An investigation was conducted to determine the impact of economic and non-economic factors on the off-farm work efforts of Oregon farm husbands and wives. A total of 283 Oregon farm households (with husbands and wives) were randomly selected from lists of persons deferring taxes for farm purposes, obtained from County Assessors' offices in each of eight randomly selected counties. Counties with larger number of farms had a higher probability of being selected. Data came from an Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station study conducted during 1988-89. The empirical findings from the maximum likelihood Tobit model showed plausible directional impacts. Off-farm wage rate, the basis of a reduced labor supply model, was the key variable in explaining off-farm work. Wives' off-farm work response to off-farm wage was more elastic when compared to husbands' off-farm work. Additional significant variables to affect either or both husbands' and wives' total off-farm work were total farm debt, husband's age, education, urban/rural location of farm, net farm income, age-square, farm life satisfaction, and total family income before tax. Education was positively related to off-farm work only for wives. Results also indicate that high levels of net farm income as well as farm debt reduce the likelihood and extent of off-farm work. The location of the farm closer in proximity to metropolitan areas, was a significant factor in increased off-farm work hours. Farm life satisfaction was negatively significant for both wives and husbands. The effect of farm life satisfaction was more prominent for wives than for husbands. Total family income was significant and negatively related to wives' off-farm work but not husbands, indicating that women may be more sensitive to a choice for leisure or household work and the motivation for husbands' off-farm work may be higher. Despite a substantial incidence of low profitability and low farm income from farming and some unhappiness and hard work, these farmers generally reported a high level of satisfaction with their farming operations. Any policy implications based on the findings of this study must be cautiously interpreted based on farm types and the work motivation of farmers in Oregon. / Graduation date: 1996

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Göttingen.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Göttingen.

Neurosurgery is an effective method for prolonging life and improving outcomes for patients with brain tumors. However, this option bears the risk of damaging areas of eloquent cortex, areas associated with motor and language tasks that, when lesioned, will result in a functional deficit for the patient. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a valuable tool in the localization of eloquent cortex for preoperative neurosurgical planning. Through use of this modality of functional neuroimaging, the neurosurgeon can adjust the surgical trajectory to incur the least amount of damage to sites of functional activity. The supplementary motor area (SMA) is one such site of eloquent cortex that must be visualized preoperatively due to the risk of postoperative deficit with lesions in this area. However, due to both the effects of tumor pathology and naturally occurring interindividual variability, the SMA’s location and functional fingerprint can be highly variable. We present a study in which patients with frontal tumor (n=46) underwent task-based fMRI for motor and language network mapping. The patient-specific functional data were normalized and evaluated using ROI analysis to illustrate group-level activation patterns within the SMA during the language and motor tasks. The results illustrate a distinct pattern of activation including a rostro-caudal organization of language and motor activation, overlapping extent cluster volumes throughout the two functional subdivisions of the SMA, the pre-SMA and SMA proper, and discrete activation foci.

In Korea, the output value of the supplementary schools that provide instruction services by internet is over 30% of total value. And there are more than one hundred supplementary schools using e‐learning as their major instructing tool or assistance. In Japan, the rate of supplementary schools using e‐learning to teach students is over 80%. In Taiwan, The case company ‐ ¡§A¡¨ Cultural & Educational Group, is the biggest one of all supplementary schools that using e‐learning to instruct students or help them studying. Among 2000 to 2009, the competition among supplementary schools in Taiwan is intense, but the case company still keeps growing and double her scale. By the method of case studying and business result analysis. The thesis tries to figure out what her strategy is and why she uses e‐learning to increase her competitive abilities. And then, give some advises to ones whom want to imitate her.

The number of supplementary schools in Taiwan has been amazingly increasing from 2,700 to more than 18,000 since the educational reform began in 1996. Some regard the growing number of supplementary schools as the result of educational reform; however, others believe it is because parents hope their children can have a better competitiveness. No matter how it describes, it is a solid fact that the number of supplementary schools has been increasing enormously. In Taiwan, a huge number of supplementary schools results in severely competitive environment. In addition, because young couples are not willing to have children, the birth rate in Taiwan declines rapidly; as a result, each supplementary school all gives its best to recruit students. Conventional supplementary schools only put emphasis on better faculty and lower tuition to compete with others so that there is barely any difference between those conventional supplementary schools. Therefore, it is almost out of questions for those supplementary schools to achieve high competitiveness only with the two attractions above. With the market circumstance stated previously, this study analyzes Strategy on Tutorial Teaching Applied in Supplementary School. This study adopts qualitative research method with interviewing; the information gathered and analyzed from each interviewee values. There are two categories of interviewees: supplementary school owners and teachers. Interviewing with owners provides the first-hand experience and explicit idea of core competitiveness when running a supplementary school. From interviewing with teachers, problems and solutions can be obtained from what they have encountered in Whole-Class Teaching. Furthermore, it is essential to understand whether the student loss is closely related to teaching effectiveness and how Tutorial Teaching and Whole-Class Teaching influence students on learning effectiveness. This study adopts qualitative research method with interviewing and reveals that Tutorial Teaching relatively promotes students¡¦ competence and improves learning obstacles. However, Tutorial Teaching meets quite a few concerns if it puts into practice. This study combines the data analyzed from qualitative research with the theory and reference of tutorial teaching as well as takes the cost of running a supplementary school into account so as to develop a ¡§Tutorial Teaching Program¡¨ which is suitable for supplementary schools. It will be a great satisfaction if this study establishes a guideline for supplementary schools to enhance competitiveness and promote learning effectiveness.

Thesis (M. A.)--University of Canterbury, 2007. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-114). Also available via the World Wide Web.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1972. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Background: Adolescent childbearing and maternal malnutrition are common in low- and middle-income countries and are associated with increased risk for poor maternal and infant outcomes. Adolescent pregnancy compounded with moderate malnutrition exacerbates outcomes common to both individually. Supplementary foods may be a way to improve outcomes in malnourished adolescent pregnant women. Objective: To retrospectively assess maternal and infant outcomes in moderately malnourished pregnant young adolescents (16-17 YO), older adolescents (18-19 YO), and adults (≥20 YO) in response to one of three nutritional interventions and in a pooled treatment group analysis, and to assess differences in infant outcomes by infant gender. Methods: Height, weight, MUAC, and FH were measured in pregnant women with MUAC >20.6 cm and < 23.0 cm at baseline (N=1828) every 2 weeks over the course of enrollment while receiving either: 1) macro- and micronutrient fortified, peanut-based, ready-to-use supplementary food (RUSF), 2) corn-soy blended flour with a prenatal multiple micronutrient supplement (CSB-UNIMMAP), or 3) corn-soy blended flour with iron and folic acid (CSB-IFA). Each provided approximately double the RDA of most micronutrients, 900 kcal/day and 33-36 g/day protein. Postpartum maternal and infant measurements were taken at delivery, and after 6 and 12 weeks. Maternal age at enrollment variable was transformed from a continuous variable into a categorical variable; young adolescent (16-17 YO), older adolescent (18-19 YO), and adults (≥20 YO). General linear models with normal errors were used to compare: 1. Adolescent maternal and infant outcomes by intervention, 2. Adolescent maternal and infant outcomes by maternal age within each intervention group, 3. Maternal and infant outcomes in a pooled treatment analysis by maternal age, 4. Interaction effects between maternal age and intervention, 5. Infant outcomes by infant gender. If differences between groups were detected, they were tested using the Tukey HSD test (response) or the likelihood ratio-based odds ratios (categorical). Odds ratios were measured using effects likelihood ratio tests via logistic regression. Response variables included in the analyses were BMI and fundal height at enrollment. Results: There were 297 young adolescents, 582 older adolescents, and 949 adults enrolled. Adolescents enrolled in the study at a younger gestational age than the adult mothers. Upon enrollment, BMI was greater and FH was smaller in the adolescent mothers than adults. At delivery, adolescent mothers had gained less weight on treatment, delivered with a lower final MUAC and FH, had increased odds of delivering extremely prematurely, and the greatest odds for delivering before recovery from malnutrition (MUAC ≥23.0 cm). Infants of young adolescent mothers were inferior anthropometrically to infants of the older mothers and had greatest odds of being underweight and stunted through 12 weeks of age. Young adolescents had the greatest odds for delivering LBW infants compared to the adults. Catch up growth was observed in the infants of older adolescents by 12 weeks of age; however, no catch up was observed for the infants of young adolescents. No one intervention was more helpful than another in determining maternal and infant outcomes of the adolescent mothers, and male infants had greater odds of being underweight and stunted at 6 and 12 weeks of age. Conclusions: Although adolescents did not appear to have characteristics of more severe clinical malnutrition, such as lower BMI, lower maternal height, and increased rates of HIV at baseline, maternal and infant outcomes were worse for the adolescent mothers compared to the older, more mature mothers. Adolescents gained less weight during pregnancy and delivered smaller infants that were unable to catch up linearly and with weight gain. Pregnant adolescents, particularly young adolescents, are a high-risk population and public health efforts should be made to delay the age of first pregnancy.

Översikt Denna studie stöder ett projekt som genomförs av SABO. Det handlar om att kunna handla uppkompletterande byggnader till ett fast pris. Exempel på tilläggsbyggnader (eller kompletterandebyggnader) är tvättstugor, rum för selektiv avfallshantering, lagring, cykelförvaring,samlingsrum mm. Syftet är att göra en ny upphandling för dessa typer av byggnader så att dekan beställas till fast pris från en katalog . SABO har gjort liknande projekt för färdigaflerbostadshus som är välkända i Sverige som KOMBOHUS. Min uppgift var att fokusera påtvättstugor. Utgångpunkten var en tvättstuga som blivit byggd i i HUSBY centrum av Svenskabostäder (SB). I arbetet tillämpades metoder för att testa hur energiprestanda påverkades avolika förändringar. Min studie började med att ta fram detaljerade arkitektoniska data omtvättstugan genom eget besök. Efter att ha träffat projektkoordinatorn i Svenska Bostäderfrågade jag honom om första visioner som bestämde den aktuella utformningen.. Metoden idetta arbete är att utvärdera och manipulera variablerna som kännetecknar byggnaden medhjälp av på programvarusimulering och beräkning. Dessa variabler har viktiga roller itvättstugans energiprestanda. De har också stor inverkan på byggkostnaderna. Med hjälp avVirtual Reality-teknik har jag kopplat mina utvärderingar till en av de viktigaste visionerna för SBsom är trygghet. Resultatet av denna studie visade att det finns begränsningar i hurenergieffektiv som byggnaden kan göras. Studien visar det faktum klart för projektgruppen attinte alla energibesparande åtgärder är bra investering. Så ger arbetet tydligare idéer för denkommande upphandlingsprocessen för kompletterande byggnader. / Abstract There is a demand for supplementary buildings to apartment blocks for different needs suchas laundry rooms, rooms for selective waste collection, storage, bicycle storage, gatheringrooms and for PV-cells with their charging infrastructure and battery storage. However, beforemaking the contract with an entrepreneur, the process to architectural design, engineeringcalculations, documentations and procurement of a supplementary building is long anddifferent in each construction company. SABO [3] (Swedish Association of Public Housing Companies) isinterested to facilitate the situation for the owners by turning all these steps into a catalogue,so clients can go to the contractors directly with an efficient and sustainable design concept. InSABO, there has been similar backgrounds which has constituted a new procurement processfor constructing new multi dwelling and ready-to-occupy apartments called “KOMBOHUS”. Aproject team consists of SABO [3], HBV [12], Sustainable Innovation [13], aims at the design ofsupplementary buildings that can be presented in a catalogue in the same way as the“KOMBOHUS”. These supplementary buildings should have a very well elaborated designbecause they will be produced in high numbers. My task is to focus on an exciting publiclaundry room in HUSBY center and identify methods in which improvement for energyperformance could become tested. The results can help the project team to considerlimitations, advantages and weaknesses of an “efficient design”. So, they would have moreclear vision about the upcoming procurements process for supplementary buildings.