CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / nÃo hà / Leitura â como braconnage â da biografizaÃÃo da experiÃncia de agentes que se dizem escritores, filhos da pauta, este estudo objetiva compreender, a partir da figuraÃÃo de si nos relatos biogrÃficos sobre como agentes sociais que nÃo âdependemâ do mercado editorial â a âordem mercadolÃgica dos livrosâ â para fazerem circular seus trabalhos artÃstico-literÃrios formam-se âescritores/asâ (processo de subjetivaÃÃo, imersÃo de territÃrios existenciais). Trata-se de evidenciar uma caudalosa produÃÃo de literaturas subterrÃneas que banham e escorrem em bares, ruas, bosques, centros culturais, dentre outras zonas de encontro e partilha. Para tanto, contou com o apoio teÃrico de Roger Chartier (2003, 2005, 2009) e os estudos sobre a leitura como prÃtica cultural, Michel de Certeau (1990) e as prÃticas microbianas de invenÃÃo do cotidiano, Jorge Larossa (1998, 2002, 2004) e a relaÃÃo entre formaÃÃo e experiÃncia, Jacques RanciÃre (1987, 1995, 2000) e suas concepÃÃes de partilha do sensÃvel e mÃtodo da igualdade, Guattari (2011, 2012) e Guattari & Deleuze (1990, 2011) e sua concepÃÃo sobre subjetivaÃÃo. Como perspectiva metodolÃgica, foi utilizada a Pesquisa BiogrÃfica em EducaÃÃo (DELORY-MOMBERGER, 2015). Foram utilizadas a entrevista narrativa, o diÃrio de campo e o diÃrio de participante como âtÃcnicasâ de produÃÃo de dados. Produzimos entÃo uma forma de ler os dados que respeitasse as singularidades dos percursos e territÃrios estudados. O estudo evidenciou uma proliferaÃÃo de produÃÃo e circulaÃÃo de objetos-impressos literÃrios (zines, livros feitos à mÃo, folhas avulsas etc) e a dificuldade de separaÃÃo entre tela/pÃgina como modo de divulgaÃÃo de escritos literÃrios por parte dos artistas da palavra entrevistados, como tambÃm seus modos de fazer, ser e agir â sua formaÃÃo-artista â para se tornarem filhos da pauta. / Reading â as a braconnage â of the biographical process of the experience of the agents self-called writers, âsons of a sheetâ, this study aims at comprehending, from the self-figuring along the biographical narrations about the way some social agents, who do not âdependâ on editorial market â the âmarket order of the booksâ â to make their artistical-literary works come out become writers (process of subjectivity, immersion of existential territories). The objective is to enlighten a huge production of some subterranean literature which bathe and drop in pubs, streets, cafes, culture points, among other zones of meeting and sharing. Our theoretical support is upon the following postulates and authors: Roger Chartier (2003, 2005, 2009) and the studies about reading as a culture practice; Michel de Certeau and the microbial practices of the invention of the ordinary life; Jorge Larossa (1998, 2002, 2004) and the relation between formation and experience; Jacques RanciÃre (1987, 1995, 2000) and his conceptions about the sharing of the sensitive and his method of equality, Guatari (2011, 2012) and Guatari & Deleuze (1990, 2011) and their conception about subjectivity. As a methodological perspective, we made use of the Biographical Research on Education (DELORY-MOMBERGER, 2015). We also made use of the narrative interview and the journals of the researcher and the researched as âtechniquesâ of producing data. We produced a way of reading the data which respected the singularities of the per-courses and the territories studied. The study made evident a huge production and circulation of literary printed-objects (fanzines, hand-made books, loose sheets etc.) and the difficulty of separation between screen/page as a way to promote the literary writing as well as the ways of being, making and acting of the interviewed writers â their artist-formation â to become âsons of a sheetâ.

O bagre cego de Iporanga, Pimelodella kronei, da região do Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto Ribeira-PETAR, SP, foi o primeiro peixe troglóbio descoberto e descrito no Brasil e um dos mais estudados até hoje. Populações de bagres cegos atribuídas a essa espécie foram encontradas, até o momento, em cavernas do Sistema das Areias (Areias de Cima - localidade-tipo e abrigando a maior população conhecida -, Areias de Baixo e Ressurgência das Areias da Água Quente, esta aparentemente com uma população periférica), na Caverna Córrego Seco, na Ressurgência de Bombas e em cavernas do Sistema Alambari (caverna Alambari de Cima - população aparentemente extinta -, e Abismo do Gurutuva). Os bagres cegos do Sistema Areias foram excessivamente coletados na década de 1970, o que teria provocado um declínio populacional acentuado, registrado por Trajano (1987) 10 anos mais tarde. O presente estudo aborda a ecologia de P. kronei, com ênfase na população das Areias, utilizando métodos comparáveis aos de Trajano (op. cit.), para fins de monitoramento. Os aspectos analisados nas Areias foram: tamanho da população, crescimento individual e deslocamentos no habitat, a partir de marcação e recaptura individual; estrutura da população em termos de distribuição das freqüências de tamanhos (comprimento-padrão), peso e fator de condição (isométrico e alométrico); troglomorfismos (graus de redução de olhos e de pigmentação melânica). Complementarmente, exemplares das Areias, Bombas, Córrego Seco e Gurutuva foram comparados quanto à morfometria. A população de P. kronei das Areias mostrou evidências de estabilidade através da recuperação da estrutura de peso e comprimento-padrão. Assim como observado para outras espécies de siluriformes troglóbios, o crescimento individual é altamente heterogêneo, com casos de crescimento negativo. Os parâmetros da equação de Von Bertallanfy revelaram valores superiores aos de Trajano (1987), resultando em uma longevidade média de 15-20 anos. Os bagres estudados na Areias de Cima mostraram tendência de deslocamentos rio acima, em direção ao ponto mais distal no Córrego Grande (mais próximo à entrada de alimento externo), provavelmente para alimentação e reprodução. É possível que existam diferenças entre a população de Bombas e as demais localidades, sendo necessária uma investigação mais aprofundada, com métodos mais discriminatórios. / The blind catfish from Iporanga, Pimelodella kronei, from Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto Ribeira- PETAR, SP, was the first troglobitic fish discovered and described in Brazil. It is also one of the most investigated species so far. Populations of blind catfish attributed to this species have been found in caves belonging to the Areias System (Areias de Cima - type-locality, sheltering the largest known population - , Areias de Baixo and Ressurgence of Areias of Águas Quente, which apparently shows a peripherical population), besides Córrego Seco Cave, Bombas Ressurgence and caves of the Alambari System (Alambari de Cima - an apparently extinct population - , and Gurutuva). The blind catfish of Areias system were over-collected during the 1970s, which may have led to an accentuated population decline, as recorded by Trajano (1987) ten years later. The present study focus on the ecology of P. kronei, with emphasis on the Areias population, by using methods comparable to those by Trajano (op. cit.) for monitoring purposes. The aspects studied in the Areias caves were: population size, individual growth and movements in the habitat, based on individual marking and recapture; population structure in terms of distribution of size (standard length), weight and condition factor (isometric and alometric) frequencies; troglomorphism (levels of eye reduction and melanic pigmentation). In addition, samples from Areias, Bombas, Córrego Seco and Gurutuva were morphometrically compared. The P. kronei population of Areias showed evidence of stability through the regain of the size and weight structure. Like the observed for other troglobitic siluriforms, the individual growth in P. kronei is highly heterogeneous, with frequent cases of negative growth. The parameters of the Von Bertallanfy equation calculated were higher than those by Trajano (1987), resulting in a higher expected longevity - 15 to 20 years. The blind catfish from Areias presented a tendency to move upstream, approaching the distal end of Córrego Grande (closer to the input of epigean nutrients), probably for feeding and reproduction. There may be some differences in the Bombas populations of other locations, to be investigated using more discriminatory methods.

As variáveis biológicas de muitos seres vivos apresentam ritmos diários, em paralelo ao dia e à noite do ambiente. A maioria desses ritmos não é uma mera reação aos estímulos cíclicos do ambiente: eles são ritmos circadianos gerados endogenamente por um temporizador interno - o oscilador circadiano - que sustenta uma ritmicidade com período diferente de 24 horas na ausência de pistas ambientais, mas se sincroniza para um período de 24 horas quando exposto ao ambiente cíclico. Em mamíferos, o oscilador circadiano se localiza no cérebro e pode ser sincronizado pelo ciclo diário de claridade e escuridão (ciclo CE) do dia e da noite transmitido através das retinas. Animais subterrâneos passam boa parte do tempo abaixo da terra, onde as condições ambientais variam menos que na superfície. Em razão disso, questiona-se até que ponto estes animais mantêm ritmos circadianos e se seus osciladores circadianos se baseiam no ciclo CE para se sincronizar com o ambiente. Procuramos responder essas questões nos roedores subterrâneos da espécie Ctenomys cf. knighti (tuco-tucos). Em campo, realizamos observações visuais diretas para registrar o padrão temporal de exposição à luz. Em laboratório, construímos a Curva de Resposta de Fase (CRF), que consiste em medir indiretamente a resposta do oscilador circadiano a estímulos luminosos em diferentes momentos do dia. Por fim, recorremos a simulações computacionais de um modelo matemático de oscilador, para integrar os dados anteriores. Verificamos, em campo, que os tuco-tucos se expõem, diariamente, a pulsos de luz irregularmente distribuídos nas horas claras do dia levantando alguns questionamentos sobre sua capacidade como sincronizador dos ritmos em campo. Contudo, a CRF nos indicou que o sistema circadiano dos tuco-tucos responde a estímulos luminosos de forma semelhante aos animais não-subterrâneos. Nós verificamos 3 hipóteses: ou a informação da exposição à luz em campo é suficiente para sincronizar o oscilador circadiano, apesar da aparente irregularidade; ou a CRF do tuco-tuco possui alguma característica que facilita a sincronização pelo regime observado de exposição à luz; ou seu sistema circadiano se baseia em outra pista temporal do ambiente para se manter sincronizado. Nossas simulações computacionais indicaram que a primeira hipótese é a mais provável, visto que os padrões de exposição à luz simulados, como aqueles observados em campo, com o mínimo de informação temporal, ainda assim são suficientes para sincronizar os osciladores. Em conjunto, nossos dados indicam que o ciclo claro-escuro tem um papel importante na sincronização dos ritmos circadianos dos tuco-tucos na natureza. / Daily rhythms are found in the biological variables of many organisms, in parallel to the environmental day and night. Most of those rhythms are not mere reactions to the cyclic stimulus of the environment. They are actually circadian rhythms, endogenously generated by an internal timer, the circadian oscillator, which sustains a non-24-hour rhythm under constant conditions, but is synchronized to a 24-hour period when exposed do a cyclic environment. In mammals, this oscillator is located in the brain, and can be synchronized by the daily light-dark cycle (LD cycle) of day and night. Subterranean animals remain most of the time in an underground habitat, where environmental conditions vary less markedly than aboveground. Therefore, there are doubts whether these animals maintain circadian rhythms and whether their circadian oscillators rely on the LD cycle for environmental synchronization. We attempted to answer those questions in subterranean rodents of the species Ctenomys cf. knighti (tuco-tucos). In the field, we performed direct visual observations to assess their temporal pattern of light-exposure. In the lab, we build the Phase Response Curve (PRC), which consists in an indirect measurement of the circadian oscillator responses to light stimuli applied at different times of the day. Finally, computer simulations of an oscillator model were used to integrate these previous data. We verified that tuco-tucos expose themselves to light pulses that are irregularly distributed through day-light hours, raising some questions about its validity as an environmental synchronizer. However, the PRC results indicated that the tuco-tucos circadian system responds to light stimuli in a way similar to non-subterranean animals. We then verified three hypothesis: either the light-exposure temporal information was enough for the synchronization of the circadian system, despite its apparent irregularity; or the tuco-tuco\'s PRC present some feature that facilitates the synchronization by the observed light-exposure regimen; or the tuco-tuco\'s circadian system rely on another environmental temporal cue to maintain its synchronization. Our computer simulations support the first hypothesis, given that the simulated regimens, despite being little informative in the temporal sense, were still sufficient to synchronize the simulated oscillators. Together, our data indicate that the light-dark cycle plays an important role in the synchronization of the tuco-tucos\' circadian rhythms in nature.

Águas subterrâneas são corpos dágua que podem aflorar na superfície por meio de fontes ou bicas dágua, comumente utilizadas pelo homem para as mais diversas atividades. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o padrão de potabilidade da água de 12 bicas de uso público da cidade de Taubaté-SP, para o consumo humano. Os parâmetros utilizados para avaliação foram: bacteriológico contagem de coliformes totais e E.coli; físico-químico concentração de turbidez e nitrato; parasitológico presença de Cryptosporidium spp e Giardia spp. As amostras de água foram coletadas de acordo com a metodologia estabelecida por Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA, 1998), em três etapas diferentes, no ano 2005. Os resultados das análises, em conformidade com a Portaria no 518/2004, do Ministério da Saúde, revelaram que, das 36 amostras de água analisadas, foram consideradas potáveis: 67%, quanto ao padrão bacteriológico; 92%, quanto ao padrão físico-químico; e 100%, quanto ao padrão parasitológico. Considerando-se todos os parâmetros analisados nas três coletas, conclui-se que 58% das amostras de água das bicas de uso público estudadas foram consideradas potáveis. Salientamos que, durante o estudo, não se identificou nenhum tipo de monitoramento da qualidade da água das bicas estudadas, o que pode colocar em risco a saúde da população. / Subterranean water is body water which can emerge by means of water fountains that are usually used for various activities by mankind. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potability standard of 12 water fountains in Taubaté city for human consumption. The parameters that were used for the evaluation were: bacteriological counting of total coliformes (intestinal bacteria) and E. coli; physicochemical concentration of turbidity and nitrate; parasitological presence of Cryptosporidium spp and Giardia spp. The water samples were collected according to the established methodology by Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA, 1998), in three stages in the year 2005. The results of the analyses, are in compliance with Portaria no 518 from the Ministry of Health in the year 2004 evidenced that the 36 samples of analyzed water, 67% were considered drinkable to the bacteriological standard, 92% were considered drinkable to the physicochemical standard and 100% were considered drinkable to the parasitological standard. Taking into account all the analyzed parameters in 3 collects, one concluded that 58% of the water samples from the studied water fountains were considered drinkable. One points out that during the study, it was not identified any kind of quality monitoring of the studied water fountains, which can endanger the populations health.

Microbes exert extensive control on redox element cycles. They participate directly orindirectly in the concentration and fractionation of elements by influencing the partitioningbetween soluble and insoluble species. Putative microbially mediated manganese (Mn) oxidesof the birnessite-type, enriched in rare earth elements (REE) + yttrium (Y) were recentlyfound in the Ytterby mine, Sweden. A poorly crystalline birnessite-type phyllomanganate isregarded as the predominant initial phase formed during microbial Mn oxidation. Owing to ahigher specific surface area, this biomineral also enhances the known sorption property of Mnoxides with respect to heavy metals (e.g. REE) and therefore has considerable environmentalimpact.The concentration of REE + Y (2±0.5% of total mass, excluding oxygen, carbon and silicon)in the Ytterby Mn oxide deposit is among the highest ever observed in secondary precipitateswith Mn and/or iron. Sequential extraction provides evidence of a mineral structure where theREE+Y are firmly included, even at pH as low as 1.5. Concentration ratios of Mn oxideprecipitates to fracture water indicate a strong preference for the trivalent REE+Y overdivalent and monovalent metals. A culture independent molecular phylogenetic approach wasadopted as a first step to analyze the processes that microbes mediate in this environment andspecifically how the microbial communities interact with the Mn oxides. Plausible players inthe formation of the investigated birnessite-type Mn oxides are mainly found within theferromanganese genera Hyphomicrobium and Pedomicrobium and a newly identified YtterbyBacteroidetes cluster most closely related to the Terrimonas. Data also indicate that thedetected microorganisms are related to the environmental constraints of the site including lowconstant temperature (8°C), absence of light, high metal content and possibly proximity to theformer storage of petroleum products.

This study investigates modifications to AWPA Standard E18-06 to develop an above-ground field test for subterranean termites native to the eastern United States. AWPA Standard E18-06 was modified in two stages to progressively increase optimum conditions for subterranean termite feeding. Modification II, which incorporated the use of house bricks and feeder strips with a solid ventilated cover, had an increase in termite attack with less variation between tests. This study also investigates the effects of adding antioxidants, both natural and synthetic, and analogues which lack antioxidant properties, to test wood blocks on feeding by Reticulitermes flavipes Kollar using AWPA Standard E1-09. Antioxidants had feeding deterrence and mortality properties to R. flavipes. Conversely, the non-antioxidant analogues, with the exception of the heterocyclic flavanone, had little effect on R. flavipes. It is concluded that R. flavipes instinctively avoids wood which contains high levels of antioxidants, such as heartwood with phenolic extractives.

Bark beetles regulate forest succession by removing weakened or stressed trees and exposing understory species to light from canopy gaps. Subterranean termites are predominate decomposers of coarse woody debris in southern pine forests; however, little is known about their role in forest health and succession. Both groups of insects rely heavily on fungal symbioses to fill their respective ecological niches in southern pine forests. During recent inspections of southern pine timber, we observed that trees in the early stages of bark beetle attack often had subterranean termites in blue-stained portions of the trunk. The frequency of subterranean termite presence in blue-stained areas of trees increased proportionally to the stage of bark beetle attack. However, practically no research has undertaken the challenge of describing how woody resources created by bark beetles are identified and utilized by subterranean termites before any signs of stress are visible. Therefore, this study examined possible facilitative interactions between subterranean termites, bark beetles and their blue-stain fungal associates, and other invertebrates, and investigated the effect of blue-stain fungi on surface properties of wood. Both native (Reticulitermes spp.) and Formosan subterranean termites exhibited a higher feeding preference for blue-stained sapwood than for unstained sapwood in laboratory assays. Native subterranean termites also consumed blue-stained sapwood at a higher rate than decayed wood. This study was the first to demonstrate that wood containing a non-decay fungus could elicit a feeding response from subterranean termites greater than that observed for decayed wood. Additionally, the surface properties of bark beetle-attacked southern pine were initially reduced by blue-stain fungal infection; however, the process of kiln-drying reversed this effect, resulting in a surface that was more conducive to wood product manufacturing.

No description available.

<p> Proposed theories concerning the nature and mode of formation of limestone scallops are examined. Some progress is made toward a purely theoretical understanding. Scallop formation is simulated by generation on blocks of Plaster of Paris in a laboratory flume under known and controlled conditions and the relationships between the resulting features, the generating conditions and the base material examined. Field Evidence both confirms these relationships and reveals other unsuspected factors. The similarity between these features and others found on ablating snow surfaces is investigated and the same laws found to apply. </p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This dissertation defines electromagnetic properties that are responsible for directing subterranean termite foraging behavior. Research identified specific frequencies and intensities that can attract Coptotermes formosanus Shiraiki and Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) to the site where the electrical fields are generated and defined on repellant freuency and intensity for C. formosanus. US Patent Docket Number 2343-215 PCT and MSU disclosure 05-0606-163 were filed based on the results. Data showed that frequencies and intensities were different for attracting the two species. Future work will address new alternatives for addressing termite infestations that will reduce and change the amounts and use of current termiticides.