Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1958.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1949.

M.Sc. (Dent.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 2011

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1948.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1959.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1947.

Slow weight gain in infancy is the core sign of failure to thrive. However, it is far from clear what the cause of the slow weight gain in infancy is. Failure to thrive is mostly identified late in the first year at which time it becomes problematic to ascertain its causes retrospectively. The current study was designed to investigate weight gain and behaviour in the early weeks of infancy in a prospective study. Seventy-five eight-week old infants were recruited according to their weight gain from birth to eight weeks, and classified as having slow, average or fast weight gain. Infants and their mothers were observed during two feeds. Mother-infant interaction and sucking behaviour were assessed. In addition, mothers completed questionnaires on the infant's temperament and behaviour (such as sleeping and crying), and on their own eating behaviour and adaptation to motherhood. All infants were followed up at six months and weighed again. The follow-up weight at six months allowed the identification of infants with failure to thrive as traditionally clinically defined. Six infants were identified as failing to thrive at six months, all of which had slow weight gain from birth to eight weeks. The behaviours measured through observation and the questionnaires were investigated in relation to weight gain from birth to eight weeks and six months. No significant relationship was found between weight gain and maternal adaptation, the mother's eating behaviour or infant behaviour. One sucking behaviour parameter estimate, pause length, end, was found to be significantly related to weight gain to eight weeks. This result however, was entirely attributable to the estimates of one infant. This infant had particularly poor sucking behaviour and very slow weight gain from birth to eight weeks. Infant temperament, and in particular the infant's level of fear was related to weight gain from birth to eight weeks. Infants with higher levels of fear were more likely to have slow weight gain. The length of the feed, from which the sucking behaviour was observed, was related to weight gain, with infants with long feeds being more likely to have slow weight gain.

Thesis (Ph.D.). / Written for the School of Physical and Occupational Therapy. Title from title page of PDF (viewed 2008/01/12). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1960. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar características oclusais e miofuncionais orais em crianças entre 3 e 5 anos de idade, com mordida aberta anterior e também verificar o comportamento dessas características após remoção do hábito de sucção de chupeta. Participaram 69 crianças, 34 com oclusão normal (Grupo Controle) e 35 com mordida aberta anterior (Grupo Mordida Aberta). No Grupo Mordida Aberta, a média da mordida aberta anterior foi 2,96 mm, da sobressaliência foi 4,1 mm e da distância intercanina superior foi 28,7 mm. No Grupo Controle, a média da sobressaliência foi 2,6 mm e a da distância intercanina superior foi 30,3 mm. A média da sobressaliência foi maior (p=0,001) e a média da distância intercanina superior foi menor (p<0,001) no Grupo Mordida Aberta que no Controle. O número de crianças com relação canina classe II foi maior no Grupo Mordida Aberta que no Controle (p<0,001). A análise de regressão logística univariada mostrou que maior sobressaliência, menor distância intercanina superior e relação canina classe II coexistiram com a mordida aberta anterior. No Grupo Mordida Aberta, o número de crianças com postura de lábios entreabertos em repouso (60,0%), alteração no tônus labial (68,6%), postura inadequada de língua em repouso (65,7%), alteração no tônus de bochechas (42,9%), interposição lingual anterior durante a deglutição (91,4%) e interposição lingual anterior durante a fala (85,7%) foi maior (p<0,05) que no Grupo Controle (respectivamente 35,3%, 35,3%, 23,6%, 17,7%, 32,4% e 38,2%). A análise de regressão logística múltipla identificou a interposição lingual anterior durante a deglutição (odds ratio 18,97) e durante a fala (odds ratio 9,24) bem como a postura de lábios entreabertos em repouso (odds ratio 6,23) como as principais características miofuncionais orais nas crianças com mordida aberta anterior. Das 35 crianças do Grupo Mordida Aberta, 27 apresentavam hábito de sucção de chupeta ao início do estudo e, após orientação, 15 abandonaram o hábito e 12 diminuíram a freqüência do hábito. Observou-se que a taxa de sucesso na remoção do hábito foi 55,6%, sem diferença entre gêneros e idades. A remoção do hábito favoreceu, após 3 meses de acompanhamento, redução média da mordida aberta anterior de 1,97 mm, sendo maior (p<0,001) que nas crianças que diminuíram o hábito (0,33 mm). A média da redução da sobressaliência nas crianças que abandonaram o hábito foi 0,6 mm e a média do aumento da distância intercanina superior foi 0,67 mm, mas não foram estatisticamente diferentes das crianças que diminuíram o hábito (respectivamente 0,0 mm e 0,50 mm) nem do Controle (respectivamente 0,2 mm e 0,42 mm). A remoção do hábito de sucção de chupeta promoveu melhora na postura de lábios em repouso (p=0,0313), favoreceu a respiração nasal (p=0,0078) e reduziu a ocorrência de interposição lingual anterior durante a deglutição (p=0,0078), após 3 meses de acompanhamento. A análise de regressão logística univariada identificou a postura de língua inadequada em repouso, como a principal característica miofuncional oral capaz de impedir a correção espontânea da mordida aberta anterior nas crianças avaliadas durante esse período (odds ratio 17,50) / The aim of this study was to evaluate occlusal and oral myofunctional characteristics in children between 3 and 5 years old, with anterior open bite and also to verify the behavior of these characteristics, 3 months after removal of pacifier sucking habit. Sixty nine children participated, 34 presented normal occlusion (Control Group) and 35 presented anterior open bite (Open Bite Group). In the Open Bite Group, the mean anterior open bite was 2.96 mm, the mean overject was 4.1 mm and the mean upper intercanine distance was 28.7 mm. In the Control Group, the mean overject was 2.6 mm and the upper intercanine distance was 30.3 mm. The mean overject was larger (p=0.001) and the mean upper intercanine distance was smaller (p<0.001) in the Open Bite Group than in the Control Group. The number of children with canine class II relationship was larger in the Open Bite than in the Control Group (p<0.001). Simple logistic regression analysis showed that larger overject, smaller upper intercanine distance and class II canine relationship coexisted with anterior open bite. In the Open Bite Group, the number of children with incompetent lips at rest (60.0%), inadequate labial tonus (68.6%), inadequate posture of tongue at rest (65.7%), inadequate cheeks tonus (42.9%), tongue thrust during swallow (91.4%) and tongue thrust during speech (85.7%) was larger (p<0.05) that in the Control Group (respectively 35.3%, 35.3%, 23.6%, 17.7%, 32.4% and 38.2%). Multiple logistic regression analysis identified tongue thrust during swallow (odds ratio 18.97) and during speech (odds ratio 9.24) as well as incompetent lips at rest (odds ratio 6.23) as the main oral myofunctional characteristics in children with anterior open bite. Of the 35 children in the Open Bite Group, 27 presented pacifier sucking habit at the beginning of the study and after instruction, 15 abandoned the habit and 12 reduced the frequency of the habit. It was observed that the success rate for habit removal was 55.6%, without difference related to sex and age. The habit removal favored, after 3 months of attendance, 1.97 mm mean reduction of anterior open bite, being larger (p<0.001) compared with those children that reduced the habit (0.33 mm). The mean reduction of the overject in children that abandoned the habit was 0.6 mm and the mean increase of the upper intercanine distance was 0.67 mm, but were not statistically different from the children that reduced the habit (respectively 0.0 mm and 0.50 mm) nor from the Control (respectively 0.2 mm and 0.42 mm). The removal of the pacifier sucking habit promoted improvement in the posture of lips at rest (p=0.0313), favored the nasal respiration (p=0.0078) and reduced the occurrence of tongue thrust during swallow (p=0.0078) after 3 months of attendance. Simple logistic regression analysis identified the inadequate posture of the tongue at rest, as the main oral myofunctional characteristic capable to prevent the spontaneous correction of the anterior bite in the appraised children during that period (odds ratio 17.50)