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The thesis discusses suburban villages (and, indirectly, also villages that are even further away from urban areas), their current character, and their changes over the course of history. Most Bohemian, Moravian and Silesian municipalities struggle with persistent issues, such as the decline of their primarily agrarian function (and the unattractiveness of this lifestyle for the younger generations), changes in demographic composition (the exodus of natives to cities, and their replacement by “weekenders“), the lower purchase power of rural areas (due to lower wages in agriculture and the lack of other job opportunities), insufficient traffic infrastructure, unclear property relations, the loss of their own identity due to the closeness of a core city, and uncontrolled suburbanisation which transforms both villages and their environment. The end effects of these issues are depopulation of rural areas, ageing of current inhabitants and unfavourable prospects for the future. On the other hand, the situation in neighbouring Bavaria seems to be the exact opposite. Bavaria hasn't experienced collectivisation, and a communist dictatorship hasn't cut the ties of local inhabitants towards their lands and properties which have been in their families for centuries. Many issues encountered in the Czech Republic are therefore unknown here, and villages that happen to be near urban areas tend to grow in a natural way while retaining their original rural and local identities. The superior infrastructure network enables better mobility of the populace, which allows the people to commute longer distances. However, they can still spend their time in their actual place of residence, and they often proudly consider themselves a part of the local social life and of the local community – not of the core city. Therefore the goal of the thesis is to compare Czech and Bavarian villages in terms of sustainable development, using specific examples, to analyse which elements are better in which system, and to compare whether it is possible to apply the principles of sustainability which are used in Bavaria to the sustainable development of Czech countryside.

The purposes of this study were to describe the characteristics of the changing male voice in 4th, 5th and 6th grade students using Cooksey's maturation stages and, to compare the age-of-onset of the male voice change in African American, White, and Hispanic male students. Participants included volunteer 4th (n = 61), 5th (n = 73), and 6th grade male students (n = 63) from 2 urban elementary schools, 5 suburban elementary schools, 1 suburban middle school and 1 urban middle school in the North Texas region. The three ethnic groups represented in this study were: African American (n = 62), White (n = 58), and Hispanic (n = 77). Results indicated that approximately 46% of 4th grade participants, 62% of 5th grade participants, and 67% of 6th grade participants were classified as changing voices. A descriptively larger percentage of African American participants were classified as changing voices than Hispanic and White participants. Also, a larger percentage of African American and Hispanic participants were descriptively classified in the more advanced stages of the voice change than White participants. Urban African American, White, and Hispanic participants had a larger percentage of males classified as changing voices than suburban African American, White, and Hispanic participants. Results of a one-way, between subjects ANOVA revealed no significant main effect for ethnicity, F (2, 51) = .42, p = .66, η2 = .02. The overall mean age-of-onset for participants in this study was approximately 11.20 years of age.

"Edge. a. The line of intersection of two surfaces. b. A rim or brink. c. The point at which something is likely to begin. d. The area or part away from the middle; an extremity. e. A dividing line; a border." Edges are linear elements that create boundaries between two entities and linear breaks in continuity: shores, railroad cuts, walls. They act as lateral references rather that coordinate axes. "Those edges seem strongest which are not only visually prominent but also continuous in form and impenetrable to cross movement. An edge may be more than simply a dominant barrier if some visual or motion penetration is allowed through it then it becomes a seam rather than a barrier, a line of exchange along which two areas are sewn together." In our built environment an edge is defined and made permanent by the presence of a wall just as a line defines an edge on paper. Walls are the physical as well as the metaphorical representation of an edge. This thesis will examine the edge at the urban-suburban threshold of a city and private-public threshold of a neighborhood. / Master of Architecture

Captive Still Life is the fictional story of Marcus Penikett, a seventeen year old celebrity trapped in a scary, suburbanite housing community called Morningside. Marcus Penikett will never escape the childhood incident at the Zoo that made him and the Penikett family famous —the infamous TIME cover of his bleeding face hangs outside of his room, forever documenting and haunting Marcus with the past. Now, Marcus is determined to leave the housing community of Morningside, Georgia to get away from his control freak mother Elise, his absent professor father Otto and a menagerie of other Morningside residents. This plan is complicated by his love for fellow neighbor Olivia, sexual relationship with the maid Sue and Morningside's uncanny 'power' to thwart Marcus' goals.

Many North Americans have been moving to exurbia --low density, rural housing within the commuting range of urban areas. It has been assumed that employment is a major link. of exurban households with urban areas. It has been assumed that employment is a major link. of exurban households with urban areas. This analysis of exurban commuting patterns is based on a mail survey of 1408 households who bought homes in 1987 near Portland, Oregon. The bid-rent model of urban form predicts that exurbanites will trade-off long commutes for lower housing prices. But previous research suggests that exurban living may not require long commutes because of decentralized employment. The study finds that exurban commuters travel farther than suburban commuters and pay less for housing. Exurban home buyers do not, however, have longer commutes the farther out they live. Instead those with urban jobs generally locate closer to the city center than those with decentralized jobs. The commuting times of exurban principal wage earners are also influenced by occupation, flextime use, and by the presence and employment status of other adults in the household. The commuting times of exurban secondary wage earners are influenced by the number of hours they work, their mode of travel, and the number of children they have. Although most exurban home buyers moved to obtain a bigger lot and a more rural environment, there were many differences among households. Four types of exurban households were identified with cluster analysis. Only the Child-Raising households take full advantage of decentralized jobs to live in rural areas without longer commutes than suburbanites. In contrast, Long-Distance Commuters travel nearly twice the average time because they usually hold urban jobs and want large, but inexpensive, lots. Affluents also hold many urban jobs but can afford larger lots closer-in than others. The Economy-Minded commute average distances to obtain cheaper housing on smaller lots. This study improves understanding of the exurban development process. The study also finds that the bid-rent model of urban form is a useful theory for understanding exurban development despite the decentralization of employment and the predominance of two wage earner households.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第20038号 / 地環博第154号 / 新制||地環||31(附属図書館) / 33134 / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎環境マネジメント専攻 / (主査)教授 梶井 克純, 准教授 真常 仁志, 准教授 田中 周平 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

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Accessibility is a well-established concept that appears frequently in urban planning. It refers to the ability of citizens to actively participate in society. Nevertheless, inaccessibility is experienced in many places, which can lead to exclusion of citizens. Against this background, this master's thesis aims to center on the concept of accessibility and examine it from two perspectives - strategic urban planners and individuals. The thesis examines how accessibility is interpreted by strategic urban planners in the two suburban municipalities of Botkyrka and Huddinge and how it is experienced by a group of “low-skilled” workers in an area where there are identified shortcomings in traffic planning. The thesis studies how this group experiences their accessibility in their daily commute before and after they test a Demand-Responsive Transport (DRT) service. The theoretical framework consists of the concepts of accessibility strategies, transport and accessibility, objective accessibility, perceived accessibility, accessibility barriers and social exclusion, which are used to analyze the two different perspectives. The results show that strategic planners view accessibility as the relationship between citizens and destination points, and that inaccessible places are mainly associated with rural or sparsely populated areas. At the same time, the thesis shows that the workers experience inaccessibility in their daily trips, despite living in surrounding municipalities. The results also show the identified potentials and risks of DRT in suburban environments from the perspective of both strategic planners and individuals. The results show that DRT reduced travel times for the workers. Furthermore, perspectives such as reliability, safety and equity are highlighted as important aspects in the design of DRT services.