This dissertation deals with the period bridging the era of extreme housing shortages in Stockholm on the eve of industrialisation and the much admired programmes of housing provision that followed after the second world war, when Stockholm district Vällingby became an example for underground railway-serviced ”new towns”. It is argued that important changes were made in the housing and town planning policy in Stockholm in this period that paved the way for the successful ensuing period. Foremost among these changes was the uniquely developed practice of municipal leaseholding with the help of site leasehold rights (Erbbaurecht). The study is informed by recent developments in Foucauldian social research, which go under the heading ’governmentality’. Developments within urban planning are understood as different solutions to the problem of urban order. To a large extent, urban and housing policies changed during the period from direct interventions into the lives of inhabitants connected to a liberal understanding of housing provision, to the building of a disciplinary city, and the conduct of ’governmental’ power, building on increased activity on behalf of the local state to provide housing and the integration and co-operation of large collectives. Municipal leaseholding was a fundamental means for the implementation of this policy. When the new policies were introduced, they were limited to the outer parts of the city and administered by special administrative bodies. This administrative and spatial separation was largely upheld throughout the period, and represented as the parallel building of a ’social’ outer city, while things in the inner ’mercantile’ city proceeded more or less as before. This separation was founded in a radical difference in land holding policy: while sites in the inner city were privatised and sold at market values, land in the outer city was mostly leasehold land, distributed according to administrative – and thus politically decided – priorities. These differences were also understood and acknowledged by the inhabitants. Thorough studies of the local press and the organisational life of the southern parts of the outer city reveals that the local identity was tightly connected with the representations connected to the different land holding systems. Inhabitants in the south-western parts of the city, which in this period was still largely built on private sites, displayed a spatial understanding built on the contradictions between centre and periphery. The inhabitants living on leaseholding sites, however, showed a clear understanding of their position as members of model communities, tightly connected to the policy of the municipal administration. The organisations on leaseholding sites also displayed a deep co-operation with the administration. As the analyses of election results show, the inhabitants also seemed to have felt a greater degree of integration with the society at large, than people living in other parts of the city. The leaseholding system in Stockholm has persisted until today and has been one of the strongest in the world, although the local neo-liberal politicians are currently disposing it off.

The work deals with two problems of mass rapid transit system operation: The development of flexible timetables and the realisation of flexible timetables. In both cases, genetic algorithms are used. In the process of (flexible) timetabling in suburban railways, a transport offer perfectly adapted to demand is searched for (temporal and spatial adaptation of demand as well as adaptation of capacity of the trains). After determination of the number of train runs per line and hour and their capacity, optimal departure times have to be found (with a precision of a minute down to 10 s), which fulfil criterias of the passengers (short waiting times) as well as of the operator (small number of vehicles needed). Two different codings for use with genetic algorithms have therefore been developed. They are tested on several case studies of the Dresden suburban railway network, assuming different degrees of flexibilisation. In the process of realising a flexible timetable, transitions between train headways as well as running time and dwell time reserves (margins in the order of a few seconds) are slightly modified in order to coordinate braking and accelerating trains and thereby reduce energy costs of a system of trains. Genetic algorithms can be applied for this problem as well, the proposed methods are tested on several case studies (S-Bahn Berlin, Metro Lille). / Die Arbeit behandelt zwei Probleme der Betriebsplanung von Stadtschnellbahnen: Die Erstellung flexibler Fahrpläne und die Umsetzung flexibler Fahrpläne. In beiden Fällen werden zur Lösung Genetische Algorithmen verwendet. Bei der Ermittlung flexibler Fahrpläne von S-Bahnen wird ein bestmöglich an die Verkehrsnachfrage angepasstes Verkehrsangebot gesucht (zeitlich, räumlich und bezüglich der Kapazität der einzelnen Züge angepasst). Nach stundenfeiner Festlegung der Fahrtenhäufigkeiten und Kapazitäten der einzelnen, sich überlagernden Linien werden deren Abfahrtszeiten gesucht (mit einer Genauigkeit von Minuten bis etwa 10 s), so dass sowohl die Wünsche der Fahrgäste nach gleichmäßigen Zugfolgezeiten als auch Betreiberwünsche (geringe Fahrzeuganzahl) erfüllt werden. Hierzu werden zwei verschiedene Kodierungen für die Verwendung mit Genetischen Algorithmen vorgestellt und das geschaffene Verfahren an verschiedenen Flexibilisierungsszenarien für die S-Bahn Dresden erprobt. Bei der Umsetzung flexibler Fahrpläne, die sich im Bereich weniger Sekunden abspielt, werden Übergänge zwischen Zugfolgezeiten, Fahr- und Haltezeitreserven geringfügig modifiziert, so dass durch bestmögliche Koordination von Anfahr- und Bremsvorgängen eines Systems von Zügen die Energiekosten minimal werden. Methodisch werden wiederum Genetische Algorithmen verwendet, die Erprobung des Verfahrens erfolgt anhand von Linien der S-Bahn Berlin und der Metro in Lille.

At the turn of the 19th century, cities were vibrant with strong economies, increasing populations, large building movements and most importantly, technological innovations. Availability of frequent and efficient transportation was key to the sustenance and growth of cities. This thesis is an exploration of the impact the street and interurban railway systems made on the city of Indianapolis and its suburbs during their heyday of service between 1864 and 1930.To verify the value of railway locations in relation to the direction of Indianapolis suburb growth, an effort to conduct quantifiable research was applied. First, population growth in Marion County, Indiana and its surrounding eight counties was studied. Evidence of significant growth in areas served by streetcar and interurban systems in comparison to areas that were served only by steam railroad or no service were highlighted. Second, historical land use change research was conducted to determine how land along Indianapolis corridors served by the streetcar railway system was affected by the introduction of such service. Finally, a review of popular response to the systems was undertaken to better understand the effects of the railways on the population. / Department of Architecture

This thesis establishes the concept of affective form as a means of examining urban design – being the intersection of architecture, planning and landscape – in relation to techniques of governance. Affective form broadly describes a built environment where people are encouraged to amend, or govern, their actions according to particular socio–political ideas. Exploration of the concept’s application as a theoretical tool is undertaken here in order to generate a means of discussing the ethical function of urban design. The emergence of notions of affective form will be located in the eighteenth century, alongside the growing confidence in the ability for humankind to effect social and cultural progress. In a series of examples, stretching throughout the twentieth century, the implicit relation of planning, architectural and landscape form to social effect is discussed. The language, and design models, used to delineate affective form are described, alongside discussion of the level of intentionality apparent in the conceptions of urban form’s social effect. Critique through affective form allows an analysis that brings together the underlying utopian elements of projects – the traces of ideology and sociological theories – with an evaluation of the formal concepts projected. As the second area of investigation, the city of Perth in Western Australia provides a contextual focus for the examination of concepts of affective form. Through a series of appropriations of urban design models a suburban archetype emerged in Perth of a planned, homogenous field of low–rise, single–family, detached dwellings within a gardenesque landscape. The process of appropriation is described as a continuing negotiation between local expectations and the implicit conceptions of affective form within the imported models. Connecting the two primary concerns of the thesis, the ability of form to influence social change and the evolution of Perth’s garden suburb ideal, is the association of that developing garden suburb model with notions of affective form. The associations are outlined through three case studies. The first is an account of the planning of the City of Perth Endowment Lands Project during the 1920s. The second describes the planning and architecture of the athlete’s village built for the VIIIth British Empire and Commonwealth Games held in Perth in 1962. The third study details the development in the 1990s of Joondalup, a satellite city in the Perth metropolitan region. The account of Perth’s garden suburb ideal is intertwined with the consideration of the varying ways in which the conceptualization of affective form has been expressed. Each case study is contextualized by a preceding chapter that discusses the particular conceptions of affective form used in its examination. Thus the main body of the thesis comprises three parts – each associated with a case study, each containing two linked chapters

La densification actuelle de l'urbanisation conduit à un changement d'occupation du sol et du réseau de drainage en zone péri-urbaine. L'écoulement est concentré dans des fossés ou des réseaux d'assainissement et ainsi accéléré. Ces phénomènes peuvent avoir des conséquences importantes pour les nappes et les cours d'eau, comme par exemple l'aggravation des crues et des sécheresses et l'altération de la qualité chimique et/ou biologique du milieu. Sous la pression réglementaire (Directive Cadre Européenne sur l'Eau) et la demande sociale, les gestionnaires sont donc confrontés à des choix complexes en terme d'aménagement. Ainsi, il est nécessaire de mettre au point des méthodes et des modèles capables de quantifier l'impact de l'augmentation de l'urbanisation sur la vulnérabilité des hydro-systèmes péri-urbains. Dans ce travail, nous formulons l'hypothèse qu'une modélisation hydrologique spatialisée continue, prenant explicitement en compte les objets des paysages périurbains (parcelles urbaines, agricoles, forestières, haies,..) et les éléments déterminant les chemins de l'eau (topographie, mais aussi réseaux d'assainissement ou de routes) peut aider à comprendre et hiérarchiser le rôle des différents objets du paysage sur la réponse hydrologique. Pour ce faire, le modèle distribué PUMMA (Peri-Urban Model for landscape Management) adapté aux bassins versants péri-urbains, a été développé dans le cadre de cette thèse. Il consiste en une intégration du modèle existant URBS, décrivant des processus hydrologiques urbains à l'échelle d'une parcelle cadastrale, dans la plate-forme de modélisation LIQUID, qui contient déjà des modules représentants des processus hydrologiques en zone rurale. PUMMA a également été complété par de nouveaux modules simulant les déversoirs d'orage, les bassins de rétention et le transfert du ruissellement de surface. Le modèle suit une approche orientée objet dans laquelle le paysage est divisé en mailles irrégualières, correspondant aux parcelles cadastrales en zone urbaine et aux unités de réponse hydrologiques (HRUs) en zone rurale. Afin de pouvoir appliquer le modèle à l'échelle d'un bassin versant, des méthodes automatiques pour la préparation des données géographiques ont été mises au point. De plus, une méthode a été développée pour déterminer les contours de bassins versants péri-urbains, en distinguant les surfaces contributives de temps sec et humide. Le modèle a été appliqué au bassin versant de la Chaudanne, un sous-bassin de l'Yzeron, situé en zone péri-urbaine lyonnaise pour deux années en conditions contrastées (sèche et humide). Les paramètres du modèle ont été spécifiés à partir des observations disponibles et des données de la littérature. Les résultats montrent un comportement du modèle réaliste et une aptitude à représenter les comportements différents en période sèche et humide, en lien avec des degrés de saturation des sols différents, même si les pics de débits d'été sont en général surestimés. Différents tests de sensibilité sur certains processus/paramètres montrent l'importance des processus urbains sur la réponse hydrologique du bassin, comme en particulier la génération de ruissellement de surface par les surfaces imperméables et naturelles urbaines, le drainage de l'eau du sol par les réseaux d'assainissement et les connexions entre les îlots urbains et le réseau hydrographique naturel et artificiel. L'épaisseur des sols et la conductivité hydraulique à saturation latérale jouent aussi un rôle important sur la dynamique du débit de base. Nous montrons aussi le potentiel du modèle pour tester différents scenarii d'aménagement ou de gestion des eaux pluviales. / Urban expansion mainly affects peri-urban areas. These areas are subject to rapid modifications such as an increase of impervious areas or concentration of runoff in sewer systems. These changes have an impact on local hydrology and can induce floods, pollution or decrease of groundwater resource. Modelling tools allowing a quantification of the sensitivity of peri-urban catchments to urbanization are therefore useful in this context. The hypothesis underlying this PhD is that a continuous distributed hydrological model, taking explicitly into account the spatial organization of the landscape (urban, agricultural, forest areas, hedges,..) and the water pathways, as determined by topography but also roads and sewer networks, can help to understand and hierarchize the role of various landscape elements on the hydrological response of small hydrosystems. We therefore designed the Peri-Urban Model for landscape MAnagement (PUMMA) simulating the rainfall-runoff processes both in urban and in rural areas. For this, the urban model URBS was integrated into the LIQUID modelling framework already containing modules describing hydrological processes in rural areas. Additionally, three process modules were developed describing sewer overflow devices, overland flow as well as retention basins and lakes. PUMMA follows an object-oriented approach. The landscape is discretized into cadastral parcels in urban areas and irregular hydrological response units in rural areas. In order to apply PUMMA to the catchment scale, automatic methods were developed for the pre-processing of the geographical data. Furthermore, a method for the delineation of suburban catchments including the separation into dry and wet weather contributing areas was developed. The model was then applied to the Chaudanne catchment, a sub-basin of the Yzeron, located in the peri-urban area of Lyon, France. The model was run continuously for two contrasting years (dry and humid) using parameters values taken from observations and the literature. Although summer peak discharge is often overestimated, the results show that, the model is able to simulate realistically the observed discharges and in particular different responses under dry and wet conditions, controlled by the soil saturation. Sensitivity tests to various processes/parameters showed the importance of the urban influenced processes on the hydrological response, in particular surface runoff generation on impervious and natural urban surfaces, infiltration into the sewer system and the connexion of urban areas to the natural hydrographic network. Soil depth and lateral saturated hydraulic conductivity were also found influential on the base flow dynamics. We finally showed the model potential for the evaluation of various rain water management scenarios.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / The objective of this paper consists on comprehending social and spacial processes concerning Uberlandia's Downtown Suburban Area (Zona Periférica do Centro - ZPC), from the analysis of use and accupancy of the land. To reach this purpose, bibliographic sources about the subject have been consulted, from the classic approaches until the most recent ones. Local newspaper and information from surveying and camp observation has been used as well. As methodological orientation, the base was the studies form Murphy and Vance Jr (1967[1954]), adapted to Uberlandia's specificities. This paper is structured in five chapters. The first is aimed to provide a theoretical and conceptual base to the present subject. The second chapter discusses questions referred to middle cities, specially its urbanistic instruments and urban organization in Uberlandia. The third chapter is reserved to contextualization of the object of this research alongside the development of the city. The fourth chapter is focused on presenting the methodology used in the research and survey. The fifth chapter brings the analysis of the (re)configuration and dynamics of the central area, attention given to the ZPC. With the present paper, it's noticeacle that, due to Uberlandia's characteristics as a middle city, relatively new and in progressive development, its central area, despite a certain "decadence" from the descentralization started on 1980's, remains important to the city, as a whole, as well as this area presents "subespaços", easily found in the reality of the large cities, although with forms, purposes and processes very specific to its realities. Its ZPC is descontinuous, with very particular dynamism, due to the presence of determined typology of commerce and service activities that assure its importance to the combination of the city and region, as well as, its interrelation to the central core. Such as it is, the dynamics of this area is to be reinforced by the emergency of new values and principles that lead to actions of requalification of the central area. / O objetivo deste trabalho consiste-se em compreender os processos socioespaciais na Zona Periférica do Centro (ZPC) de Uberlândia (MG) a partir da análise do uso e ocupação do solo. Para seu alcance, recorreu-se às bibliografias que abordassem a temática, dos estudos clássicos até aqueles mais recentes, aperfeiçoados com base naqueles, buscou-se informações em fontes como os jornais locais, além dos levantamentos e observações de campo. Como encaminhamento metodológico, baseouse na proposta de Murphy e Vance Jr (1967[1954]), com algumas adaptações às especificidades de Uberlândia. O trabalho está estruturado em cinco capítulos. O primeiro capítulo destina-se a fundamentação teórico-conceitual sobre a temática em foco. No segundo capítulo são abordadas as questões referentes às cidades médias, aos instrumentos urbanísticos e à organização urbana de Uberlândia. O terceiro capítulo é reservado à contextualização do objeto de pesquisa no decorrer do desenvolvimento de Uberlândia. O quarto capítulo é voltado para a realização da exposição das metodologias utilizadas no processo de pesquisa. E no quinto capítulo, tem-se as análises das (re)configurações e dinâmicas da área central com enfoque na ZPC. Com a pesquisa percebeu-se que, em função das características de Uberlândia, uma cidade média, relativamente nova e com uma série de processos em curso, sua área central, apesar de uma relativa decadência em função da descentralização iniciada na década de 1980, mantém a importância no conjunto da cidade, bem como apresenta subespaços, comumentemente encontrados na realidade das metrópoles, porém com formas, funções e processos específicos à sua realidade. Sua ZPC apresenta-se de forma descontínua, com um dinamismo particular, em função da presença de determinadas tipologias de atividades de comércio e serviços que garantem a sua importância para o conjunto da cidade e região, bem como a interrelação com o núcleo central. Sendo que, a dinâmica desta área tende ser reforçada com a emergência de novos valores que implicaram nas ações de requalificação da área central. / Mestre em Geografia

This thesis deals with sorting of a municipal waste by a different type of build-up are in the city of České Budějovice. A research was focus on central build-up area and suburban built-up area. This simply means research among family houses and prefabricated houses. For the first part of the research was chosen a territory with a similar quantity of inhabitants. Sorted municipal waste container was observed for a different time periods. The aim of this part was to find differences in: sorted municipal waste amount (plastics, paper, colored glass, colorless glass), inhabitant's behaviour to waste sorting, total possibilities of municipal waste treatment and possibilities for an improvement in municipal waste sorting for suburban build-up area. The second part of the research was based on a questionnaire form leaded to family houses inhabitants and prefabricated houses inhabitants in České Budějovice. There where these types of questions : if inhabitants do the waste sorting, how do they behave while waste sorting, if an offer and a size of sorted waste container is sufficient, what next possibilities in waste sorting would inhabitants appreciate and what do they think about recycling costs and situation in the Czech Republic.

La politique Trame verte et bleue [TVB], instituée en 2007 en France à la suite du Grenelle de l’Environnement, a pour objectif de contribuer à la préservation de la biodiversité par le maintien et/ou la restauration des continuités écologiques, et ce au-delà des zones protégées, dans les espaces de biodiversité « ordinaire » : espaces ruraux, périurbains et urbains notamment. Ce travail questionne l’appropriation de la TVB par les acteurs locaux, et les implications de sa mise en œuvre sur les pratiques de construction des territoires par leurs acteurs. Notre démarche repose sur un travail d’enquêtes qualitatives menées auprès de structures territoriales, d’élus locaux, d’agriculteurs et de particuliers, sur trois territoires situés au sud de la Région Midi-Pyrénées. Il a été démontré que le dispositif TVB, porté par un discours homogène et très institutionnalisé aux niveaux national et régional, se décline en situations adaptatives sur les territoires. D’un autre côté, le processus de construction de la TVB sur les territoires reste cantonné aux sphères politiques et techniques de l’Etat et des collectivités territoriales : les acteurs locaux, élus mais surtout acteurs privés (agriculteurs et particuliers) y sont peu associés. Néanmoins, ces acteurs se montrent intéressés par la question de la biodiversité, moins par le biais des discours politiques ou scientifiques que par celui des rapports à la biodiversité qu’ils construisent et nourrissent au quotidien. Par ailleurs, la convergence d’objectifs paysagers, socio-économiques et écologiques autour de la TVB peut favoriser son application locale, car pour des motivations différentes, les divers acteurs partagent des volontés d’action communes. Finalement, l’étude montre l’intérêt de connaître et de prendre en considération, dans les projets de mise en œuvre de la politique TVB, les motivations, les freins et les contraintes des acteurs locaux pour l’ancrer et la pérenniser sur les territoires. / The purpose of the Green and Blue Corridor (so called TVB) public policy, laid down in France at the “Grenelle de l’Environment” and established in 2007, is to contribute to the preservation of biodiversity by enhancing and/or restoring ecological continuity beyond the protected areas, in spaces of common biodiversity including rural, suburban and urban areas. This work questions the appropriation of TVB by local stakeholders and the consequences of its implementation in structuring territories. Our approach is based on qualitative surveys conducted together with territorial authorities, local elected officials, farmers and private individuals, in three zones of the southern Midi-Pyrénées Region. It has been shown that national TVB scheme, supported by an homogeneous and very institutionalized frame at national and regional levels comes in a range of adaptive situations in the territories. Moreover the construction process of TVB at the local scales remains confined to political and technical spheres of State and local authorities: local stakeholders, elected but mostly individuals (farmers and private people) are not very involved. Nevertheless these stakeholders are interested by the biodiversity matter, less through political or scientific discourses than in links with their own experience of biodiversity. Furthermore convergent aims (landscape, socio-economy and ecology) around TVB can facilitate its local setting up, because from spite of their diversity stakeholders share common action concerns, even if it is for different reasons. Finally, the study highlights the interest of knowing and considering motivations and constraints of local stakeholders in the TVB implementation plans, in order to root and perpetuate the TVB at the local level of the territories.

Up to now, adolescent speakers have been the primary focus when researching contemporary variation in the language of Sweden’s urban areas. This study contributes to the growing body of research on the topic by examining and reporting on adult speakers of what is here referred to as förortssvenska (English: Suburban Swedish). This study focuses specifically on formal speech registers of eight young working-class men from Stockholm along with the perception and reception of their speech by two independent native-listener groups. The paper is the first to present quantifiable data on what has been previously referred to as a “staccato” rhythm in Suburban Swedish. Strong correlations are shown between prosodic rhythm as measured by the normalized pairwise variability index (nPVI) and speech speed to mean listener attitudes (R2=0.9). A strong correlation is also shown for nPVI’s influence on mean listener-projected ethnicity (R2=0.8). Alongside variation in rhythm, we also see phonemic variation that trends toward specific indexes of social identity as revealed by speaker interviews and native-listener assessments. Alongside linguistic variation among speakers, there is also significant variation within speaker peer groups. In addition to identifying specific linguistic features, the study examines social mechanisms revealed in interviews with and qualitative observations of speaker and listener participants. In exploratory fashion, ideas on variation, register ranges, meta-pragmatic stereotyping, and ethnic boundary-making are presented to make a case for treating contemporary urban variation in Swedish as a habitual semiotic extension of speaker identity. Indicators that contemporary urban variation in Swedish may be heading in the direction of sociolectal entrenchment are also discussed. / Hittills har unga talare varit det primära fokus för forskning av aktuell språklig variation i urbana Sverige. Denna studie bidrar till den växande mängden forskning i detta ämne genom att undersöka och rapportera om vuxna talare av det som här kallas för förortssvenska. Studien fokuserar specifikt på formella talregister bland åtta unga män från Stockholms arbetarklass, samt perception och mottagande av deras tal av två oberoende grupper av infödda lyssnare. Denna studie är den första som presenterar kvantifierbar data rörande den i tidigare forskning så kallade stackato-rytmen i förortssvenska. Starka korrelationer finns mellan, å ena sidan, prosodisk rytm mätt med the normalized pairwise variability index (nPVI) och talhastighet och, å den andra, de genomsnittliga lyssnarattityderna (R2=0,9). Det finns också en stark korrelation för nPVIs påverkan på genomsnittlig lyssnarprojicerad etnicitet (R2=0,8). Vid sidan av variation i rytm ser vi också fonemisk variation som trender mot specifika index för social identitet. Och vid sidan av variation i rytm bland talarna, finns också en stor variation inom kamratgrupperna. Förutom att den identifierar specifika lingvistiska drag, undersöker studien sociala mekanismer som framkommer i intervjuer med och kvalitativa observationer av talardeltagarna och lyssnardeltagarna. På ett explorativt sätt, lägger studien fram idéer om variation, registeromfång, meta-pragmatiska stereotyper och etniska gränsskapande för att framhäva argumentet för att behandla den aktuella förortsvariationen i svenska som en habituell avsiktlig utbyggnad av talarens identitet. Det diskuteras också indikatorer till att den aktuella urbana variationen i svenska kan vara på väg mot sociolektal stabilisering.

Density is more about an experienced nearness to functions and activities than buildingsbeing physically close to each other. Density is interaction, and the intensity of itdepends on accessibility to the functions and activities of the built environment. The current planning, continuing the thoughts of the modernist, are a threat to publichealth and the environment, as sprawling settlements demand more resources forinfrastructure and time spent commuting between home and work, taking up the timeto spend with family and friends. The suburban planning principles of the Swedish housing estate unit have graduallytransformed the suburban neighbourhoods into dispersed, disconnected islands, wheresocial life is inhibited in the mere configuration of space. Legibility of the urban environment is important regarding orientation and navigation,but also to understand the underlying meanings of spaces and places. The urbanstructure should be easily read to be understandable in the choices of everyday life. How we understand the boundaries and transitions of our surrounding affects howspaces are used. Unclear territorial interfaces, like the open space landscape ofmodernist planning feels too exposed to be appropriated. If activities should take placein the outdoor environment, there must be a certain quality to the spaces that areinviting and promote interaction between people. The suburban housing estate neighbourhoods can be developed to promote thisinteraction, providing spaces where the different layers of social life can take place, fromthe private home – through mediating interfaces of front yards, indoor collective spaceand collective gardens – to the public realm of the streets, pathways and parks. The thesis studies the suburban neighbourhood Årsta in eastern Uppsala, whichshows the signs of a disperse suburban housing estate in its configuration of buildings,withdrawn from the streets, turning inward away from the public spaces. By adding built volume within the existing structure of the open yards, the boundariesbetween the public and the private spaces can be clearly defined and new activatedspaces can be created. Many fronts towards the streets and paths make people meet inevery-day life and new types of spaces can be used to set a framework for interactionbetween residents as well as outsiders. Such spaces can also work as a buffer betweenpublic life and the private dwelling, e.g. a collective garden mediates the space inbetween a pedestrian path and an inner yard.