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Oleum für die IndustrieHaustein, Mike 04 October 2016 (has links) (PDF)
Im Oktober 1875 erschien Clemens Winklers Schlüsselpublikation zum Schwefelsäure-Kontaktverfahren. Der Freiberger Chemiker lieferte nicht nur die wesentlichen Grundlagen des Prozesses, sondern initiierte eine Entwicklung, die der chemischen Industrie ein modernes Produktionsverfahren für eine wichtige Grundchemikalie in die Hand gab und damit ihre Entwicklung entscheidend beförderte. Neben Winklers Leistungen werden auch die bisher wenig gewürdigten Anstrengungen der Freiberger Hüttenwerke herausgestellt, denen es nach einigen Umwegen 1879 gelungen war, die erste wirklich funktionsfähige Kontaktanlage in Betrieb zu nehmen.
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Tuned sustainable anodic coatings for reduced ice adhesionPoot, Thirza January 2019 (has links)
Aluminum alloys are widely used materials in the aircraft industry due to their high specific strength and durability. The natural corrosion resistance of aluminum can be improved through an electrochemical anodizing process. Due to recent restrictions in the use of chromic acid with toxic hexavalent chromium as electrolyte, the industry has shifted towards the use of the functional comparable tartaric sulfuric acid (TSA). TSA anodizing provides a porous alumina layer with good corrosion resistance, yet there is a desire to tune the process to fit other purposes. For instance, ice accretion to aircraft surfaces implies a safety risk and reduced energy efficiency. Due to insufficient active anti-icing systems, aircraft manufacturers are in the search for passive anti-acing materials. The ice adhesion properties of a material are thought to be affected by wettability. In turn, the wettability is affected by the morphology of the alumina influenced by the anodizing conditions. Herein, the effects of the anodizing voltage, electrolyte temperature and anodizing time on the morphology and wettability of TSA-anodized aluminum alloy 2024-T3 were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and contact angle (CA) measurements. The morphology in relation to wettability and ice adhesion strength as well as the use of posttreatments such as hydrothermal sealing and silanization was investigated. SEM images show a clear influence by the anodizing conditions on the porosity, interpore distance and pore diameter of the porous alumina. The morphology has influence on the wettability although the relationship needs further investigation. A superhydrophobic surface obtained by silanization of a surface anodized at high voltage characterized by a rod-like morphology has potential as a passive anti-icing surface. Future work may include additional polishing pretreatments, testing of additional parameters, investigating the CA hysteresis and roll-off angle as well as measuring the adhesion strength of high-impact ice. By tuning the morphology of sustainable anodic coatings, the research area is one step closer to implementing passive anti-icing materials in aircrafts.
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Pré-tratamento do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar com H2SO4 diluído em reator piloto aquecido por vapor direto / Pre-treatment of sugarcane bagasse with dilute H2SO4 in pilot reactor heated by direct steamEsteves, Paula Julião 29 March 2011 (has links)
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar como algumas condições de pré-tratamento de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar com H2SO4 diluído influenciam a distribuição granulométrica do bagaço de cana, a composição química dos sólidos pré-tratados e hidrolisados hemicelulósicos, além da digestibilidade enzimática dos sólidos pré-tratados. Para isso, previamente, uma amostra de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar in natura foi caracterizada quanto suas composições percentuais; a distribuição granulométrica de suas fibras também foi avaliada antes e após o pré-tratamento. O pré-tratamento do bagaço com H2SO4 diluído foi realizado em reator piloto, aquecido por vapor direto, com capacidade de 100 L, onde o teor inicial de sólidos foi fixado em 15% (p/p). A temperatura (131,91-168,09 °C), tempo de residência (11,90-48,09 min) e concentração ácida (0,19 - 3,81 p/p) variaram de acordo com um planejamento fatorial 23. Após o pré-tratamento, os bagaços pré-tratados e hidrolisados hemicelulósicos foram caracterizados quanto suas composições químicas. A composição química dos bagaços in natura e pré-tratados, assim como a composição química dos hidrolisados, foi determinada por gravimetria, espectrofotometria e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. De acordo com a condição de pré-tratamento, os teores de celulose, hemicelulose e lignina nos bagaços pré-tratados diferiram substancialmente sendo que a maior variação foi observada para hemicelulose (0,14-17,62 %). Os três fatores avaliados no pré-tratamento influenciaram a composição química do bagaço pré-tratado, sendo que a variável com maior poder de influência no teor de celulose, hemicelulose e lignina dos sólidos foi a concentração ácida, seguida da temperatura e tempo de reação. Xilose foi o açúcar predominante nos hidrolisados hemicelulósicos variando de 1,43 a 21,05 g/L, de acordo com o planejamento. A concentração de furfural variou entre 0,08 e 4,68 g/L. Condições severas de pré-tratamento acarretaram na maior remoção de hemicelulose dos bagaços pré-tratados, porém nestas mesmas condições foram encontradas baixas concentrações de xilose e altas concentrações de furfural nos hidrolisados. A concentração de xilose no hidrolisado se mostrou dependente da temperatura e da concentração ácida. A variável com maior influência na formação de furfural foi a temperatura, seguida pela concentração ácida e tempo. A digestibilidade enzimática dos bagaços obtidos de acordo com planejamento experimental em 24 h variou de 25,35 a 63,76%, conforme a composição química dos sólidos. A temperatura de pré-tratamento foi o fator que exerceu maior influência na conversão da celulose dos sólidos. Com o intuito de avaliar o efeito da lavagem dos sólidos na digestibilidade enzimática da celulose, bagaços pré-tratados obtidos nas condições mais branda e severa de pré-tratamento, lavados e não-lavados, foram submetidos à sacarificação enzimática. A sacarificação de bagaços não-lavados foi prejudicada pela presença de inibidores nos hidrolisados hemicelulósicos, variando entre 0- 23,9%, em 72h. As condições de pré-tratamento do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar que maximizam a concentração de xilose no hidrolisado hemicelulósico e a sacarificação enzimática do bagaço pré-tratado são diferentes. O pré-tratamento com H2SO4 diluído acarretou na diminuição do tamanho das partículas do bagaço de cana. / This study aimed to evaluate how certain pretreatment conditions of sugarcane bagasse with dilute H2SO4 influence the size distribution of sugarcane bagasse, the chemical composition of solids pretreated and hemicellulosic hydrolysate, as well the enzymatic digestibility of pretreated solids. For that, previously, a sample of in natura sugarcane bagasse was characterized in terms of chemical composition; the size distribution of fibers was also evaluated before and after the pretreatment. The experiments of pretreatment of bagasse with dilute H2SO4 were conducted in a pilot reactor, heated by direct steam, with a capacity of 100 L, where the initial solids content was fixed at 15% (w / w). The temperature (131.91 to 168.09 ° C), residence time (11.90 to 48.09 min) and acid concentration (0.19 to 3.81 w / w) varied according to a factorial design 2³ . After pretreatment, the pretreated bagasse and hemicellulosic hydrolysates were characterized in terms of their chemical compositions. The chemical composition of in natura and pretreated bagasse , as well the chemical composition of the hydrolysates, was determined by gravimetry, spectrophotometry and high-efficiency liquid chromatography. According to the condition of pretreatment, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin content in pretreated bagasse differed substantially, and the major variation was observed for hemicellulose content (0.14 to 17.62%).The three factors evaluated in the pretreatment influenced the chemical composition of pretreated bagasse, and the variable with greatest influence on the content of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin concentration of solids was acid concentration, followed by temperature and reaction time.. Xylose was the predominant sugar in hemicellulose hydrolysates ranging from 1.43 to 21.05 g / L, according to the experimental design. Furfural concentration varied between 0.08 and 4.68 g / L. Severe conditions of pretreatment resulted in greater removal of hemicellulose from pretreated bagasse, but under these conditions were found low concentrations of xylose and high concentrations of furfural in the hydrolysates. The concentration of xylose in the hemicellulosic hydrolyzate were dependet of temperature and acid concentration. The variable with greatest influence on the formation of furfural was temperature, followed by acid concentration and time. The enzymatic digestibility of the pretreated solids, obtained according to experimental design, in 24 h, ranged from 25.35 to 63.76% depending on the chemical composition of solids. The temperature of the pretreatment was the factor that showed greater influence on the conversion of cellulose solids. In order to evaluate the effect of washing the solids in the enzymatic digestibility of cellulose, pretreated bagasses obtained in milder and severe conditions of pretreatment, non-washed and washed solids, were submitted to enzymatic saccharification. Saccharification of non-washed solids was impaired by the presence of inhibitors in hemicellulosic hydrolysates, ranging from 0 to 23.9% in 72h. The pretreatment conditions of sugarcane bagasse that maximize the concentration of xylose in the hemicellulosic hydrolyzate and enzymatic saccharification of pretreated bagasse are different. Pretreatment with dilute H2SO4 resulted in the decrease of particle size of bagasse.
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Aplicação da eletrodiálise no tratamento da drenagem ácida de minas visando a recuperação de ácido sulfúrico. / Electrodialysis application of acid mine drainage treatment aiming sulfuric acid recovery.Buzzi, Daniella Cardoso 25 October 2012 (has links)
O principal impacto causado pela atividade de mineração de carvão é a poluição hídrica proveniente da drenagem ácida de minas (DAM), que pode ter efeitos toxicológicos nos ecossistemas aquáticos, como mortalidade, disfunções no crescimento, menores taxas de reprodução, deformidades e lesões. A DAM é formada através da oxidação de minerais de sulfeto, principalmente pirita (FeS2) e caracteriza-se por uma solução de pH ácido e metais dissolvidos (Fe, Al e Mn). Novas metodologias para o tratamento de efluentes contaminados com metais estão sendo estudadas e a eletrodiálise (ED) surge como uma destas tecnologias que tem se mostrado eficaz para a recuperação de água e concentração de eletrólitos. É considerada uma tecnologia atrativa aos mais diversos segmentos, uma vez que apresenta muitas vantagens sobre os processos tradicionais, tais como: não exige mudanças de fases; funciona de forma contínua; não necessita da adição de reagentes e não gera resíduos poluentes ao ambiente. A ED é uma técnica de separação por membranas, no qual espécies iônicas em solução são transportadas através de membranas de troca-iônica por influência da aplicação de um campo elétrico que permite a separação de ânions e cátions metálicos com a vantagem de remover os metais contaminantes e simultaneamente recuperar água e outros compostos de interesse industrial, como o ácido sulfúrico. No entanto, para a aplicação da ED alguns parâmetros devem ser estudados, buscando as melhores condições de uso. O parâmetro mais importante a ser analisado é o transporte dos íons através das membranas, avaliado no presente estudo através da cronopotenciometria e da obtenção das curvas de corrente-potencial (CVCs). Curvas cronopotenciométricas foram obtidas a partir de soluções sintéticas que representavam a composição de uma DAM a fim de se avaliar a passagem de ânions sulfato através de uma membrana aniônica (HDX 200), e o transporte de cátions metálicos, tais como Na+ e Fe3+, através de uma membrana catiônica (HDX 100). E as CVCs foram obtidas a partir das próprias DAMs também para a avaliação do transporte de íons e determinação de densidade de corrente limite a ser empregada na ED. Os resultados mostraram que os cátions avaliados desempenharam um papel significativo para o equilíbrio químico que leva à formação de diferentes espécies de complexos de cargas e mobilidade distintas. Diagramas de especiação em conjunto com os cronopotenciogramas permitiram a identificação de espécies complexas que conduzem a um transporte lento de íons através das membranas. A ED mostrou-se eficaz para a recuperação de água, removendo mais de 97,00 % dos contaminantes, e para a recuperação de ácido sulfúrico a partir da DAM, sendo obtidos percentuais de concentração de sulfatos superiores a 38,55 % e incrementos na acidez de até 236,88 %. / The main impact caused by coal mining activity is water pollution from acid mine drainage (AMD), that can have serious toxicological effects on aquatic ecosystems, such as mortality, growth disorders, lower rates reproduction, deformities and injuries. The AMD is formed by the oxidation of sulfide minerals, mainly pyrite (FeS2) and is characterized by a acid pH and dissolved metals (Fe, Al and Mn). New approaches for the wastewater contaminated with metals treatment are being studied and electrodialysis (ED) emerges as a new technology and has proven effective for the recovery of water and electrolyte concentration. The ED is considered an attractive technology to some segments since it presents several advantages on the traditional processes, such as: does not require phase changes; runs continuously, does not need reagents addition and does not generate waste polluting environment. Electrodialysis is a membrane separation technique in which ionic species in solution are transported, through ion-exchange membranes, under the influence of an electric field which allows anions and metallic cations separation, possessing the advantages of removing contaminant metals and simultaneously recovering water and other compounds of industrial interest, such as sulfuric acid. However, to implement the ED some parameters should be studied seeking the best conditions. The most important parameter to be studied is the ions transport across membranes, assessed in this study by chronopotentiometry and obtaining the current-voltage curves (CVCs). Chronopotentiometry curve were obtained from synthetic solutions representing the AMD composition in order to assess the passage of anions sulfate through a membrane anion (HDX 200), and transport of metallic cations such as Na+ and Fe3+, through a cation membrane (HDX 100). The CVCs were obtained from raw AMD also to evaluate the ions transport and determination of threshold current density to be employed in ED. The results showed that the cations evaluated played a significant role in the chemical balance which leads to the formation of different species of complexes of different fillers and mobility. Speciation diagrams with chronopotentiograms allowed the identification of complex species that lead to a slow ions transport across membranes. The ED was effective for water recovery removing more than 97.00 % of contaminants and to sulfuric acid recovery from the AMD, where has been obtained percentage of sulfate concentration above 38.55 % and an increase in acidity up to 236.88 %.
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Comportamento da dormência de sementes de Brachiaria dictyoneura cv. Llanero submetidas às ações do calor e do ácido sulfúrico. / Effects of heating and sulfuric acid on seed dormancy of Brachiaria dictyoneura cv. Llanero.Almeida, Clodoaldo Rocha de 31 October 2002 (has links)
A literatura específica destaca a dormência das sementes como fator dificultador do estabelecimento das pastagens de gramíneas forrageiras tropicais. A imersão das sementes em ácido sulfúrico (H2SO4), apesar de funcionalmente admitida como eficiente para promover a redução da dormência em sementes de braquiária, apresenta inconveniências relacionadas à segurança do trabalhador envolvido na aplicação e, adicionalmente, à preservação do meio ambiente com o descarte dos resíduos provenientes da operação. Dessa maneira, objetivando identificar alternativas para a superação da dormência, o presente estudo realizou comparações entre os efeitos fisiológicos de tratamentos térmicos (55, 65, 75 e 85 o C/5, 10 e 15 h) e químico (imersão em H2SO4/15 minutos) em sementes de Brachiaria dictyoneura cv. Llanero (Brachiaria humidicola cv. Llanero, segundo Renvoize et al., 1996). Para tanto, as sementes foram qualitativamente avaliadas (teor de água, germinação, tetrazólio, primeira contagem de germinação, emergência de plântulas, comprimento da parte aérea das plântulas e índice de velocidade de emergência) em duas épocas experimentais (início e final do armazenamento de 6 meses). Os usos do calor e do ácido sulfúrico constituem-se em alternativas para a redução da dormência das sementes e conseqüente favorecimento do desempenho fisiológico. Contudo, particularmente em relação ao calor, a deterioração pode ser acelerada durante o armazenamento. / Seed dormancy is emphasized in the literature as a problem for the establishment of tropical pasture grasses. Immersion of seeds in sulfuric acid (H2SO4) has been widely used and is effective in breaking dormancy of Brachiaria seeds, although this treatment raises inconveniences relating to the operator safety during application. Moreover, refusal of residues from this chemical treatment may become harmful to the environment. This essay aims to evaluate alternative seed treatments for overcoming dormancy, comparing physiological effects from heating treatments (55, 65, 75 and 85 o C, for 5, 10 and 15 hour) and chemical scarification (immersion in H2SO4 for 15 minutes) in seeds of Brachiaria dyctioneura cv. Llanero (Brachiaria humidicola cv. Llanero, according to Renvoize et al., 1996). Therefore, seeds were evaluated for their quality attributes (water content, germination, tetrazolium, first count of germination, seedling emergence, shoot length of seedlings, and emergence speed index), twice during the experiment (in the beginning and at the end of a six-month storage). Heating and sulfuric acid are alternative treatments for overcoming seed dormancy, consequently favoring physiological performance. However, particularly for the heating treatment, seed deterioration may be accelerated during storage.
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Extraction of chitosan from Fungal cell wall by Sulfuric acid Studying the effect of Deacetylation degree and temperature on recovery chitosanGholizadeh Aghdam, Mehdi January 2010 (has links)
The goal of this project is extraction of chitosan optimally by surveys of temperature changesalong with 1% Sulfuric acid utilization. Microbial chitosan is isolated as a bio-componentfrom cell wall of two kinds of Zygomycetes by some extraction methods. This projectcompares ability of two type Fungi (R. pulusilus and M.indicus) from Zygomycets forproduction of chitosan.To extract of chitosan is a combinational method with 40 %( w/w) Hydroxyl sodium for celldisruption and diluted Sulfuric acid (1% w/v) for chitosan extraction from cell wall as majorchemical components. 40% NaOH is used to get different degrees of deacetylation (DD) fromchitin for chitosan. In addition, it is examined 1% Sulfuric acid in a combination oftemperature factor changes. It is needed dialysis for chitosan purification from bondedphosphate groups. Standard curves of acetic acid experiences for DD and water phosphatedetermination were accomplished.It has resulted if degree of deacetylated chitin is about 50%; it has an average lost more than50% in 1% (v/v) Sulfuric acid, hence less recovery as a no privilege that it can be relapsed byacetone in chitosan solution. Factor of temperate in same times shows important effect onextraction yield of chitosan by 1% Sulfuric acid. Extracted chitosan in 120℃ has DD about50%. Absolutely, its solubility will be more and it needs to an intricate solution for separationof chitosan from phosphate bonds as a major impurity by dialysis, but in 90℃, DD of chitosanis more with less solubility in water.Between two Fungi, in experienced temperatures, hence, R. pulusilus has more recovery about0.87/AIM (g/g) in 90℃, which have more much DD than 50%, and M.indicus has 0.79/AIM(g/g) in 120℃ that it has DD about 50%.
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Development of chromatographic methods to follow heterogeneous organic chemistry in aerosolsHameed, Ahmed January 2016 (has links)
Atmospheric aldol self-reactions of octanal, heptanal and hexanal in a range of aqueous H2SO4 w/v% concentrations as a catalyst were studied in both bulk liquid-liquid experiments and gas-liquid experiments. Initially, a new practical methodology was developed and enhanced to monitor aldol reactions in aqueous acidic media. The evaluation of a quenching and extracting method were performed, confirming the suitability, reliability and reproducibility of the extraction method. In bulk studies, aldol products of the three aldehydes were separated and identified by preparative HPLC, GC-MS and NMR. The major aldol products observed at high acid concentrations were alpha,β-unsaturated aldehyde (dimer), trialkyl benzene (trimer) and tetraalkylcycloocta-tetraene (tetramer). The trimer of octanal was formed as trioxane in low sulfuric acid concentration and the possible mechanism accretion reaction pathways of high and low acid concentrations are proposed in this study. A systematic kinetic study of octanal, heptanal and hexanal in the bulk experiments at 65, 60 and 55 w/v% H2SO4 at 294 K were monitored using gas chromatographic equipped with a flame ionisation detector (GC-FID). The rate constants were generally estimated using second order kinetics and observed to increase as a function of sulfuric acid concentrations and also as the chain length of aliphatic aldehyde increased. The aldol self-reaction in the bulk experiment was too fast at room temperature to be easily measured using a quenching method therefore attempts were made to follow the reaction at low temperature (0 °C). The result at low temperature indicated that the rate constant of aldehyde was reduced but there was an issue of rapid rise in temperature as a result of mixing concentrated sulfuric acid with aqueous solution of the aldehyde. A gas bubbling system was developed which better simulates atmospheric reality, and which also resolves the issue of temperature rise on mixing. Two different methodologies were used: one in which the aldehyde was continually added, and one where a fixed amount was added from the gas phase and the reaction was then allowed to proceed, monitored at selected time intervals. The precision and accuracy of the fixed method was then further improved by the addition of an internal standard (IS). Using this, the concentrations of aliphatic aldehydes (C6-C8) were calibrated using an experimentally determined response factor and used to follow the loss of the reactant aldehydes. Similar methods were applied to the aldol dimers (C6-C8), which were purified and used to calibrate the chromatographic response. The rate constant for octanal, heptanal and hexanal at 76 wt% and 294 K were 0.0969 M-1 s-1, 0.1497 M-1 s-1 and 0.2622 M-1 s-1 respectively. There are some observations based upon the results presented in this thesis that may be of atmospheric significance: (i) phase separation between organic and aqueous layers in both the bulk experiment and in the bubbling system; (ii) the acid strength dependence and concentration-dependence of the various products; (iii) the faster rates than previously reported, and variation between bulk and bubbling; and (v) the time-dependent colour changes. Further work to explore these observations is proposed.
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Corrosion behaviour of nickel-titanium shape memory alloys with copper and niobium additions.Lethabane, Moipone Linda. January 2013 (has links)
M. Tech. Metallurgical Engineering. / Studies the corrosion behavior of sintered Ni-Ti shape memory alloys containing Cu and Nb additions.Objectives are: 1. Investigate structural and phased interactions occurring during the sintering of the allloys. 2. Study the effects of niobium and copper addition on the general corrosion behavior of the sintered nickel-titanium alloys in sodium chloride and sulphuric acid. 3. Study the effects of copper and niobium addition on localized corrosion behavior of the alloys in chloride environments.
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Tribocorrosion behaviour of copper and zirconia reinforced nickel-titanium shape memory composites.Molele, Tebogo Amelia. January 2013 (has links)
M. Tech. Metallurgical Engineering. / StudIes the tribocorrosion behaviour of copper-nickel-titanium shape memory composite reinforced by zirconia,synthesized through powder metallurgy process. The research aims to achieve the following objectives: 1. Study the tribocorrosion mechanisms of the composites in NaCl solution (typical human body fluid). 2. Investigate the tribocorrosion mechanisms of the composites in other environments typical of some engineering applications.The proposed study on incorporating zirconia into the matrix NiTiCu through powder metallurgical process and investigations of the phenomenon of joint wear-corrosion synergism occurring in sodium chloride considered typical of human body system and sulphuric acid environment typical of wide range engineering applications is therefore very novel. It is therefore aimed that information on the tribocorrosion behaviour of NiTiCu as well as with zirconia incorporation will form basis for typical compositional formulation approaches for improved bio-tribocorrosion improvement in biomedical applications and actuators used in other engineering applications.
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Pré-tratamento e hidrólise enzimática do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar / Pre-treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of sugar cane bagasseGómez-Rueda, Sandra Marcela 16 August 2018 (has links)
Orientadores: Rubens Maciel Filho, Aline Carvalho da Costa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T07:08:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Gomez-Rueda_SandraMarcela_M.pdf: 7950373 bytes, checksum: c7f5e37417de9cac03256c3918348b65 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foi estudada a produção de açúcares fermentescíveis a partir de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar pré-tratado com os ácidos sulfúrico (H2SO4) e fosfórico (H3PO4) diluídos e deslignificado com hidróxido de sódio (NaOH). Planejamentos fatoriais 23 foram realizados para avaliar a influência do tempo de pré-tratamento (h), temperatura (°C) e concentração de H2SO4 ou H3PO4. Depois do pré-tratamento ácido, o bagaço foi deslignificado por 1h a 100°C com 1%p/v. Os resultados mostraram que ambos pré-tratamentos podem levar a altos rendimentos de glicose na hidrólise enzimática. Os melhores resultados para o ácido fosfórico foram obtidos quando o bagaço foi pré-tratado a 140°C, 120 min e 0,5%p/v H3PO4. Após deslignificação com NaOH e hidrólise enzimática com 15 FPU/g de bagaço pré-tratado e 7,5 CBU/g de bagaço pré-tratado houve liberação de 367 mg de glicose/g bagaço sem pré-tratar, que corresponde a um rendimento de 88%. Quando o ácido sulfúrico foi usado, os melhores resultados foram obtidos para pré-tratamentos a 100°C por 15 min e com 0,5%p/v de H2SO4. Após deslignificação e hidrólise enzimática nas mesmas condições usadas para o bagaço pré-tratado com ácido fosfórico, o bagaço apresentou liberação de 380,6 mg de glicose/g bagaço sem pré-tratar, que corresponde a rendimento de 92%. Devido aos bons resultados obtidos usando ácido fosfórico sendo este pré-tratamento menos estudado do que o pré-tratamento com ácido sulfúrico, o pré-tratamento com este ácido foi escolhido para a etapa posterior. Nesta etapa foram feitos ensaios para determinar a influência das concentrações das enzimas celulase e ?-glicosidase no rendimento de glicose. O bagaço foi pré-tratado com ácido fosfórico diluído nas melhores condições determinadas, deslignificado com NaOH e hidrolisado com concentrações de celulase e ?-glicosidase variando segundo um planejamento composto central. Trabalhando-se com concentrações de celulase de 30 FPU/g e de ?-glicosidade de 25 CBU/g foi possível obter rendimento de 97,1%. Rendimento de 95,10% apenas um pouco mais baixo, foi obtido com 25,85 FPU/g de celulase e 7,33 CBU/g de ?-glicosidade / Abstract: In this work the production of fermentable sugars from sugar cane bagasse pretreated with diluted sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid and delignified with NaOH was estudied. 23 Factorial designs were performed to evaluate the influence of pretreatment time (h), temperature (°C) and acid concentration (H2SO4 or H3PO4). After pretreatment bagasse was delignified for 1 hour at 100 ° C with 1% p/v NaOH. The results have shown that both pre-treatments can lead to high glucose yields at enzymatic hydrolysis. The best results for the pretreatment with phosphoric acid was when bagasse was pretreated at 140 ° C, 120 min and 0.5% p/v H3PO4. After delignification with NaOH and enzymatic hydrolysis with 15 FPU/g of cellulase and 7,5 CBU/g of ?-glicosidase, 367 mg glucose/g untreated bagasse were released, corresponding to a 88% yield. When sulfuric acid was used, the best results were obtained for pretreatment at 100°C, for 15 min and with 0,5%p/v of H2SO4. After delignification and hydrolysis at the same conditions used in the phosporic acid pretreatment, glucose release was of 380,6 mg glucose/g non pretreated bagasse, corresponding to a 92% yield. Due to the good results obtained using phosphoric acid and because pretreatment with this acid is less studied than with sulfuric acid, it was chosen for the posterior stages of the study. In this stage experimental assays were performed to determine the influence of cellulase and ?-glucosidase loads on glucose yield at hydrolysis. Bagasse was pretreated with diluted phosphoric acid at the best conditions, delignified with NaOH and hydrolysed with cellulase and ?-glucosidase loads varying according to a central composite factorial design. Yield of 97.17% was obtained with 30 FPU/g of cellulase and 25 CBU/g of ?- glucosidase. Yield of 95.10%, only a little lower, was obtained with 25.85 FPU/g of cellulase and 7.33 CBU/g of ?-glucosidase / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química
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