Os compostos N-metil-1,8-naftalimida (NI), 4-fenóxi-N-metil-1,8-naftalimida (PNI) e 4-naftóxi-N-metil-1,8-naftalimida (NNI) foram sintetizados e caracterizados por técnicas usuais de caracterização de compostos orgânicos. As propriedades fotofísicas desses compostos foram estudadas tanto no estado estacionário quanto resolvidas no tempo. Com base nessas medidas, verificamos que os espectros de absorção e de emissão apresentam deslocamento batocrômico quando os grupos fenóxi e naftóxi são introduzidos na posição C-4. Quando estes compostos são comparados com NI, os espectros de absorção apresentam deslocamentos de 27 e 28 nm e os de emissão de 50,2 e 65,4 nm para o PNI e NNI, respectivamente. Os compostos possuem altos rendimentos quânticos (= 0,50-0,92) em solventes apolares e baixos em solventes polares apróticos e próticos (= 0,12-0,014), que pode ser uma conseqüência da estabilização do estado singlete (S1). A intensidade de emissão dos compostos em dioxano decresce com adição de água, e a supressão ocorre pela combinação estática e dinâmica em conseqüência de uma interação específica soluto-solvente. O caráter doador-retirador dos substituintes foi avaliado por voltametria cíclica, onde os substituintes fenóxi e naftóxi garantem um caráter eletrodoador aos compostos correspondentes (PNI e NNI), uma vez que apresentam, respectivamente, seus potenciais de redução mais negativos - 1,187 e -0,985 V em relação a -0,829 V do NI. Numa tentativa de compreender melhor o comportamento desses substituintes, implementamos cálculos de DFT (Teoria do Funcional de Densidade). Estes sugerem que as propriedades fotofísicas dos compostos podem estar intrinsecamente relacionadas com as suas geometrias podendo assim explicar o deslocamento mais pronunciado na emissão em virtude de um maior grau de conjugação entre o grupo aromático substituinte e a naftalimida. / The compounds N-methyl-1,8-naphthalimide (NI), 4-phenoxy-N-methyl-1,8- naphthalimide (PNI) and 4-naphthoxy-N-methyl-1,8-naphthalimide (NNI) were synthesized and characterized by usually technique for organics compounds. The steady state and time-resolved photophysical properties of the compounds were studied. Both absorption and fluorescence spectra are red-shifted when the electron donor phenoxy and naphthoxy group is introduced at C-4 position. When compared to NI, the spectral shift in acetonitrile for PNI and NNI is 27 and 28 nm for the absorption, and the fluorescence emission is 50,2 and 65,4 nm, respectively. The compounds PNI and NNI show high quantum yields in non-polar aprotic solvents (f = 0,50- 0,92), and low ones in polar non-protic and protic solvents (f = 0,12-0,014), which can be assigned to stabilization of the singlet state (S1). The emission intensity of the PNI and NNI decrease by addition of water to dioxane solution, and the fluorescence quenching occurs by combination of dynamic and static contribution ascribed to specific solute?solvent interaction. The substituent donor-acceptor character has been evaluated by means of cyclical voltammetry showing that PNI in the ground state has a the higher donor character than NNI, since the reduction potentials are -1,187 and - 0,985 V, respectively. As an attempt to comprehend the behavior of these substituents, Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were performed. These calculations suggest that the photophysical properties oh the compounds may be intrinsically related to their geometries, thus explaining the more pronounced shift on the emission spectra, as a consequence of a higher degree of conjugation between the substituent aromatic-group and naphthalimide moiety.

Ce mémoire est consacré à la synthèse et à l'étude de complexes métalliques originaux contenant des carbènes N-hétérocycliques (NHCs) fortement encombrés. Trois familles ont été élaborées : 1) des complexes Pd-PEPPSI "dissymmétriques" comportant un ligand imidazolylidène (Im) ayant comme N-substituants un groupe 9-alkyl-9-fluorényle (AF) ainsi qu'un aryle. Ces complexes se sont avérés des catalyseurs remarquables en couplage de Suzuki-Miyaura, présentant des performances comparables à celles d'analogues porteurs de deux groupes AF (dont l'excellente efficacité avait déjà été établie), démontrant ainsi le fort rôle stabilisateur du groupe AF; 2) des complexes trigonaux de cuivre(I) de formule générale [Cu(Im)(2,2'-dipyridylamine)]BF4 où le ligand carbénique est soit un carbène symétrique de type AF2-Im, soit dissymétrique de type (AF,Ar)-Im. Ici encore, la présence de substituants AF est un élément favorisant la stabilité des complexes en solution par rapport à une décomposition photo-induite. Contrairement à son anaolgue ayant un imidazolylidène porteur de deux substituants EtF, le complexe [Cu((EtF,Ph)-Im)(2,2'-dipyridylamine)]BF4 présente la particularité d'être luminescent en solution et à l'état solide; 3) des complexes Pd-PEPPSI contenant un imidazolilydène N-substitué par deux groupes identiques dont les extrémités sont des récépteurs potentiels de type calix[4]arène. Ces complexes ont la propriété de s'auto-assembler en formant une entité où les centres métalliques sont stériquement très protégés, avec pour conséquence de modifier sensiblement les propriétés catalytiques attendues du complexe. / Described herein are the stepwise syntheses and properties of three types of complexes based on sterically encumbered N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs): 1) Pd-PEPPSI complexes with an unsymmetrical imidalolylidene ligand having its N atoms substituted by a bulky 9-alkyl-9-fluorenyl (AF) group and an aryl group. These turned out to be very active Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling catalysts with an activity comparable to previously reported, highly performing "symmetrical" analogues which bear two identical AF substituents. These findings illustrate the high stabilising effect of each individual AF group; 2) Trigonal copper(I) complexes with the general formula [Cu(Im)(2,2'-dipyridylamine)]BF4 in which the NHC ligands are symmetrical or not. Here again the AF substituents ensure complex stability with respect to air when compared to analogues displaying sterically non-bulky substituents. One of the complexes, namely [Cu((EtF,Ph)-Im)(2,2'-dipyridylamine)]BF4, was found to be strongly luminescent in solution and in the solid state; 3) Pd-PEPPSI complexes in which calix[4]arene-substituted phenyl moieties have been grafted on both N atoms, these behaving as potential receptor units. Owing to the presence of the calixarene termini, complexes of this type were found to self-assemble, thereby resulting in dimers with sterically highly protected metal centres. The formation of such species was correlated to the catalytic performance of these complexes.

Imidazolium-based ionic liquids are very popular for different applications because of their low viscosity and melting point. However, the hydrogen atom at the C2 position of the imidazolium cation can easily be deprotonated by a base, resulting in a reactive carbene. If an inert ionic liquid is needed, it is necessary to introduce an unreactive alkyl or aryl group at the C2 position to prevent deprotonation. Tunable aryl alkyl ionic liquids (TAAILs) were first introduced by our group in 2009 and are characterized by a phenyl group at the N1 position, which offers the possibility to fine-tune the physicochemical properties by using different electron-donating or -withdrawing substituents. In this work, we present a new series of TAAILs where the C2 position is blocked by a methyl, propyl or phenyl group. For each of the blocking groups, the phenyl and three different phenyl derivatives (2-Me, 4-OMe, 2,4-F₂) are compared with respect to melting point, viscosity, conductivity and electrochemical window. In addition, the differences between blocked and unblocked TAAILs with regard to their electrochemical reduction potentials are investigated by quantum chemical methods.

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