O presente trabalho visou compreender os padrões florísticos e fitogeográficos de Campo Sujo Seco na bacia hidrográfica do ribeirão Taquaruçu Grande, no município de Palmas (TO). A análise de sua paisagem baseou-se na produção de mapas de vegetação; localização e medição da área de distribuição; caracterização fitossociológica e florística, buscando identificar padrões de Campo Sujo Seco; e, verificação da influência dos solos e do relevo na formação de tais padrões. O trabalho foi realizado em etapas de laboratório e campo. O mapeamento foi feito com base na carta da Diretoria do Serviço Geográfico (DSG) do Ministério do Exercito e IBGE de 1979 e imagens LANDSAT de 2011. Utilizou-se o software SPRING 5.1.8 (INPE). A caracterização pedológica foi feita por meio de delineamento em blocos casualizados, com aplicação do teste T e análise de variância com comparação das médias pelo teste de Tukey, usando o software Bio Estat 5.0. A caracterização da vegetação foi feita pelo método de parcelas e os parâmetros biométricos medidos foram diâmetro a altura do solo e altura de arbustos e árvores. Os parâmetros fitossociológicos analisados foram densidade, frequência, dominância absolutas e relativas e valor de importância específica. Foram calculados índices de similaridade de Sørensen, de diversidade de Shannon-Wiener e de uniformidade de Pielou. A análise de agrupamento entre áreas foi feita pela classificação UPGMA, pelo índice de Jaccard e e ordenação por Análise em Componentes Principais, utilizando-se o software Fitopac 2, e pelo método Twinspan, com o software WinTWIN. A paisagem da bacia do ribeirão Taquaruçu Grande é composta pelos geofácies Mata de Galeria, Mata Ciliar, Mata Seca, Cerradão, Cerrado Sentido Restrito, Babaçual, Vereda, Campo Sujo Seco, Campo Limpo Úmido, Campo Rupestre, Lago, ribeirões, córregos e brejos, Área Urbana e Agropecuária/Silvicultura. O Campo Sujo Seco teve uma área de 7.478,82 ha (16,2% da bacia hidrográfica), localiza-se nos planaltos e chapadas da serra do Lageado e nas planícies secas da depressão do Tocantins. Os solos são do tipo Plintossolos Pétricos e se caracterizaram como bem drenados e com baixo teor de água, ácidos, distróficos, álicos com altos teores de ferro e de textura média. A flora pertence à divisão Magnoliophyta (angiospermas) é, predominantemente, da classe Magnoliopsida, com 39 famílias, 82 gêneros e 121 espécies. A densidade total foi de 2.761,47 indivíduos.ha-1; a dominância de 5,64 m2. ha-1; o diâmetro média de 4,61 cm e a altura média de 1,12 m. Existe alta similaridade florística entre topo e encosta (0,79) e alta diversidade alfa (3,533 nats.indivíduo-1). De acordo com a densidade de plantas, há padrões de campos sujos secos densos, típicos e ralos em relevos de topos e encostas. Pelos métodos de agrupamento UPGMA, Coordenadas Principais e Twinspan, há padrões florísicos representados, principalmente, pelas espécies Vochysia cinnamomea, Byrsonima subterranea e Vellozia seubertina. Os campos de V. cinnamomea localizam-se no sul da bacia, os de B. subterranea no norte e os de V. seubertiana no centro-norte, que constituíram os geótopos do geofácie Campo Sujo Seco. Existem padrões estruturais, florísticos e fitogeográficos diversos de campo sujo seco na bacia hidrográfica do ribeirão Taquaruçu Grande e as condições ambientais de relevo e edáficas tiveram influência na formação desses padrões. / The present work aimed to understand the patterns floristic and phytogeographical countryside of campo sujo in River watershed Taquaruçu Grande, municipality of Palmas (TO). The analysis of the landscape was based on the production of vegetation maps, location and measurement range; floristic and phytosociological characterization, seeking to identify patterns of Campo Sujo Seco; and check the influence of soils and relief in the formation of such patterns. The work was carried out in steps of laboratory and field. The mapping was done based on the letter from the Board of Geographic Service (DSG) of the Brazilian Army (EB) and IBGE 1979 and digital images were used LANDSAT 2011. The software used was the SPRING 5.1.8 (INPE). The pedological characterization was made by means of a randomized block design, with application of the \"t\" test and analysis of variance for comparison of means by Tukey\'s test, using the software Bio Stat 5.0. The vegetation characterization was done by the method of plots and biophysical parameters measured were diameter at ground height and height of shrubs and trees. The phytosociological parameters analyzed were density, frequency, dominance of absolute and relative amount of specific importance. Sørensens similarity indices were calculated, as well as the Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index and the Equitability of Pielou. Cluster analysis between areas was done by UPGMA classification, the Jaccard index and ranking by Principal Component Analysis, using the software Fitopac 2, and the method Twinspan with software WinTWIN. The landscape of the basin of the Taquaruçu Grande comprises the geofacies Gallery Forests, Riparian Forests, Dry Forests, Cerradão, Cerrado Sensu Stricto, Babaçual, Veredas, Campo Sujo Seco, Campo Limpo Úmido, Campo Rupestre, lake, creeks, streams and swamps, Urban area and Agricultural area. The Campo Sujo Seco with patches of cerrado sensu stricto had an area of 7.478,82 ha (16,2% of the watershed), located in the highlands and plateaus of the Serra do Lageado and the dry plains of depression Tocantins. Soils are the type Petric Plinthosols and were charactrized as well-drained, low water content, acidic, dystrophic, alic with high levels of iron and medium textured. The flora belongs to the division Magnoliophyta (angiosperms) is predominately class Magnoliopsida, with 39 families, 82 genera and 121 species. The total density was 2761.47 individuals.ha-1, the dominance of 5.64 m2. ha-1, the mean diameter of 4.61 cm and height of 1.12 m. There is high floristic similarity between top and slope (0.79) and high alpha diversity (3,533 nats.individual-1). According to the density of plants, there are patterns of Campo Sujo Seco dense and sparse typical reliefs on the tops and slopes. By cluster UPGMA, Principal Coordinates and Twinspan, there are florisics patterns represented mainly by species Vochysia cinnamomea, Byrsonima subterranea and Vellozia seubertina. The V. Cinnamomea fields located in the southern basin, the B. subterranean in the north and those of V. seubertiana in north-central, which constituted the geotopes the geofacie Campo Seco Seco. There are structural patterns, floristic and phytogeographical various Campo Sujo Seco in River watershed Taquaruçu Grande and environmental conditions of relevant and soil influenced the formation of these patterns.

Nos estudos dos ritmos biológicos de roedores em laboratório, a roda de atividade é comumente utilizada assumindo-se que o horário da atividade em roda represente o horário de atividade do animal na natureza. Entretanto, a atividade de qualquer espécie pode ser diferente em campo e em laboratório, e tampouco se resume à atividade em roda. O tuco-tuco (Ctenomys aff. knighti) é um roedor subterrâneo diurno em campo e noturno em laboratório. Por isso, o nosso primeiro objetivo é verificar quais comportamentos são apresentados pelos tuco-tucos em laboratório, a distribuição desses comportamentos ao longo do dia e qual a contribuição da atividade em roda para o total de sua atividade e ritmicidade. O segundo objetivo é verificar quais os efeitos agudos (mascaramento) que a luz e a escuridão têm sobre a atividade dos tuco-tucos, dado que costumam ter efeitos opostos (exacerbação/inibição) em animais diurnos e noturnos. 18 machos e fêmeas adultos (150-250g) foram mantidos em gaiolas individuais e tiveram sua atividade em roda monitorada por registro automatizado, atividade geral monitorada por sensores de infravermelho e por acelerômetros, temperatura corpórea monitorada por transmissores telemétricos e comportamentos de laboratório registrados por câmeras filmadoras. Eles foram submetidos a um regime de CE 12:12 (C= 100 lux) por sete dias para que seus ritmos se sincronizassem com esse ciclo pelo mecanismo de arrastamento. Depois, receberam um pulso de luz durante a noite e, dois dias depois, um de escuridão durante o dia, para verificar se há efeito de mascaramento de seus comportamentos por luz e escuridão. Cada animal passou por esse mesmo protocolo em três condições: na primeira, sem roda de atividade; na segunda, com roda; na terceira, com roda travada. A maioria dos animais demonstrou pouca ou nenhuma ritmicidade em comportamentos específicos de laboratório que não a atividade em roda, a qual também é o principal componente da atividade geral a sofrer efeitos agudos de pulsos de luz. Um único indivíduo, quando mantido sem roda de atividade, mudou de noturno para diurno. Como a atividade em roda foi o principal comportamento inibido pela luz, cujo efeito foi quase nulo nos demais comportamentos, o mascaramento parece não ser um empecilho para a atividade diurna do tuco-tuco em campo, apesar do mascaramento ser considerado um desafio à inversão de noturnalidade para diurnalidade tanto na escala de vida individual quanto evolutiva / The running wheel is commonly used in rhythm studies assuming that the wheel-running time corresponds to the activity time in nature. The tuco-tuco (Ctenomys aff. knighti) is a subterranean rodent which is diurnal in the field and nocturnal in the lab. Because of that peculiarity, our first goal is to verify which are their behaviors in the lab, their distribution throughout the 24 hours, and how much the running wheel activity contributes to the total activity and its rhytmicity. The second goal is to verify the acute effects of light and darkness on their rhythms. 18 adult males and females (150-250g) had their behaviors recorded by cameras. Their running wheel activity, general activity and body temperature were also monitored. They were kept in a LD 12:12 (L = 100 lux) regimen and received light and darkness pulses to verify possible masking effects in their rhythms, going through the same protocol three times: 1) without wheel, 2) with wheel, and 3) with a blocked wheel. Most of animals demonstrated little to no rhythmicity in specific lab behaviors, except for running wheel activity. The wheel activity is also the main component of the general activity that is inhibited by the light pulse, but we found some masking on body temperature rhythm as well. Interestingly, there was a single individual that switched from nocturnal to diurnal when kept without a running wheel, and presented the masking patterns expected for diurnal animals. As wheel activity was the main component suffering inhibition by light, with little to no inhibition of other behaviors, it seems masking isn\'t an obstacle to the diurnal activity in the field and consequently to switches from nocturnal to diurnal activity within an individual lifetime or even in evolutionary scale for tuco-tucos

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2017-03-13T13:52:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Aline Barreto Santos.pdf: 883584 bytes, checksum: 8c172d2d89cd730277fc41a3b05b4e69 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-13T13:52:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Aline Barreto Santos.pdf: 883584 bytes, checksum: 8c172d2d89cd730277fc41a3b05b4e69 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-15 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The arboreal termites that are part of the Brazilian fauna attack urban areas that have expanded into areas of wild vegetation. The urban trees when not follow the proper principles of planting and management, transforms the trees into nesting sites and feeding termites. Thus, arboreal species of termites begin to assume increasing importance as pests. This study aimed to identify the species of termites associated with tree species and verify, under field conditions, if these termites exhibit preference for nesting and foraging, in the sandbank area of Catalan Island, in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, RJ. For this, 95 were chosen randomly planting rows of trees located in this area. These lines has traveled a path of 100 m, also randomly chosen, and during that route all the trees were inspected to verify the occurrence of termites. Termites found were collected, preserved in 70% alcohol for later identification. To assess the preferred nesting, all the trees were inspected for the presence nests of N. corniger. The occurrence of termites was registered in all tree rows sampled (n = 95). Of the total of 545 inspected trees, 77% were infested by termites, identified four species distributed into two families: three native species Termitidae (Nasutitermes corniger Motschulsky, Nasutitermes jaraguae Holmgren and Microcerotermes strunckii Soerensen) and an exotic species of Rhinotermitidae (Coptotermes gestroi Wasmann). The most frequent species was N. corniger (?2 = 82.04, df = 3, p <0.001), occurring in 79% of infested trees, followed by N. jaraguae (6% of infested trees). The termite species least infested trees were found in C. gestroi (1%) and M. strunckii (1%). In general , the exotic tree species Albizia Lebeck is the most infested by termites and also exotic Leucaena leucocephala is less infested. 114 Nest establishment of N. corniger were identified, and the tree species Schinus terebinthifolius the most nidificada. So the trees of the Catalan's Island salt marsh area are infested with native and exotic termites, however, the native termite N. corniger is predominant. / Os t?rmitas arbor?colas que fazem parte da fauna brasileira atacam ?reas urbanas que expandiram sobre ?reas de vegeta??o silvestre. A arboriza??o urbana quando n?o segue os preceitos adequados de plantio e manejo, transforma as ?rvores em locais de nidifica??o e alimenta??o dos cupins. Dessa forma, esp?cies arbor?colas de cupins passam a assumir import?ncia crescente como pragas. Esse estudo objetivou identificar as esp?cies de cupins associadas a esp?cies arb?reas e verificar, em condi??es de campo, se esses t?rmitas exibem prefer?ncia para nidifica??o e forrageamento, na ?rea de restinga da Ilha do Catal?o, no munic?pio do Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Para isso, foram sorteadas aleatoriamente 95 linhas de plantio de ?rvores localizadas nessa ?rea. Nestas linhas foi percorrido um trajeto de 100 m, tamb?m escolhido aleatoriamente, e durante esse percurso todas as ?rvores foram inspecionadas para verificar a ocorr?ncia de cupins. Os cupins encontrados foram coletados, preservados em ?lcool 70% para posterior identifica??o. Para avaliar a prefer?ncia de nidifica??o, todas as ?rvores foram inspecionadas quanto a presen?a de ninhos de N. corniger. A ocorr?ncia de t?rmitas foi registrada em todas as linhas de plantio amostradas (n=95). Do total de 545 ?rvores inspecionadas, 77% estavam infestadas por cupins, sendo identificadas quatro esp?cies distribu?das em duas fam?lias: tr?s esp?cies nativas de Termitidae (Nasutitermes corniger Motschulsky, Nasutitermes jaraguae Holmgren e Microcerotermes strunckii Soerensen) e uma esp?cie ex?tica de Rhinotermitidae (Coptotermes gestroi Wasmann). A esp?cie mais frequente foi N. corniger (?2 =82,04; g.l.=3; p<0,001), ocorrendo em 79% das ?rvores infestadas, seguida por N. jaraguae (6% das ?rvores infestadas). As esp?cies de t?rmitas menos encontradas nas ?rvores infestadas foram C. gestroi (1%) e M. strunckii (1%). De maneira geral, a esp?cie arb?rea ex?tica Albizia lebeck ? a mais infestada pelos t?rmitas e a tamb?m ex?tica Leucaena leucocephala ? a menos infestada. Foram identificadas 114 nidifica??es de N. corniger, sendo a esp?cie arb?rea Schimus terebinthifolius a mais nidificada. Portanto, as ?rvores da ?rea de restinga da Ilha do Catal?o s?o infestadas por t?rmitas nativos e ex?ticos, no entanto, o t?rmita nativo N. corniger ? predominante

Eight rodent species with fossorial activity differing in a number of characteristics such as ecology, climatic conditions, geographical distribution, or kinship were studied using infrared thermography in order to describe their surface temperature and its patterns. An attempt to describe the relation between surface temperature and varied social organisation in burrowing rodents was made.

The main archaeological features studied in this thesis are semi-subterranean house remains in the woodlands of middle northern Sweden, east of the high mountains and some 100 km from the coast. The period during which they were occupied has been delimited to 4500-2500 BC. The house remains consist of circular or sometimes rectangular depressions in the ground, surrounded by mounds of refuse and large amounts of fire-cracked stone. Eighty house remains of this kind have been discovered so far and 20 features have been excavated. They are found at 29 different localities that cover an area of more than 60,000 km2. The question put forward is whether these house remains show patterning in site location, economy and material culture, suggesting that they belonged to one people sharing a similar language and values. The majority of the locations include more than one house and because of the dug-out-floors and the large amounts of fire-cracked stone they are interpreted as winter villages. The distributions of the villages show a settlement pattern in which the locales are separated by a mean distance of approximately 35 km. In one of the regions, Vilhelmina parish, summer camps have been located by smaller lakes where the waterways from 3 different winter villages connect. Other possible summer camp sites are suggested, based on their location in areas where waterways connect two or three winter villages. The winter sites were associated with local bands, according to the social structure of hunting societies in North America, suggested by June Helm. Several local bands form a regional band that camp together during certain periods of the year. All regional bands form the tribe or the language family. No traces of social differences between groups or families have been revealed in the material and it is therefore assumed that the remains of the houses represent a hunting/gathering band society. Among the artifacts in the houses is a predominance of small scrapers of quartz and quartzite. There is also a very high representation of elk (moose) in the bone material from the house remains. Prehistoric and later pit-falls as well as paintings and carvings of elk are distributed within the same area. This shows that elk were a very important prey and this has been emphasized when discussing the explanations of the uniformity in house type and artefacts. Finally the importance of the slate tools, in particular those of red slate, is briefly discussed. The manufacture of slate tools increase during the neolithic period. In the inland of middle Norrland artifacts of red slate dominate over the grey and black slate artifacts in most of the houses and on many other sites. The raw material is, in most cases, found close to the high mountains, but the red slate is otherwise rare compared to the black and grey, which suggests that it has been highly valued. The knowledge of, and access to, red slate is suggested as having symbolized the unity of this band society. / digitalisering@umu

There are generally two contrasting alternatives to what limits recruitment in plants, namely the availability of seeds (seed limitation) or the quality or quantity of suitable sites (microsite limitation). Dust seeds, the smallest existing seeds, lack or have minimal nutrient reserves. During germination and initial development they consequently parasitize on mycorrhizal fungi. This is called mycoheterotrophy, and can vary in degree of fungal dependency in adult plants from full, partial or initial mycoheterotrophy. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the recruitment ecology of mycoheterotrophic Ericaceae (tribe Pyroleae) species with dust seeds, and to determine what limits their recruitment. The investigated species were: Chimaphila umbellata, Moneses uniflora, Orthilia secunda, Pyrola chlorantha, P. minor and P. rotundifolia. This aim was achieved by combining field experiments (seed sowing) with isotope analysis and fungal host pyrosequencing. Results provide evidence that the species in Pyroleae are heterogeneous, not only with regard to their degree of mycoheterotrophy, but also concerning germination and early seedling development. A combination of microsite and seed limitation is thus likely to be of importance for all studied species, but the relative importance of these limitations varies among species. Despite having adaptations for wind dispersal the majority of the seeds were deposited in close vicinity of the seed source. But with high seed production at least some seeds should be able to disperse long-distance. Seedlings of all studied species were found to associate with a wide range of ectomycorrhizal fungi, at least during their initial developmental stages. There seems to be a tendency for host narrowing in some Pyroleae species, but not as strict as the host specialization seen in fully mycoheterotrophic Monotropa hypopitys, supporting the hypothesis of geographical and developmental host shifts. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: In press. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>

Orientador: Bruno Coraucci Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T22:16:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bellingieri_PauloHenrique_M.pdf: 9365011 bytes, checksum: 6c7e81559cc6178c82c39aab2cd464f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: As águas subterrâneas representam a principal preocupação no processo de viabilização do reúso agrícola, como prática de pós-tratamento e disposição final de esgotos sanitários. O presente trabalho visa avaliar a possível contaminação gerada pela disposição controlada de efluente de tratamento secundário no cultivo de milho, e identificar a lâmina hídrica ideal para a irrigação da cultura, aliando as necessidades da engenharia sanitária com as da engenharia agrícola. Consistiu na análise de amostras do lençol freático, coletadas periodicamente durante duas saltas consecutivas, sendo uma na estação chuvosa e outra na estação seca. Os parâmetros analisados foram: pH, condutividade elétrica, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cd, Cu, Zn e N-N03-. Uma rede de poços de monitoramento foi instalada na área de pesquisa, contendo 10 poços locados a jusante de cada parcela para avaliação em função do risco à saúde pública. A variação do comportamento do lençol freático foi monitorada pela confecção de mapas potenciométricos sazonais e realização de slug test para obtenção da condutividade hidráulica dos poços de monitoramento. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a aplicação de efluentes sanitários na agricultura, via sulcos rasos, causou alguns impactos negativos às propriedades do solo e água subterrânea, além de proporcionar benefícios para a cultura, quando da reposição de água ao solo em períodos de estiagem / Abstract: Groundwaters represent the main concern in the process of viabilization of agriculture reuse, as practice of post-cure and final disposal of sanitary sewers. The present research aims to evaluate the possible contamination generated for the controlled disposal of the sewer of secondary treatment in the maize culture, and to identify the ideal hydric blade for the irrigation of the maize culture, uniting the necessities of sanitary and agricultural engineering. It consisted in the analysis of samples of the water table, collected periodically during two consecutive harvests, one in the rainy and another in the dry period. Were analyzed the following parameters: pH, electrical conductance, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cd, Cu, Zn and N-NO3 . A net of monitoring wells was installed in the research area, with 10 leased wells the downward of each parcel for evaluation in function of the risk to the public health. The variation of the behavior of the water table was monitored by the confection of potenciometric maps and accomplishment of slug test for attainment by the hydraulic conductivity of the monitoring wells. The results allowed to conclude that the application of sanitary effluent in agriculture, in saw ridges fIat, did not cause significant negative alterations in the properties of the ground and underground water, besides providing benefits for the maize culture, within of the replacement water soil in dry periods / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Orientador: Bruno Coraucci Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T23:01:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CintraFilho_OrlandoAntunes_M.pdf: 1700250 bytes, checksum: 7836c56a27063bfb7d59a5d3b4bfc8f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O trabalho teve a finalidade de avaliar o impacto da irrigação com efluente sanitário oriundo de lagoa anaeróbia, na cultura do milho. O objetivo principal da pesquisa foi avaliar as alterações na qualidade da água do aqüífero subterrâneo sob a influência direta da irrigação diferenciada por três cenários: água de superfície com adubo químico, efluente anaeróbio desinfetado e efluente anaeróbio não desinfetado. Como efluente sanitário anaeróbio foi utilizado efluente da lagoa anaeróbia da ETE Lagoa Paulistano II, que trata esgoto sanitário estritamente residencial, proveniente do bairro Paulistano II do Município de Franca, SP. O processo é operado pela Companhia de Saneamento Básico de Estado de São Paulo ¿ SABESP. A técnica de irrigação foi disposição do efluente em sulcos rasos. Foram testadas três taxas de aplicação, correspondente a volumes de 50, 100 e 150 litros por aplicação para os três cenários, com 4 repetições cada, totalizando 36 parcelas. O experimento foi realizado no período entre novembro de 2005 e janeiro de 2008, onde foram realizadas duas safras, sendo uma de período chuvoso e outra no período de estiagem. As análises laboratoriais foram desenvolvidas no laboratório regional da SABESP, com sede em Franca, que é acreditado pelo Instituto Nacional Metrologia, Normalização e Qualidade Industrial ¿ INMETRO segundo os critérios da Norma ISO/IEC 17025. Os resultados evidenciaram que, no período do estudo, não houve evidências de comprometimento na qualidade da água do aqüífero subterrâneo sob os três cenários pesquisados. No entanto, mesmo com estas evidências, foi recomendado um período mais prolongado dessas avaliações, pois é questionada a possibilidade do tempo de avaliação não ter sido suficiente para ocorrer a migração dos resíduos da irrigação para o aqüífero / Abstract: This work had the purpose of evaluating the impact of corn crop irrigation with sanitary effluent from an anaerobic pond. The main objective of this research was to verify possible changes on the quality of the aquifer under the direct influence of three different irrigation scenarios: surface water with chemical fertilizer; disinfected anaerobic effluent; and, raw anaerobic effluent. Sanitary anaerobic effluent was withdrawn from ETE Lagoa Paulistano II, an anaerobic pond that treats strictly domestic wastewater from Paulistano II, a neighborhood from the city of Franca, SP. This treatment system is owned and operated by SABESP (Companhia de Saneamento Básico de Estado de São Paulo). Shallow furrows were utilized as irrigation system for the application of the anaerobic effluent. Three different application rates were tested, corresponding to daily volumes of 50, 100, and 150 liters for each of the three scenarios, with four repetitions, totalizing 36 parcels. The experiment was accomplished during the period of November of 2005 to January of 2008, when two harvests were made, respectively one for the rainy period and another for the dry period. Laboratory analyses were performed at the regional laboratory of SABESP, located in Franca, which is accredited by INMETRO, the National Institute for Metrology, Normalization and Industrial Quality, according to criteria of the ISO/IEC 17025 standard. Results obtained during the study period showed that there was no evidence of worsening the aquifer quality. Despite the results, it was recommended that future research on this topic should cover a larger testing period. This seems to be necessary because it was questioned if the time for the migration of the irrigation effluent residues to the aquifer was achieved. / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

O presente trabalho visou compreender os padrões florísticos e fitogeográficos de Campo Sujo Seco na bacia hidrográfica do ribeirão Taquaruçu Grande, no município de Palmas (TO). A análise de sua paisagem baseou-se na produção de mapas de vegetação; localização e medição da área de distribuição; caracterização fitossociológica e florística, buscando identificar padrões de Campo Sujo Seco; e, verificação da influência dos solos e do relevo na formação de tais padrões. O trabalho foi realizado em etapas de laboratório e campo. O mapeamento foi feito com base na carta da Diretoria do Serviço Geográfico (DSG) do Ministério do Exercito e IBGE de 1979 e imagens LANDSAT de 2011. Utilizou-se o software SPRING 5.1.8 (INPE). A caracterização pedológica foi feita por meio de delineamento em blocos casualizados, com aplicação do teste T e análise de variância com comparação das médias pelo teste de Tukey, usando o software Bio Estat 5.0. A caracterização da vegetação foi feita pelo método de parcelas e os parâmetros biométricos medidos foram diâmetro a altura do solo e altura de arbustos e árvores. Os parâmetros fitossociológicos analisados foram densidade, frequência, dominância absolutas e relativas e valor de importância específica. Foram calculados índices de similaridade de Sørensen, de diversidade de Shannon-Wiener e de uniformidade de Pielou. A análise de agrupamento entre áreas foi feita pela classificação UPGMA, pelo índice de Jaccard e e ordenação por Análise em Componentes Principais, utilizando-se o software Fitopac 2, e pelo método Twinspan, com o software WinTWIN. A paisagem da bacia do ribeirão Taquaruçu Grande é composta pelos geofácies Mata de Galeria, Mata Ciliar, Mata Seca, Cerradão, Cerrado Sentido Restrito, Babaçual, Vereda, Campo Sujo Seco, Campo Limpo Úmido, Campo Rupestre, Lago, ribeirões, córregos e brejos, Área Urbana e Agropecuária/Silvicultura. O Campo Sujo Seco teve uma área de 7.478,82 ha (16,2% da bacia hidrográfica), localiza-se nos planaltos e chapadas da serra do Lageado e nas planícies secas da depressão do Tocantins. Os solos são do tipo Plintossolos Pétricos e se caracterizaram como bem drenados e com baixo teor de água, ácidos, distróficos, álicos com altos teores de ferro e de textura média. A flora pertence à divisão Magnoliophyta (angiospermas) é, predominantemente, da classe Magnoliopsida, com 39 famílias, 82 gêneros e 121 espécies. A densidade total foi de 2.761,47 indivíduos.ha-1; a dominância de 5,64 m2. ha-1; o diâmetro média de 4,61 cm e a altura média de 1,12 m. Existe alta similaridade florística entre topo e encosta (0,79) e alta diversidade alfa (3,533 nats.indivíduo-1). De acordo com a densidade de plantas, há padrões de campos sujos secos densos, típicos e ralos em relevos de topos e encostas. Pelos métodos de agrupamento UPGMA, Coordenadas Principais e Twinspan, há padrões florísicos representados, principalmente, pelas espécies Vochysia cinnamomea, Byrsonima subterranea e Vellozia seubertina. Os campos de V. cinnamomea localizam-se no sul da bacia, os de B. subterranea no norte e os de V. seubertiana no centro-norte, que constituíram os geótopos do geofácie Campo Sujo Seco. Existem padrões estruturais, florísticos e fitogeográficos diversos de campo sujo seco na bacia hidrográfica do ribeirão Taquaruçu Grande e as condições ambientais de relevo e edáficas tiveram influência na formação desses padrões. / The present work aimed to understand the patterns floristic and phytogeographical countryside of campo sujo in River watershed Taquaruçu Grande, municipality of Palmas (TO). The analysis of the landscape was based on the production of vegetation maps, location and measurement range; floristic and phytosociological characterization, seeking to identify patterns of Campo Sujo Seco; and check the influence of soils and relief in the formation of such patterns. The work was carried out in steps of laboratory and field. The mapping was done based on the letter from the Board of Geographic Service (DSG) of the Brazilian Army (EB) and IBGE 1979 and digital images were used LANDSAT 2011. The software used was the SPRING 5.1.8 (INPE). The pedological characterization was made by means of a randomized block design, with application of the \"t\" test and analysis of variance for comparison of means by Tukey\'s test, using the software Bio Stat 5.0. The vegetation characterization was done by the method of plots and biophysical parameters measured were diameter at ground height and height of shrubs and trees. The phytosociological parameters analyzed were density, frequency, dominance of absolute and relative amount of specific importance. Sørensens similarity indices were calculated, as well as the Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index and the Equitability of Pielou. Cluster analysis between areas was done by UPGMA classification, the Jaccard index and ranking by Principal Component Analysis, using the software Fitopac 2, and the method Twinspan with software WinTWIN. The landscape of the basin of the Taquaruçu Grande comprises the geofacies Gallery Forests, Riparian Forests, Dry Forests, Cerradão, Cerrado Sensu Stricto, Babaçual, Veredas, Campo Sujo Seco, Campo Limpo Úmido, Campo Rupestre, lake, creeks, streams and swamps, Urban area and Agricultural area. The Campo Sujo Seco with patches of cerrado sensu stricto had an area of 7.478,82 ha (16,2% of the watershed), located in the highlands and plateaus of the Serra do Lageado and the dry plains of depression Tocantins. Soils are the type Petric Plinthosols and were charactrized as well-drained, low water content, acidic, dystrophic, alic with high levels of iron and medium textured. The flora belongs to the division Magnoliophyta (angiosperms) is predominately class Magnoliopsida, with 39 families, 82 genera and 121 species. The total density was 2761.47 individuals.ha-1, the dominance of 5.64 m2. ha-1, the mean diameter of 4.61 cm and height of 1.12 m. There is high floristic similarity between top and slope (0.79) and high alpha diversity (3,533 nats.individual-1). According to the density of plants, there are patterns of Campo Sujo Seco dense and sparse typical reliefs on the tops and slopes. By cluster UPGMA, Principal Coordinates and Twinspan, there are florisics patterns represented mainly by species Vochysia cinnamomea, Byrsonima subterranea and Vellozia seubertina. The V. Cinnamomea fields located in the southern basin, the B. subterranean in the north and those of V. seubertiana in north-central, which constituted the geotopes the geofacie Campo Seco Seco. There are structural patterns, floristic and phytogeographical various Campo Sujo Seco in River watershed Taquaruçu Grande and environmental conditions of relevant and soil influenced the formation of these patterns.

Morphological and anatomical studies demonstrated the root formation characteristics of sweet potato. The presence and importance of preformed root primordia is recorded for the first time. On the vines root primordia are present in sets of four to ten adjacent to the leaf bases. These roots originate from the procambium on both sides of the leaf gap. Macroscopically the root tips of preformed root primordia protruding through the cortex and epidermis of the stems are prominent. The preformed root primordia produce adventitious roots, with pentarch, hexarch or septarch steles. Storage roots will under normal circumstances only originate from undamaged root primordia on the nodes of cuttings, or on nodes of newly formed vines, or from wound roots originating from the cut ends of the stem or leaf cuttings. Lateral roots originating from damaged root primordia, or directly from the adventitious roots, exhibit tetrarch steles and develop into fibrous roots without the potential to develop into storage roots. This understanding of the origin, anatomy and morphology of sweet potato roots should improve production practices, which will contribute to improved crop establishment and increased yield. Differences in the contribution of individual subterranean nodes to storage root yield were studied. On average cuttings with three subterranean nodes produced 3.7 storage roots, with 33.2% on subterranean node 1, 30.0% on node 2 and 36.8% on node3. However, in terms of fresh mass of the storage roots node 1 contributed 45.4%, node 2 contributed 27.1% and node 3 contributed 27.4%. The effect of temperature (20, 24, 28 and 32oC constant), orientation of cuttings (vertical vs. horizontal) and size of cuttings (1 or 3 nodes) on the development of adventitious roots was observed in plant growth chambers. Twenty-one days after planting, the longest total root length of 4m per plant was recorded from the 24oC growth chamber. The effect of soil moisture content on early root development was investigated by wetting and equilibrating sandy soil to 100, 80, 60 and 40% of field capacity. Although the 80% of field capacity treatment resulted in the best root development, differences among treatments were small, demonstrating the capacity of cuttings to successfully establish under a range of soil moisture contents. Changes in dry mass of storage roots, stems, and leaves of three sweet potato cultivars (Awasa-83, Bareda and Falaha) were studied at Awasa and Melkassa. At the final sampling the early maturing cultivar Falaha had diverted a higher proportion of the total dry mass into storage roots at Melkassa because of the early initiation and growth of storage roots. The late maturing cultivar Awasa-83 had a smaller proportion of the total dry mass diverted into the storage roots at both locations because of late root initiation and growth. The high yielding cultivars Bareda at Melkassa, and Awasa-83 at Awasa, had higher crop growth rates and higher net assimilation rates than the other cultivars. The effects of cultivar (Kudadie, Bareda and Awasa-83), planting position (horizontal and vertical), type of planting material (terminal cuttings with and without leaves) and cutting length (20, 25 and 30 cm) on the number and yield of storage roots were quantified in field trials at Awasa and Melkassa. Cultivar Kudadie produced the highest storage root yield at both locations. Horizontal planting of cuttings resulted in the highest total storage root yield at both locations. Cutting length did not affect storage root number and yield. The effect of population density (50,000, 55,555, 75,000, and 100,000 cuttings per hectare) on the performance of the three Ethiopian sweet potato cultivars was studied at Awasa. The highest planting density consistently produced the best root yield, indicating the potential to increase yields with plant populations much higher than normally used. Early maturing cultivar Falaha produced more small and medium storage roots per plant, while the intermediate cultivar Bareda produced more large storage roots. Copyright 2003, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Belehu, T 2003, Agronomical and physiological factors affecting growth, development and yield of sweet potato in Ethiopia, PhD thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07262004-141704 / > / Thesis (PhD (Plant Production and Soil Science))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Plant Production and Soil Science / unrestricted