Introduction and rationale: Clinical experience with infants presenting with feeding difficulties and increasing referrals of infants with colic led to this study. There is uncertainty whether the speechlanguage therapist should play a role in the management of this condition. Despite extensive clinical research into the multiple factors related to the condition, the etiology of infantile colic has not yet been established. Suck- swallow-breathing coordination (SSBC), which is key to successful feeding, has not yet been investigated as a factor in this condition. Goals: The goal of the study was to give a comprehensive description of the symptoms and the SSBC of a group of young infants with colic. Sub-goal 1 was to compile a list of symptoms based on a description by parents of infants with infantile colic, which could be used to compare symptoms of a group of infants with the condition to a group without the condition. Sub-goal 2 was to describe SSBC, in a group of infants with the condition, by conducting a clinical assessment. Sub-goal 3 was to compare SSBC in a group of infants with colic to a group without the condition of the same age. Method: A descriptive survey design and interview guide was used in Phase 1. The parents of 60 infants with colic participated in this study. A correlation research design (Phase 2) and the List of symptoms for Infantile Colic (compiled in Phase 1) as well as the Assessment Protocol for SSBC (compiled in Phase 2) were used. A new research group of 50 participants with infantile colic and a control group of 28 participants with the condition, whose ages correlated with those of the research group, was selected. An interview was conducted with the parents of all participants. SSBC was clinically assessed in all the participants. Results: Parental description of infantile colic resulted in a comprehensive list of 27 symptoms. Audible swallowing of air and a feeding duration of more than 20 minutes were described more by parents than found in the literature. Statistically significant differences were found when the postural control and SSBC of the research group were compared with the control group. The difficulties with SSBC differed across the age categories of the participants. Conclusion: The study indicated that infantile colic is related to a disturbance in postural control and components of SSBC, and infants with the condition have subtle feeding difficulties. The speech-language therapist therefore has a role to play in the clinical assessment of infantile colic and the development of treatment strategies. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / lk2014 / Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology / MA / Unrestricted

O cultivo de plantas oleaginosas é uma das principais atividades de subsistência para pequenos agricultores na Paraíba. Porém estes cultivos são afetados por pulgões. Alternativas agroecológicas têm sido consideradas como uma estratégia eficiente no controle de insetos sugadores. Este estudo tem o objetivo de relatar a influência do consórcio de erva-doce (Foeniculum vulgare) e algodão (Gossypium hirsutum) com fibra colorida nas populações de Hyadaphis foeniculi (Passerini, 1860) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) e Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877 (Hemiptera: Aphididae) e do principal inimigo natural Cycloneda sanguinea (Linnaeus, 1763) (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae) ao longo do tempo. Os experimentos foram conduzidos nos anos agrícolas de 2009, 2010 e 2011 na Área Experimental da Embrapa - Algodão localizado no município de Lagoa Seca - PB, Brasil. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com três tratamentos: cultivo de erva-doce solteiro, algodão solteiro e erva-doce consorciada com algodão, distribuído em quatro repetições. O levantamento populacional dos pulgões e seus respectivos inimigos naturais na área experimental ocorreu em intervalos semanais do início até o fim do ciclo produtivo da erva-doce e do algodão com fibra colorida em cada ano de estudo. A dinâmica e distribuição dos insetos tanto no algodão quanto na erva-doce em ambos os sistemas de cultivo foram analisados através da ANOVA e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Student-Newman-Keuls (P = 0,05). A análise de associação interespecífica ao longo dos três anos de estudo foi baseada na presença e ausência de pulgões e seus inimigos naturais nos dois tipos de cultivos. Foram utilizados modelos matemáticos de equações de diferença para explicar o comportamento dos pulgões e do seu predador. A taxa de crescimento da presa (K1), qualidade da planta de algodão (Qa) e qualidade da planta de erva-doce (Qe), taxa de chegada da praga na planta, resposta numérica do predador foram inclusos nos modelos e analisados em diagrama de bifurcação. Tanto no algodão quanto na erva-doce solteira foi encontrado mais pulgões ápteros e alados do que no sistema consorciado. Independentemente do sistema de cultivo, as regiões da planta de algodão com maior concentração de A. gossypii foram a apical e a mediana, enquanto que a região da planta de erva-doce com maior número de H. foeniculi áptero e alado foi a apical. A produção de picos populacionais de A. gossypii e H. foeniculi se deu em idade distinta das plantas solteiras ou consorciadas. A. gossypii e H. foeniculi na maioria dos casos não coocorreram no consórcio. A movimentação do predador C. sanguinea foi geralmente associada ao sistema de cultivo consorciado e isto se deve provavelmente em função de A. gossypii e H. foeniculi áptero ou alado que ocorreram em épocas distintas ao longo do ano. A qualidade da planta, tanto no sistema de cultivo de algodão ou erva-doce solteiro quanto em algodão ou erva-doce no sistema de cultivo consorciado, mudou o comportamento dos insetos com K1 superior a 1,4. Portanto, o consórcio de algodão com erva-doce pode ser ferramenta importante para o manejo integrado de pulgões. / The cultivation of oilseeds is considered as major activity of small farmers in Paraiba State. However, these crops are affected by aphids. Agroecology alternatives have been considered as an efficient strategy in sucking insects. This study has the objective of reporting the influence of colored fiber cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) intercropped with fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) on populations of Hyadaphis foeniculi (Passerini, 1860) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877 (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and their natural enemy Cycloneda sanguinea (Linnaeus, 1763) (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae) over the time. The study was conducted on 2009, 2010, and 2011 seasons in Experimental Station of the Embrapa - Cotton, placed in the municipality of Lagoa Seca, Paraiba, Brazil. A randomized block design was used with three treatments: sole fennel, sole cotton, and colored fiber cotton intercropped with fennel, distributed in four replications. The population study of aphids and their natural enemy was carried out weekly within of each season. The dynamic and distribution of insects in sole cotton, sole fennel, or in cotton-fennel intercropping systems were analyzed by the ANOVA and the means were compared by the Student-Newman-Keuls (P = 0.05) test. Interspecific association was used to analyze the dynamic herbivore-plant and predator-prey over the three years study, based in aphid and their natural enemy presence or absence in sole crop or intercropping systems. Difference equations have been used to explain the behavior of aphids and their predator. Growth rate of pest (K1), quality of cotton plant (Qa) and fennel plant (Qe), pest immigration rate and the numerical response of predator were included in the model and showed in bifurcation diagrams. Both sole cotton and sole fennel hosted more aphids than cotton-fennel intercropping system. Independently of the crop system, in the cotton plants, A. gossypii populations were highest in the apical and middle regions, whereas in fennel, H. foeniculi apterous and alate populations were highest in the apical regions. A. gossypii and H. foeniculi peaked in different ages of sole crop or intercropping system. In many cases there was no co-occurrence of A. gossypii and H. foeniculi in intercropping systems. C. sanguinea was associated with the intercropping systems in response to A. gossypii and H. foeniculi that were found in distinct times over the year. The plant quality in both cotton and fennel in sole crop or intercropping system, changes the insect behavior with K1 higher than 1.4. Therefore, cotton-fennel intercropping can be used in aphids integrated pest management.

Title from PDF of title page. / Document formatted into pages; contains 89 pages. / Thesis (M.S.)--University of South Florida, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. / ABSTRACT: The ability of an organism to modulate its feeding behavior is an important focus of feeding ecology studies. Modulation is the ability to distinctly and consistently alter a behavior to accommodate different stimuli. The goal of this study was to examine the ability of the nurse shark Ginglymostoma cirratum to modulate its food capture behavior with different sizes and types of food items. This was carried out through kinematic and electromyographic analysis. Eight sub-adult specimens of G. cirratum were filmed feeding on two different food types (squid and fish) and sizes (gape size and larger than gape size). Filming consisted of high-speed videography utilizing a low-light digital video system. Kinematic variables related to lower jaw movement, mouth width, and head angle were measured from video footage. Up to twelve muscles in each of six specimens were implanted with bipolar electrodes to measure the onset and duration of motor activity. / ABSTRACT: There were no significant differences between food sizes and any of the kinematic variables. Only two muscles showed significant differences in onset time based on food size. In regards to food types, squid bites were significantly faster than fish bites, but when examined proportionately to bite duration only the time to jaw closure remained significantly different. The motor pattern of G. cirratum demonstrates an anterior to posterior sequence, which corresponds to the anterior to posterior kinematic sequence. Little cranial elevation is present during feeding sequences and is not thought to contribute significantly to feeding. Ginglymostoma cirratum is a stereotyped, inertial suction feeder. There is little evidence that there is modulation in feeding behavior based on food size or food type. If modulation does exist in the feeding behavior, it is more likely to occur after prey capture while the prey is being processed and manipulated prior to transport. / ABSTRACT: Initial observations suggested that a novel behavior termed 'spit-suck manipulation' is utilized for larger prey items. / System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

O cultivo de plantas oleaginosas é uma das principais atividades de subsistência para pequenos agricultores na Paraíba. Porém estes cultivos são afetados por pulgões. Alternativas agroecológicas têm sido consideradas como uma estratégia eficiente no controle de insetos sugadores. Este estudo tem o objetivo de relatar a influência do consórcio de erva-doce (Foeniculum vulgare) e algodão (Gossypium hirsutum) com fibra colorida nas populações de Hyadaphis foeniculi (Passerini, 1860) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) e Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877 (Hemiptera: Aphididae) e do principal inimigo natural Cycloneda sanguinea (Linnaeus, 1763) (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae) ao longo do tempo. Os experimentos foram conduzidos nos anos agrícolas de 2009, 2010 e 2011 na Área Experimental da Embrapa - Algodão localizado no município de Lagoa Seca - PB, Brasil. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com três tratamentos: cultivo de erva-doce solteiro, algodão solteiro e erva-doce consorciada com algodão, distribuído em quatro repetições. O levantamento populacional dos pulgões e seus respectivos inimigos naturais na área experimental ocorreu em intervalos semanais do início até o fim do ciclo produtivo da erva-doce e do algodão com fibra colorida em cada ano de estudo. A dinâmica e distribuição dos insetos tanto no algodão quanto na erva-doce em ambos os sistemas de cultivo foram analisados através da ANOVA e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Student-Newman-Keuls (P = 0,05). A análise de associação interespecífica ao longo dos três anos de estudo foi baseada na presença e ausência de pulgões e seus inimigos naturais nos dois tipos de cultivos. Foram utilizados modelos matemáticos de equações de diferença para explicar o comportamento dos pulgões e do seu predador. A taxa de crescimento da presa (K1), qualidade da planta de algodão (Qa) e qualidade da planta de erva-doce (Qe), taxa de chegada da praga na planta, resposta numérica do predador foram inclusos nos modelos e analisados em diagrama de bifurcação. Tanto no algodão quanto na erva-doce solteira foi encontrado mais pulgões ápteros e alados do que no sistema consorciado. Independentemente do sistema de cultivo, as regiões da planta de algodão com maior concentração de A. gossypii foram a apical e a mediana, enquanto que a região da planta de erva-doce com maior número de H. foeniculi áptero e alado foi a apical. A produção de picos populacionais de A. gossypii e H. foeniculi se deu em idade distinta das plantas solteiras ou consorciadas. A. gossypii e H. foeniculi na maioria dos casos não coocorreram no consórcio. A movimentação do predador C. sanguinea foi geralmente associada ao sistema de cultivo consorciado e isto se deve provavelmente em função de A. gossypii e H. foeniculi áptero ou alado que ocorreram em épocas distintas ao longo do ano. A qualidade da planta, tanto no sistema de cultivo de algodão ou erva-doce solteiro quanto em algodão ou erva-doce no sistema de cultivo consorciado, mudou o comportamento dos insetos com K1 superior a 1,4. Portanto, o consórcio de algodão com erva-doce pode ser ferramenta importante para o manejo integrado de pulgões. / The cultivation of oilseeds is considered as major activity of small farmers in Paraiba State. However, these crops are affected by aphids. Agroecology alternatives have been considered as an efficient strategy in sucking insects. This study has the objective of reporting the influence of colored fiber cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) intercropped with fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) on populations of Hyadaphis foeniculi (Passerini, 1860) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877 (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and their natural enemy Cycloneda sanguinea (Linnaeus, 1763) (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae) over the time. The study was conducted on 2009, 2010, and 2011 seasons in Experimental Station of the Embrapa - Cotton, placed in the municipality of Lagoa Seca, Paraiba, Brazil. A randomized block design was used with three treatments: sole fennel, sole cotton, and colored fiber cotton intercropped with fennel, distributed in four replications. The population study of aphids and their natural enemy was carried out weekly within of each season. The dynamic and distribution of insects in sole cotton, sole fennel, or in cotton-fennel intercropping systems were analyzed by the ANOVA and the means were compared by the Student-Newman-Keuls (P = 0.05) test. Interspecific association was used to analyze the dynamic herbivore-plant and predator-prey over the three years study, based in aphid and their natural enemy presence or absence in sole crop or intercropping systems. Difference equations have been used to explain the behavior of aphids and their predator. Growth rate of pest (K1), quality of cotton plant (Qa) and fennel plant (Qe), pest immigration rate and the numerical response of predator were included in the model and showed in bifurcation diagrams. Both sole cotton and sole fennel hosted more aphids than cotton-fennel intercropping system. Independently of the crop system, in the cotton plants, A. gossypii populations were highest in the apical and middle regions, whereas in fennel, H. foeniculi apterous and alate populations were highest in the apical regions. A. gossypii and H. foeniculi peaked in different ages of sole crop or intercropping system. In many cases there was no co-occurrence of A. gossypii and H. foeniculi in intercropping systems. C. sanguinea was associated with the intercropping systems in response to A. gossypii and H. foeniculi that were found in distinct times over the year. The plant quality in both cotton and fennel in sole crop or intercropping system, changes the insect behavior with K1 higher than 1.4. Therefore, cotton-fennel intercropping can be used in aphids integrated pest management.

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