoques deve ser feito com cautela, pois, um grande número de equipamentos pode aumentar desnecessariamente os custos de investimento, e um estoque insuficiente pode diminuir a confiabilidade do sistema e aumentar seus custos operacionais. Esta dissertação apresenta duas metodologias para o dimensionamento do estoque, o método de Markov e a simulação Monte Carlo, os quais são comparados quanto aos seus resultados e características quando aplicados a um mesmo sistema. Ambos os modelos foram utilizados para dimensionar o estoque para falhas do tipo catastróficas e reparáveis, separadamente. O método probabilístico baseado na simulação Monte Carlo foi aplicado a um grupo de transformadores da classe 115 kV e 15 MVA, visando demonstrar a capacidade da metodologia de encontrar soluções condizentes do ponto de vista técnico e econômico. / [en] Substation distribution transformers require special attention for their high costs, long replacement times and for impacting, when they fail, directly on the reliability of the electric network, thus causing the interruption of several costumers. In general, substations are designed with transformers in parallel, so that the peak load can be met even if a transformer in the group is damaged. However, this solution requires high investments. An alternative is to share stocks of spare transformers and mobile substations. Stock sizing should be done with caution, as a large number of equipment can unnecessarily increase investment costs, and insufficient stock can decrease system reliability and increase operating costs. This dissertation presents two methods for stock dimensioning based on Markov modeling and on Monte Carlo simulation, which are compared in terms of their results and characteristics when applied to the same system. Both models were used to scale the stock for catastrophic and repairable failures, separately. The probabilistic method based on the Monte Carlo simulation was applied to a group of 115 kV and 15 MVA class transformers, aiming to demonstrate the method s ability to find solutions that are technically and economically compatible.

A aplicação de técnicas de Inteligência artificial em sistemas elétricos de potência permite a resolução de problemas onde soluções tradicionais não mostram bons resultados. Por exemplo, após a ocorrência de uma falta, um sistema automatizado toma todas as medidas necessárias para proteger o sistema e assumir um estado seguro de operação. Nessa ocasião, cabe aos operadores verificar todas as mensagens e dados disponíveis, selecionando aquelas relevantes, para então chegar a uma conclusão sobre o evento ocorrido. Apenas após esse diagnóstico, com base em seu conhecimento, o operador pode ordenar o restabelecimento do sistema ou sua manobra para outro estado. Esse processo é lento e passível de falhas, pois as informações são usualmente conflitantes e confusas, devido à avalanche de eventos, alarmes e alertas decorrentes. Diante desta dificuldade, é interessante dispor de uma ferramenta automática de diagnóstico e apoio na tomada de decisão que torne essa tarefa mais ágil e com menores riscos. Este trabalho aborda a integração e a interoperabilidade de equipamentos de uma subestação elétrica em conformidade com a norma IEC 61850, e a utilização de sistemas inteligentes com lógica Fuzzy executados em um controlador programável moderno. O sistema proposto faz uso de recursos de comunicação da IEC 61850, com mensagens prioritárias padrão GOOSE incluindo valores analógicos de corrente de falta, além de mensagens no padrão TCP/IP MMS. Essas informações, alarmes e eventos, são processadas de forma automática por um motor Fuzzy que permite aproximar a decisão computacional à decisão humana, incluindo zonas de incerteza e lógica ponderada, permitindo respostas mais abstratas do que algo puramente binário. O sistema proposto foi submetido a um grande número de eventos com um simulador em tempo real, com equipamentos reais, tais como IEDs e um controlador programável de alto desempenho. Além disso o sistema usou um esquema de comunicação inovador para o módulo do processador de dados em tempo real (RTDP), inteiramente baseado nos protocolos da IEC 61850. / The application of artificial intelligence techniques in electric power systems allows solving problems where traditional solutions do not show good results. For example, in electric power systems, after the occurence of a fault, an automated system takes all necessary measures to protect the system and assume a safe state of operation. On this occasion, it is for operators to review all messages and data available, selecting those relevant to then come to a conclusion about the event that occurred. Only after this diagnosis, based on his knowledge the operator may order the restoration of the system or their operation to another state. This process is therefore slow and subject to failure, because the information is usually conflicting and confusing because of the avalanche of events, alarms and warnings arising. Faced with this difficulty, it is interesting to have an automatic diagnostic tool and support in decision making that makes this task quicker and with less risk. This paper addresses the integration and interoperability of an electrical substation equipment in accordance with IEC 61850, and the use of intelligent systems Fuzzy logic running on a modern programmable controller. The proposed system makes use of the IEC 61850 communication resources with priority GOOSE messages including standard analog values of fault current, as well as messages on standard TCP / IP MMS. This information, alarms and events, are processed automatically by a fuzzy engine that allows the computational approach to human decision making, including areas of uncertainty and weighted logic, allowing more abstract answers than purely binary. The proposed system has undergone a large number of events with a simulator in real time with actual equipment such as a programmable controller IEDs and high performance. In addition the system used an innovative communication scheme for the module\'s real-time data processor ( RTDP ), based entirely on the IEC 61850 standard protocols such as MMS and GOOSE messages.

A aplicação de técnicas de Inteligência artificial em sistemas elétricos de potência permite a resolução de problemas onde soluções tradicionais não mostram bons resultados. Por exemplo, após a ocorrência de uma falta, um sistema automatizado toma todas as medidas necessárias para proteger o sistema e assumir um estado seguro de operação. Nessa ocasião, cabe aos operadores verificar todas as mensagens e dados disponíveis, selecionando aquelas relevantes, para então chegar a uma conclusão sobre o evento ocorrido. Apenas após esse diagnóstico, com base em seu conhecimento, o operador pode ordenar o restabelecimento do sistema ou sua manobra para outro estado. Esse processo é lento e passível de falhas, pois as informações são usualmente conflitantes e confusas, devido à avalanche de eventos, alarmes e alertas decorrentes. Diante desta dificuldade, é interessante dispor de uma ferramenta automática de diagnóstico e apoio na tomada de decisão que torne essa tarefa mais ágil e com menores riscos. Este trabalho aborda a integração e a interoperabilidade de equipamentos de uma subestação elétrica em conformidade com a norma IEC 61850, e a utilização de sistemas inteligentes com lógica Fuzzy executados em um controlador programável moderno. O sistema proposto faz uso de recursos de comunicação da IEC 61850, com mensagens prioritárias padrão GOOSE incluindo valores analógicos de corrente de falta, além de mensagens no padrão TCP/IP MMS. Essas informações, alarmes e eventos, são processadas de forma automática por um motor Fuzzy que permite aproximar a decisão computacional à decisão humana, incluindo zonas de incerteza e lógica ponderada, permitindo respostas mais abstratas do que algo puramente binário. O sistema proposto foi submetido a um grande número de eventos com um simulador em tempo real, com equipamentos reais, tais como IEDs e um controlador programável de alto desempenho. Além disso o sistema usou um esquema de comunicação inovador para o módulo do processador de dados em tempo real (RTDP), inteiramente baseado nos protocolos da IEC 61850. / The application of artificial intelligence techniques in electric power systems allows solving problems where traditional solutions do not show good results. For example, in electric power systems, after the occurence of a fault, an automated system takes all necessary measures to protect the system and assume a safe state of operation. On this occasion, it is for operators to review all messages and data available, selecting those relevant to then come to a conclusion about the event that occurred. Only after this diagnosis, based on his knowledge the operator may order the restoration of the system or their operation to another state. This process is therefore slow and subject to failure, because the information is usually conflicting and confusing because of the avalanche of events, alarms and warnings arising. Faced with this difficulty, it is interesting to have an automatic diagnostic tool and support in decision making that makes this task quicker and with less risk. This paper addresses the integration and interoperability of an electrical substation equipment in accordance with IEC 61850, and the use of intelligent systems Fuzzy logic running on a modern programmable controller. The proposed system makes use of the IEC 61850 communication resources with priority GOOSE messages including standard analog values of fault current, as well as messages on standard TCP / IP MMS. This information, alarms and events, are processed automatically by a fuzzy engine that allows the computational approach to human decision making, including areas of uncertainty and weighted logic, allowing more abstract answers than purely binary. The proposed system has undergone a large number of events with a simulator in real time with actual equipment such as a programmable controller IEDs and high performance. In addition the system used an innovative communication scheme for the module\'s real-time data processor ( RTDP ), based entirely on the IEC 61850 standard protocols such as MMS and GOOSE messages.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-06-01T17:53:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcosCavalcanteFilho.pdf: 3427983 bytes, checksum: 5e82591a0024b1ad3cdc6916f97459c7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T17:53:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcosCavalcanteFilho.pdf: 3427983 bytes, checksum: 5e82591a0024b1ad3cdc6916f97459c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-18 / The well-being of man, with regard to continued use of electricity, translates to energy distributors in a challenging mission. The face of adversity as weather, vandalism, human error and even robustness of the electrical system itself, great advances have been achieved over the years, especially with the adoption of failure decreased methodologies as well as the emergence of technologies more reliable. To illustrate this current scenario, this paper will address the results of the implementation of the pillar Early Management of Total Productive Management (TPM) to identify the gains in reliability of the continuous supply of electricity, this methodology implemented to protect equipment from power substations. For this, the structure will be observed in the electricity sector, substations and their protective equipment, especially the system protection equipments, and finally the implementation of the Early Management to mitigate the failures of the equipment in order to ensure the continuous supply of energy. / O bem-estar do homem, no que diz respeito ao uso contínuo da energia elétrica, traduz-se para as distribuidoras de energia em uma missão desafiadora. Diante das adversidades como condições climáticas, vandalismo, falha humana e até mesmo robustez do sistema elétrico em si, grandes avanços tem-se conseguido ao longo dos anos, principalmente com a adoção de metodologias de diminuição de falhas, bem como o surgimento de tecnologias mais confiáveis. Para ilustrar esse atual cenário, este trabalho abordará os resultados da aplicação do pilar Controle Inicial da Gestão Produtiva Total (GPT) para identificar os ganhos na confiabilidade do fornecimento contínuo da energia elétrica, metodologia essa implementada aos equipamentos de proteção das subestações de energia. Para isto, será observado a estrutura do setor elétrico, das subestações e dos equipamentos de proteção, em especial os equipamentos de proteção do sistema, e por fim, a implementação do Controle Inicial para mitigação das falhas do equipamento afim de garantir o fornecimento contínuo da energia.

M. Tech. Electrical Engineering. / This dissertation presents an effective method to determine current/voltage harmonic emission levels caused by various devices in the network. The method is implemented based on the existing power monitoring devices installed in power generation plants. The Digital Fault Recorders (DFRs) are used in this work as the monitoring devices. Due to the advancement of data processing and communication capabilities of such devices, a large amount of information generated by DFRs is concentrated in the utilitys head office. This data is archived for permanent storage and analysis. The presented work aims to assist the power utilities in harmonic invigilation problems based on DFRs.

In order to sustain transmission grid availability and reliability it is imperative that the condition of vital and costly high voltage equipment is ascertained on a continuous or regular basis. It is necessary to establish the effective diagnostic tools or surveillance devices that can be used to assess equipment condition. Emphasis has been placed on refining well-established and more novel but developing condition assessment techniques. It is important to note that condition assessment of equipment also allows the opportunity to predict failure. Based on a complete and systematic assessment, the failure of defective equipment may be evident or predicted in time, thus preventing a forced outage and loss of valuable 'system minutes'. It has also become necessary to extend the life of existing equipment since most of them are reaching the end of their useful life. Replacement strategies have proven to be ineffective due to financial and resource constraints experienced by utilities. Life extension is the work required to keep equipment operating economically beyond its anticipated life, with optimum availability, efficiency and safety. One of its principal components is condition assessment, with the possibility of predicting remnant life. As a result, refurbishment projects are then raised. Refurbishment by replacement, uprating, modifications or change of design of certain key components to extend the life usually requires a substantial amount of capital to be invested. These projects must be economically justified. This thesis focuses on establishing condition assessment techniques for major power equipment such as power transformers. Assessment techniques for instrument transformers and circuit breakers are included, since these are commonly replaced or modified under refurbishment projects. An experimental investigation was carried out to determine the effectiveness of integrating data of two diagnostic techniques i.e. dissolved gas analysis (on-line) and acoustic detection of partial discharges. It was found that there is a correlation between data obtained from an acoustic detection system and an on-line single gas (Hydrogen) analyser. By integrating the data of both on-line monitoring systems, the diagnostic process is further enhanced. In addition, the location of a fixed discharge source was verified by using an acoustic detection system. Further, the sensitivity of the acoustic technique to partial discharge inception voltage, relative to the established electrical detection technique was determined for the experimental arrangement used. The results obtained indicated that this is an effective technique for the evaluation of activity within a transformer structure. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2004.

The objective of the proposed research is to quantify the limits of overstressed and aging circuit breakers in terms of probability of failure and to provide guidelines to determine network reconfigurations, generator commitment, and economic dispatch strategies that account for these limits. The proposed temporary power system operating strategies address circuit breaker adequacy issues and allow overstressed breakers to be operated longer and more reliably until they are replaced with adequate equipment. The expansion of electric networks with new power sources (nuclear plants, distributed generation) results in increased short-circuit or fault currents levels. As fault currents increase, they will eventually exceed circuit breaker ratings. Circuit breakers exposed to fault currents in excess of their ratings are said to be overstressed, underrated, or inadequate. Insufficient ratings expose overstressed breakers to increased failure probabilities. Extensive common-mode outages caused by circuit breaker failures reduce the reliability of power systems. To durably avoid outages and system unreliability, overstressed breakers must eventually be replaced. Large-scale replacements of overstressed breakers cannot be completed in a short time because of budgetary limits, capital improvement schedules, and manufacturer-imposed constraints. Meanwhile, to preserve the ability of old and overstressed breakers to safely interrupt faults, short-circuit currents must be kept within the limits imposed by the ratings and the age of these breakers by using the substation reconfiguration and generator commitment strategies described in this study. The immediate benefit of the above-mentioned operating strategies is a reduction of the failure probability of overstressed breakers obtained by avoiding the interruption of currents in excess of breaker ratings. Other benefits include (i) increased network reliability, (ii) restored operating margins with respect to existing equipment, and (iii) prioritized equipment upgrades that enhance the long-term planning of power systems.

Σκοπός αυτής της διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η μελέτη της μεταβατικής συμπεριφοράς ενός υποσταθμού υψηλής τάσης. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, με τη χρήση του προγράμματος εξομοίωσης EMTP μετρώνται τα δυναμικά σε ορισμένα σημεία του πλέγματος γείωσης του υποσταθμού όταν κεραυνός πλήττει τον πυλώνα του υποσταθμού και όταν εμφανίζεται ρεύμα βραχυκύκλωσης στον μετασχηματιστή. Πιο αναλυτικά, σε αυτή την εργασία περιλαμβάνονται τα εξής: Στο κεφάλαιο 1 περιγράφονται τα χαρακτηριστικά του κεραυνού και ο μηχανισμός δημιουργίας του ενώ αναλύονται τα είδη των υπερτάσεων που προκαλούνται από τα κεραυνικά πλήγματα. Στο κεφάλαιο 2 περιγράφονται τα είδη και οι μορφές των γειώσεων ενώ γίνεται αναφορά και στα συστήματα γειώσεων που χρησιμοποιούνται. Στο κεφάλαιο 3 αναλύεται το φαινόμενο ιονισμού του εδάφους το οποίο λάβαμε υπόψιν στην προσομοίωση του πλέγματος γείωσης του υποσταθμού. Περιγράφεται ο μηχανισμός διάσπασης του εδάφους και αναλύονται τα διάφορα μοντέλα που έχουν προταθεί για τη περιγραφή της διαδικασίας του ιονισμού. Στο κεφάλαιο 4 γίνεται μια αναλυτική περιγραφή των διαφόρων μοντέλων που έχουν αναπτυχθεί για τη μελέτη της μεταβατικής συμπεριφοράς των συστημάτων γείωσης. Από τα μοντέλα αυτά επιλέγεται το κατάλληλο που θα χρησιμοποιηθεί για την προσομοίωση του πλέγματος γείωσης του υποσταθμού. Στο κεφάλαιο 5 περιγράφεται το πρόγραμμα ανάλυσης ηλεκτρομαγνητικών φαινομένων που χρησιμοποιήθηκε για την προσομοίωση του υποσταθμού. Στο κεφάλαιο 6 δίνονται τα στοιχεία για το πλέγμα γείωσης του υποσταθμού και γίνεται η επιλογή του μοντέλου προσομοίωσης για το πλέγμα ενώ παρουσιάζεται και η μορφή του πλέγματος γείωσης που σχεδιάστηκε στο EMTP. Επίσης, αναλύεται η διαδικασία της εξομοίωσης που περιλαμβάνει μελέτη της μεταβατικής συμπεριφοράς του υποσταθμού σε πλήγμα κεραυνού στον πύργο των 150 kV και σε ενδεχόμενη εμφάνιση ρεύματος βραχυκύκλωσης στον μετασχηματιστή. Επίσης, μελετάμε και την περίπτωση όπου προσθέτουμε επιπλέον κατακόρυφες ράβδους γείωσης. Στο κεφάλαιο 7 παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα της εξομοίωσης. Δίνονται αναλυτικά όλα τα γραφήματα των δυναμικών που μετρήθηκαν καθώς και συγκεντρωτικά γραφήματα ενώ παρατίθενται και τα συμπεράσματα της προσομοίωσης. Έτσι, καταλήγουμε στο ότι οι μεγαλύτερες τιμές των δυναμικών εμφανίζονται στους κόμβους που εγχέουμε το ρεύμα κεραυνού και το ρεύμα βραχυκύκλωσης ενώ με την προσθήκη των επιπλέον κατακόρυφων ράβδων οι τιμές των δυναμικών μειώνονται. / The aim of this diploma thesis is the study of the transient behavior of a high voltage substation. First, basic senses such as the grounding and the lightning are analyzed. Sesondly, the bibliography related to the phenomenon of soil ionization of the ground and the transient behavior simulation models is presented while there is an analytical description of the simulation program that is used, EMTP-ATP. Moreover, the appropriate model for the simulation of the grounding grid is selected, including the phenomenon of the soil ionization, and the process of the simulation is explained. Finally, the simulation results are presented as well as the conclusions.