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This study examines how Tagbanua responses to changes in conservation approaches have shaped forest access and use in relation to the political economy of a buffer zone village on Palawan Island, the Philippines. A recent shift from "fences and fines" to "devolved" conservation at Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park in Cabayugan has been lauded in government and non-governmental circles to support Tagbanua livelihoods while preserving the rain forest. Concurrently, however, the Tagbanua have adjusted to migrants dispossessing them of land, controlling the trade in forest products, and the means of agricultural production. Given that conservation and local resource access and use now intersect, this study asks whether "community-based" conservation can fulfill its own objectives while addressing older disparities in social relations of production and exchange. / A history of national park and cadastral zoning has restricted Tagbanua access to forest resources while supporting settler migration onto public lands. The two-way process of park zoning and migrant control over trade and productive resources has become interrelated and shaped the evolution of conservation in Cabayugan from 1971-2001. Although older "fences and fines" criminalized traditional resource uses, such as swidden (kaingin), and supported state interests in expanding paddy rice cultivation (basakan ), newer community-based approaches have carried on this agenda. Going against its purported benefits, such conservation has supported the livelihoods of dominant households, both politically and economically. Over time, these households have used political economic opportunities to build on and influence how projects support their livelihoods, which has exacerbated socio-economic differences between both social groups. As a result, conservation practitioners have continued to tie into and support wealthier households' production, while fulfilling the state's agenda of curbing swidden. Confined to unequal trade and restrictions over swidden, Tagbanua livelihoods remain vulnerable and have difficulty sustaining paddy rice. With few options to reinvest, they fail to access those socio-political and economic networks that enable participation in projects that support more lucrative cultivation. Despite good intentions, current attempts by state practitioners and non-governmental organizations at livelihood development for conservation have proven to be more divisive than effective.

Photogrammetry has become a great tool when analyzing geological outcrops. The Slaufrudalur plutonis located in southeast Iceland and is composed of multiple granitic intrusions. With the help of 3Dmodeling and photogrammetry one of these intrusions is recreated to see if layers in the mountainsMosfell, Bleikitindur and Skeggtindur can be correlated. This project will help to understand thecorrelation of the layers and which places in the pluton should be further investigated in the future.                                Agisoft metashape was used to create a 3D model from aerial photographs, LIME was used to markthe layers in the model and MOVE was used to recreate the intrusion on the model. The 3D modelingshowed that the layers in the different mountains were at very similar altitudes and had very similarthicknesses. The intrusion model acted very similar in Mosfell and Bleikitindur and quite similar inSkeggtindur as well. An extension of the top of the intrusion showed that there is a possibility that theintrusion layer can be found in the northern part of the pluton. These findings show that there is apossibility that the intrusion could have covered the whole pluton. With more research this could leadto more knowledge about how the Slaufrudalur pluton was created. / Fotogrammetri har blivit ett väldigt bra verktyg för att analysera geologiska strukturer. Slaufrudalurplutonen ligger i Sydöstra Island och består av ett flertal felsiska intrusioner. Med hjälp av 3Dmodelering och fotogrammetri ska en av de felsiska intrusionerna i plutonen återskapas för att se ifalllager i Mosfell, Bleikitindur och Skeggtindur kan korreleras med varandra. Det här arbetet kommerbidra till mer förståelse kring Slaufrudalur plutonen och vilka ställen som skulle vara bra att undersökamer noggrant i framtiden.  Agisoft metashape användes för att skapa en 3D modell utifrån flygplansbilder, LIMEanvändes för att markera ut var lagergränserna fanns och MOVE användes för att återskapaintrusionerna i modellen. Modellerna visade att lagrena i bergen var på liknande altitud ochhade ungefär samma tjocklek. I Mosfell och Blekitindur var den återskapade intrusionenväldigt likformig, i Skeggtindur påminde den ganska mycket om hur den var i de andra bergenmen inte lika mycket. En förlängning av toppen på intrusionen visade att det möjligtvis går atthitta lagret i den norra delen av plutonen.Resultaten från det här arbetet visar att det finns en möjlighet att intrusionen kan ha täckt helaplutonen. Med mer forskning kan det här leda till mer kunskap om hur Slaufrudalur plutonenskapades.

O bagre cego de Iporanga, Pimelodella kronei, da região do Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto Ribeira-PETAR, SP, foi o primeiro peixe troglóbio descoberto e descrito no Brasil e um dos mais estudados até hoje. Populações de bagres cegos atribuídas a essa espécie foram encontradas, até o momento, em cavernas do Sistema das Areias (Areias de Cima - localidade-tipo e abrigando a maior população conhecida -, Areias de Baixo e Ressurgência das Areias da Água Quente, esta aparentemente com uma população periférica), na Caverna Córrego Seco, na Ressurgência de Bombas e em cavernas do Sistema Alambari (caverna Alambari de Cima - população aparentemente extinta -, e Abismo do Gurutuva). Os bagres cegos do Sistema Areias foram excessivamente coletados na década de 1970, o que teria provocado um declínio populacional acentuado, registrado por Trajano (1987) 10 anos mais tarde. O presente estudo aborda a ecologia de P. kronei, com ênfase na população das Areias, utilizando métodos comparáveis aos de Trajano (op. cit.), para fins de monitoramento. Os aspectos analisados nas Areias foram: tamanho da população, crescimento individual e deslocamentos no habitat, a partir de marcação e recaptura individual; estrutura da população em termos de distribuição das freqüências de tamanhos (comprimento-padrão), peso e fator de condição (isométrico e alométrico); troglomorfismos (graus de redução de olhos e de pigmentação melânica). Complementarmente, exemplares das Areias, Bombas, Córrego Seco e Gurutuva foram comparados quanto à morfometria. A população de P. kronei das Areias mostrou evidências de estabilidade através da recuperação da estrutura de peso e comprimento-padrão. Assim como observado para outras espécies de siluriformes troglóbios, o crescimento individual é altamente heterogêneo, com casos de crescimento negativo. Os parâmetros da equação de Von Bertallanfy revelaram valores superiores aos de Trajano (1987), resultando em uma longevidade média de 15-20 anos. Os bagres estudados na Areias de Cima mostraram tendência de deslocamentos rio acima, em direção ao ponto mais distal no Córrego Grande (mais próximo à entrada de alimento externo), provavelmente para alimentação e reprodução. É possível que existam diferenças entre a população de Bombas e as demais localidades, sendo necessária uma investigação mais aprofundada, com métodos mais discriminatórios. / The blind catfish from Iporanga, Pimelodella kronei, from Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto Ribeira- PETAR, SP, was the first troglobitic fish discovered and described in Brazil. It is also one of the most investigated species so far. Populations of blind catfish attributed to this species have been found in caves belonging to the Areias System (Areias de Cima - type-locality, sheltering the largest known population - , Areias de Baixo and Ressurgence of Areias of Águas Quente, which apparently shows a peripherical population), besides Córrego Seco Cave, Bombas Ressurgence and caves of the Alambari System (Alambari de Cima - an apparently extinct population - , and Gurutuva). The blind catfish of Areias system were over-collected during the 1970s, which may have led to an accentuated population decline, as recorded by Trajano (1987) ten years later. The present study focus on the ecology of P. kronei, with emphasis on the Areias population, by using methods comparable to those by Trajano (op. cit.) for monitoring purposes. The aspects studied in the Areias caves were: population size, individual growth and movements in the habitat, based on individual marking and recapture; population structure in terms of distribution of size (standard length), weight and condition factor (isometric and alometric) frequencies; troglomorphism (levels of eye reduction and melanic pigmentation). In addition, samples from Areias, Bombas, Córrego Seco and Gurutuva were morphometrically compared. The P. kronei population of Areias showed evidence of stability through the regain of the size and weight structure. Like the observed for other troglobitic siluriforms, the individual growth in P. kronei is highly heterogeneous, with frequent cases of negative growth. The parameters of the Von Bertallanfy equation calculated were higher than those by Trajano (1987), resulting in a higher expected longevity - 15 to 20 years. The blind catfish from Areias presented a tendency to move upstream, approaching the distal end of Córrego Grande (closer to the input of epigean nutrients), probably for feeding and reproduction. There may be some differences in the Bombas populations of other locations, to be investigated using more discriminatory methods.

Thesis (MTech (Food Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. / The aim of this study was to characterise the physicochemical, rheological, prebiotic and emulsion stabilising properties of four varieties (black-eye, brown-eye, brown and red) of Bambara groundnut (BGN) extracted using the modified wet milling method. A relatively high yield of BGN dietary fibres was obtained with soluble dietary fibres (SDFs) ranging from 15.4 to 17.1% and insoluble dietary fibres (IDFs) ranging from 12.0 to 15.6%. Black-eye and brown-eye dietary fibres showed superiority in terms of swelling capacities, water holding capacities, oil binding capacities, antioxidant properties as well as thermal stabilities than red and brown dietary fibres. In addition, black-eye and brown-eye dietary fibres were characterised by higher lightness (L*), redness (+a*), yellowness (+b*), chroma (C*) and hue. All four SDFs showed acceptable colour differences with ΔE < 8 ranging from 0.81 to 3.08. The hydrolysable polyphenolic (HPP) content of SDFs ranged from 6.89 to 20.86 mg/g GAE and that of IDFs ranged from 10.96 to 14.43 mg/g GAE. All four SDFs differed significantly (p < 0.05) in their HPP content. BGN IDFs were very low in tannins (< 2.2 mg/g).

Ritmos biológicos e sua sincronização por ciclos ambientais geralmente são estudados em roedores, mantidos em laboratório. Nosso grupo vem estudando ritmos de atividade/repouso de roedores subterrâneos sul-americanos conhecidos como tuco-tucos (Ctenomys aff. knighti) em laboratório e campo. Na natureza, sabemos que os tuco-tucos emergem à superfície diariamente em episódios de até uma hora. Registros curtos da atividade de superfície dos tuco-tucos, anteriormente obtidos pelo grupo, haviam sugerido que o padrão diário das saídas variava sazonalmente, sendo crepusculares durante o verão e concentrados no meio do dia, durante o inverno. Esse mesmo padrão sazonal já foi observado em populações de outros roedores de deserto e foi atribuído a reações dos roedores às variações diárias de temperatura, no verão e inverno. Por outro lado, a sazonalidade dos padrões de atividade de várias espécies de mamíferos e aves também pode ser explicada pela sincronização diária do ritmo de atividade a diferentes fotoperíodos. O objetivo desse trabalho é caracterizar a variação sazonal dos ritmos diários de atividade dos tuco-tucos, com uso de bio-logging, e verificar a contribuição dos fatores ambientais para a sazonalidade desses padrões. Ao longo do ano, acelerômetros e luxímetros foram presos a 29 animais recentemente capturados (15 fêmeas e 14 machos). Cada animal foi mantido individualmente em arenas semi-naturais por um mês. Variáveis ambientais foram registradas simultaneamente. Outros 18 animais (9 fêmeas e 9 machos) foram mantidos em laboratório, expostos ao fotoperíodo natural e em ambiente com temperatura constante. Os resultados confirmaram a sazonalidade do padrão temporal de atividade de superfície dos tuco-tucos. Os acelerômetros se mostraram mais precisos e sensíveis a pequenos movimentos corporais do que os registros de telemetria encontrados na literatura. Esses sensores também revelaram padrões de atividade subterrânea e noturna, em ambiente semi-natural. Durante o verão, a atividade de superfície diária dos tuco-tucos foi melhor prevista pelo horário do dia (fator endógeno) do que pelas variações de temperatura ambiental (fator exógeno). Durante o inverno, entretanto, a temperatura ambiental teve maior contribuição no padrão de saídas dos tuco-tucos, indicando complexas contribuições dos fatores endógenos e exógenos no delineamento dos padrões de atividade / Biological rhythms and their synchronization by environmental cycles are generally studied in rodents, inside laboratory. Our group studies activity/rest rhythms of South American subterranean rodents known as tuco-tucos (Ctenomys aff. knighti), in laboratory and field. In nature, it is known that tuco-tucos emerge daily to the surface, in brief episodes. Short records of tuco-tucos\' individual surface activity, previously collected by our group, had suggested that daily temporal pattern of emergence varied seasonally, being crepuscular in summer and concentrated around midday in winter. The same seasonal pattern was observed in populations of other desert rodents and was attributed to daily variations of environmental temperature, in summer and winter. At the same time, seasonality of activity patterns of various species of mammals and birds can be explained by daily synchronization of the activity rhythm by different photoperiods. Our aim is to characterize seasonal variation of daily activity rhythms of tuco-tucos, using bio-logging, and to verify the contribution of environmental factors in the seasonality of these patterns. Throughout the year, accelerometers and luximeters were tied to 29 freshly caught animals (15 females and 14 males). Each animal was kept inside semi natural enclosures for one month. Environmental variables were recorded simultaneously. Other 18 animals (9 females and 9 males) were kept inside laboratory, exposed to natural photoperiod, in a room with constant temperature. We confirmed the seasonality of temporal pattern of surface activity of tuco-tucos. The accelerometers resulted to be more precise and sensitive to small body movements than telemetry records found in literature. They also revealed nocturnal and subterranean activity patterns inside the enclosures. During summer, daily surface activity of tuco-tucos was better predicted by time of day (endogenous factor) than by environmental temperature (exogenous factor). During winter season, however, environmental temperature has a stronger contribution on the emergence pattern in tuco-tucos, indicating complex contributions of endogenous and exogenous factors that outline activity patterns

As variáveis biológicas de muitos seres vivos apresentam ritmos diários, em paralelo ao dia e à noite do ambiente. A maioria desses ritmos não é uma mera reação aos estímulos cíclicos do ambiente: eles são ritmos circadianos gerados endogenamente por um temporizador interno - o oscilador circadiano - que sustenta uma ritmicidade com período diferente de 24 horas na ausência de pistas ambientais, mas se sincroniza para um período de 24 horas quando exposto ao ambiente cíclico. Em mamíferos, o oscilador circadiano se localiza no cérebro e pode ser sincronizado pelo ciclo diário de claridade e escuridão (ciclo CE) do dia e da noite transmitido através das retinas. Animais subterrâneos passam boa parte do tempo abaixo da terra, onde as condições ambientais variam menos que na superfície. Em razão disso, questiona-se até que ponto estes animais mantêm ritmos circadianos e se seus osciladores circadianos se baseiam no ciclo CE para se sincronizar com o ambiente. Procuramos responder essas questões nos roedores subterrâneos da espécie Ctenomys cf. knighti (tuco-tucos). Em campo, realizamos observações visuais diretas para registrar o padrão temporal de exposição à luz. Em laboratório, construímos a Curva de Resposta de Fase (CRF), que consiste em medir indiretamente a resposta do oscilador circadiano a estímulos luminosos em diferentes momentos do dia. Por fim, recorremos a simulações computacionais de um modelo matemático de oscilador, para integrar os dados anteriores. Verificamos, em campo, que os tuco-tucos se expõem, diariamente, a pulsos de luz irregularmente distribuídos nas horas claras do dia levantando alguns questionamentos sobre sua capacidade como sincronizador dos ritmos em campo. Contudo, a CRF nos indicou que o sistema circadiano dos tuco-tucos responde a estímulos luminosos de forma semelhante aos animais não-subterrâneos. Nós verificamos 3 hipóteses: ou a informação da exposição à luz em campo é suficiente para sincronizar o oscilador circadiano, apesar da aparente irregularidade; ou a CRF do tuco-tuco possui alguma característica que facilita a sincronização pelo regime observado de exposição à luz; ou seu sistema circadiano se baseia em outra pista temporal do ambiente para se manter sincronizado. Nossas simulações computacionais indicaram que a primeira hipótese é a mais provável, visto que os padrões de exposição à luz simulados, como aqueles observados em campo, com o mínimo de informação temporal, ainda assim são suficientes para sincronizar os osciladores. Em conjunto, nossos dados indicam que o ciclo claro-escuro tem um papel importante na sincronização dos ritmos circadianos dos tuco-tucos na natureza. / Daily rhythms are found in the biological variables of many organisms, in parallel to the environmental day and night. Most of those rhythms are not mere reactions to the cyclic stimulus of the environment. They are actually circadian rhythms, endogenously generated by an internal timer, the circadian oscillator, which sustains a non-24-hour rhythm under constant conditions, but is synchronized to a 24-hour period when exposed do a cyclic environment. In mammals, this oscillator is located in the brain, and can be synchronized by the daily light-dark cycle (LD cycle) of day and night. Subterranean animals remain most of the time in an underground habitat, where environmental conditions vary less markedly than aboveground. Therefore, there are doubts whether these animals maintain circadian rhythms and whether their circadian oscillators rely on the LD cycle for environmental synchronization. We attempted to answer those questions in subterranean rodents of the species Ctenomys cf. knighti (tuco-tucos). In the field, we performed direct visual observations to assess their temporal pattern of light-exposure. In the lab, we build the Phase Response Curve (PRC), which consists in an indirect measurement of the circadian oscillator responses to light stimuli applied at different times of the day. Finally, computer simulations of an oscillator model were used to integrate these previous data. We verified that tuco-tucos expose themselves to light pulses that are irregularly distributed through day-light hours, raising some questions about its validity as an environmental synchronizer. However, the PRC results indicated that the tuco-tucos circadian system responds to light stimuli in a way similar to non-subterranean animals. We then verified three hypothesis: either the light-exposure temporal information was enough for the synchronization of the circadian system, despite its apparent irregularity; or the tuco-tuco\'s PRC present some feature that facilitates the synchronization by the observed light-exposure regimen; or the tuco-tuco\'s circadian system rely on another environmental temporal cue to maintain its synchronization. Our computer simulations support the first hypothesis, given that the simulated regimens, despite being little informative in the temporal sense, were still sufficient to synchronize the simulated oscillators. Together, our data indicate that the light-dark cycle plays an important role in the synchronization of the tuco-tucos\' circadian rhythms in nature.

The social mole-rats have often been typecast as extreme examples of mammalian sociality. With their pronounced reproductive skew, status-related contrasts in lifespan and morphology, and the suggestion of a division of labour amongst helpers, mole-rat societies have repeatedly been likened to the structurally complex societies of some eusocial insects. However, because few studies of mole-rats have quantified individual variation in growth and behaviour across long periods of development, it has remained unclear the extent to which mole-rat societies, and the features of individuals within them, should be considered unique amongst social vertebrates. In this thesis, I examine life history variation in Damaraland mole-rats Fukomys damarensis from three perspectives- growth, behaviour, and ageing- to explore how individual developmental trajectories contribute to, and are influenced by, the structure of mole-rat societies. First, I use a large longitudinal dataset to test for the presence of behavioural specialisation in non-breeding mole-rat helpers. I find no indication of individual specialisation in cooperative activities. Instead, individual differences in helping behaviour are largely the result of age-related changes in the extent to which individuals commit to all forms of helping (Chapter 3); refuting the notion of helper castes. I then focus on the variation in growth across non-breeders, developing a novel biphasic model to accurately quantify sex differences in growth and explore the influence of social effects on growth trajectories (Chapter 4). Despite the proposition of intense intrasexual competition in mole-rat societies, there was no clear signature of sex-specific competition on helper growth trajectories. A more conspicuous form of socially-mediated growth in mole-rats is the secondary growth spurt displayed by females that have acquired the dominant breeding position, causing them to become larger and more elongated. By experimentally controlling reproduction in age-matched siblings, I show that rather than being stimulated by the removal from reproductive suppression, this adaptive morphological divergence is achieved through a lengthening of the lumbar vertebrae when breeding is commenced (Chapter 5). With contrasts in size and shape following the acquisition of the breeding role, this status-related growth pattern shares similarities with growth in naked mole-rats and other social vertebrates. Breeders also show a twofold greater lifespan than non-breeders in Fukomys mole-rats, prompting the suggestion that the transition to dominance also sets individuals onto a slower ageing trajectory. To date, there is little evidence to support a physiological basis to lifespan extension in breeders. This assertion is bolstered by the absence of longer telomeres or slower rates of telomere attrition in breeding females compared to non-breeding females residing in groups (Chapter 6), each of which might be expected if breeders age more slowly. I argue that previous studies exploring status-related ageing in captive Fukomys mole-rats have overlooked the importance of demographic processes (and associated behavioural influences) on mortality schedules. Irrespective of the proximate basis of the longer lifespan of breeders, at an interspecific level the social mole-rats are unusually long-lived for their size. A recent large-scale comparative analysis concluded that prolonged lifespan is a general characteristic of all mammalian cooperative breeders, but this conclusion is premature, as in most of the major clades containing both cooperative and non-cooperative species there is no consistent trend towards lifespan extension in cooperative species (Chapter 7). In the case of mole-rats, it seems more likely that their exceptional longevity arises principally from their subterranean habits and related reductions in extrinsic mortality. Overall, these findings demonstrate that cooperative breeding has important consequences for individual life histories, but there is no strong basis for the claim that Damaraland mole-rat societies are markedly different in form than other cooperative breeding societies.

Some mounted ill. Bibliography: leaves 156-186.

Le milieu souterrain est une étape importante dans l'histoire évolutive des arthropodes. Selon l'hypothèse de Ghilarov, les sols, de par leur nature poreuse, ont permis le passage du milieu aquatique au milieu aérien. Les cavernes auraient été colonisées plus tard, par des espèces provenant de la surface. Sol profond, ou milieu endogé, et cavernes partagent nombre de caractéristiques: obscurité, atmosphère généralement saturée en eau, amplitude thermique réduite. Elles diffèrent cependant par l'espace disponible pour se mouvoir et par la présence dans certaines cavernes d'inondations pendant l'hiver. Au vu de ces caractéristiques abiotiques, l'objectif de ce travail a été l'identification d'analogies et de différences morphologiques, physiologiques, écologiques et trophiques entre les acariens vivant dans le sol profond et ceux vivant dans les cavernes, et la mise en relation de ces caractéristiques avec les facteurs du milieu. Une étude extensive des acariens de 25 grottes wallonnes a permis de conclure que leur abondance était fortement diminuée dans les sites inondables. Au moins six nouvelles espèces ont été découvertes. Il existe peu de similarité des peuplements entre cavernes géographiquement proches, ce qui est expliqué par la structure fragmentée de celles-ci. Une étude plus intensive de deux cavernes, des deux sols forestiers situés au-dessus de celles-ci et d'un troisième site endogé sur schiste a été réalisée. La répartition spatiale du carbone ne diffère pas systématiquement entre les deux habitats considérés. La matière organique semble être le principal facteur limitant et structurant pour les populations d'acariens dans le milieu endogé. Dans les cavernes, la plus grande mobilité des acariens liée à l'espace disponible semble partiellement masquer les structures spatiales. L'abondance des microarthropodes est fortement influencée par les inondations dans les grottes. Elles tuent une partie des individus présents, en emportent d'autres et importent des espèces accidentelles, qui sont destinées à mourir, éventuellement dévorées par des prédateurs. Les communautés des deux habitats sont bien distinctes, et les peuplements cavernicoles sont plus variables que les endogés. Un certain nombre d'espèces strictement troglobies ou endogées ont été récoltées, ce qui pourrait être expliqué par une compétition interspécifique faible. Les prédateurs et phorétiques sont plus nombreux dans les cavernes que dans les sols. Du fait de l'espace disponible, les acariens cavernicoles peuvent être de plus grande taille que les endogés. La proportion d'Oribates "supérieurs" (Brachypilina) augmente suivant l'humidité de microhabitats, des cavernes jusqu'aux écorces. Cela est interprété comme une séquence évolutive d'habitats, les adaptations à la sécheresse étant considérées comme responsables de l'importante radiation observée chez les Brachypilina. De ce fait, une hypothèse nouvelle de colonisation des cavernes est proposée, sans passage par les milieux de surface. D'autres adaptations sont relevées au niveau spécifique, grâce à la comparaison de deux espèces d'Oppiidae: Medioppia obsoleta, espèce endogée, et Hypogeoppia n.sp., espèce troglobie. L'espèce cavernicole a de plus longs ongles pour se déplacer plus facilement sur des substrats gorgés d'eau, et des taenidies pour résister aux immersions dans l'eau. Cette étude démontre que les acariens des milieux souterrains peuvent être valablement étudiés dans une optique adaptative et évolutive.