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國立政治大學英國語文學系碩士在職專班 論文提要 論文名稱 : 透過文學教英語 : 從讀者反應層面探討文學作品在英語教學上之應用 指導教授 : 林茂松 博士 研究生 : 胡碧桃 論文提要內容 : 本論文旨在探討藉由文學教學激發學習者學習英語的動機及對文學的興趣，進而提升其英文閱讀及寫作能力的可能性。 從二十世紀初以來，對於文學教法，學者先後提出各種理論，舉其盈盈大者：如傳統教學法、心理分析法、及新文評主義，對文學教學皆有著墨。近年來，以讀者為中心、重視讀者與文本間的互動、允許不同讀者對同一作品有不同詮釋的讀者反應理論已成為教師們在教授文學時樂於應用的教學法。 本研究採用以Rosenblatt 為首的學者的建議，先引導學生閱讀文學文本，由學生以書面方式，回答老師根據文本提出與學生知識經驗相關的美學問題，最後全班參與討論，分享感受。 受試者為國立三重高中二年級學生。測驗工具為取自全民英檢(1999及2003年)中級閱讀測驗及作文試題、自製英語學習動機問卷以及文學興趣問卷。實驗組於前測後，以六篇文學作品為其教科書外之補充教材；而控制組則給予六篇非文學類文章。實驗時間為時一學期 (自2002年九月至2003年一月) 。 經由問卷調查訪問及前後測實施結果分析，發現實驗組的學生，在接受讀者反應法的文學教學後，可提升其英文學習動機、文學興趣及閱讀能力。至於寫作部分，實驗組的學生使用的字彙量比控制組為多。 本研究結論發現若經過適當設計，文學作品可以做為合適的閱讀教材以提升英語學習動機、激發創造性及批判性思考，甚至培養出終身的文學讀者。 / Abstract This thesis aims to investigate the effects of using literature as supplementary reading material for senior high school students studying English as a foreign language. The study adopts reader response theories, whose critics focus on the reader and the interaction between the reader and the text. An experiment was run for five months on senior high school subjects. Following a pre-test, the experimental group used six literary texts as supplementary reading material and the control group six non-literary ones. After exploring each text, students in the experimental group were assigned to answer reader response questions and those in the control group were asked to answer synthesis /evaluation questions after exploring each text. In addition, a questionnaire was issued to the subjects to investigate whether they liked the texts or not. Oral interviews were also conducted with the subjects to further observe their reactions to each work. After the teaching experiment, a post-test was given to examine the performance differences between the two groups. Throughout the experiment, all class interactions were recorded, then transcribed, and analyzed. The results show that (1) after the experiment, more students in the experimental group liked English than in the control group, (2) literary texts triggerred more interest than non-literary ones, (3) the number of students interested in literature increased after using literary texts as supplementary reading material, and (4) the students given literary texts as supplementary reading material develop better English reading skills and a larger English writing vocabulary than those in the controlled group. In addition, the students in the experimental group were eager to share their ideas about the readings. Key words: reader response, literature instruction, literary text, supplementary reading material.

Supplementary food is less variable than natural food. While feeding from constant food sources tends to be preferred by animals they must sometimes forage from more variable resources. However, the ways in which animals deal with the temporal and spatial variability of more natural food is not entirely understood. I investigated the decisions free-living rufous hummingbirds made when foraging from variable resources, where variability was encountered over time or within a bout via four field experiments. In addition, I investigated their use of wild flowers and differences in the use of supplementary food by these birds in different regions using surveys and by manipulating the distribution of feeders at feeding sites. I investigated the possibility of a genetic explanation for any differences in feeder use between regions using analysis of microsatellite DNA and banding data. Hummingbirds seemed to prefer to make foraging decisions based on past behaviour or post-ingestive feedback rather than on sensory information such as taste, which may be harder to assess accurately. Birds choosing between constant and variable rewards with equal means preferred the constant rewards when variability was high but tended to prefer the variable reward when variability was low. This seems to be a result of hidden time and other costs associated with foraging on highly variable resource but not on less variable ones, combined with potential benefits of information seeking from less variable resources. In addition, these preferences between constant and variable resources were affected by preceding foraging conditions. The number of birds using feeders was affected by population density and air temperature. Microsatellite data showed the rufous hummingbird population to have a fairly panmictic population structure. Investigating influences on foraging decisions at a large scale (population density) and small scale (resource variability) has provided a much wider understanding of their foraging behaviour than either could alone.

The neural correlates of bilateral upper limb movement are poorly understood. It has been proposed that interhemispheric pathways contribute to the modulation of motor cortical excitability during bimanual movements, possibly via direct connections between primary motor areas (M1), or via a central cortical structure, such as the supplementary motor area (SMA). The ability of one hemisphere to facilitate activation in the other presents a unique opportunity for motor rehabilitation programs using bilateral movements. The focus of this thesis was to investigate the mechanisms underlying bimanual movements in a group of healthy control participants using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and subsequently to identify the types of movements that are most likely to maximize M1 activity. It was hypothesized first, that movements involving more proximal muscles, which are known to have a greater number of transcallosal connections, would produce a larger facilitation of M1 activity; and secondly, that the greatest facilitation would occur during those phases of movements where homologous muscles are active simultaneously (i.e. in-phase bilateral movements). The current results demonstrate that the M1 regions and the SMA work together to modulate motor cortical excitability, and that the greatest modulation of activity is seen during movements involving proximal muscles. The findings presented may have clinical relevance to motor rehabilitation programs involving bilateral movements.

The neural correlates of bilateral upper limb movement are poorly understood. It has been proposed that interhemispheric pathways contribute to the modulation of motor cortical excitability during bimanual movements, possibly via direct connections between primary motor areas (M1), or via a central cortical structure, such as the supplementary motor area (SMA). The ability of one hemisphere to facilitate activation in the other presents a unique opportunity for motor rehabilitation programs using bilateral movements. The focus of this thesis was to investigate the mechanisms underlying bimanual movements in a group of healthy control participants using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and subsequently to identify the types of movements that are most likely to maximize M1 activity. It was hypothesized first, that movements involving more proximal muscles, which are known to have a greater number of transcallosal connections, would produce a larger facilitation of M1 activity; and secondly, that the greatest facilitation would occur during those phases of movements where homologous muscles are active simultaneously (i.e. in-phase bilateral movements). The current results demonstrate that the M1 regions and the SMA work together to modulate motor cortical excitability, and that the greatest modulation of activity is seen during movements involving proximal muscles. The findings presented may have clinical relevance to motor rehabilitation programs involving bilateral movements.

Syftet var att beskriva omvårdnaden kring nyfödda barns tillmatning på svenska BB-avdelningar, om föreskrifter följdes och om hänsyn togs till eventuell allergihereditet. Metod: Deskriptiv tvärsnittsstudie med kvantitativ ansats Resultat: Av alla nyfödda barn vid 26 barnkliniker i Sverige vecka 26 år 2009 (n=849) tillmatades 18 % . Moderns bröstmjölk gavs till 16% medan 78 % tillmatades med komjölksbaserad modersmjölksersättning. Den vanligaste orsaken till tillmatning av ersättning var att mammans egen mjölkproduktion inte hade kommit igång (24 %). Andra vanligt förekommande anledningar till tillmatning var lågt blodsocker (18 %) samt sugproblem hos barnen (16 %). Sexton barn tillmatades trots ett blodsockervärde motsvarande >2.2mmol/l. Vad gäller allergiförekomst tillfrågades endast 37 % av barnens föräldrar före tillmatning. Dokumentation om tillmatning fanns noterat i 80 % av barnens journaler. Motsvarande siffra för mammornas journaler var 34 %. Konklusion: Bristfälliga omvårdnadsåtgärder vidtas i samband med tillmatning av nyfödda spädbarn på BB-avdelningar, där allergifrågor ställs i för låg utsträckning. BB-kliniker har varierande referensvärde för vad som räknas som lågt blodsocker. Omvårdnadsbehov för nyfödda barn och deras föräldrar, där förmedlad kunskap om amningens betydelse, tas inte på allvar och oklara riktlinjer skapar förvirring. Föreskrifter och riktlinjer bör följas i större utsträckning an vad denna studie visar.

Thesis (M.S.)--Bowling Green State University, 2008. / Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 66 p. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universiẗat Göttingen, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 263-279) and index.

Orientador: Marcelo de Castro Meneghim / Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T18:00:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SchiavolinNeto_Luiz_M.pdf: 813933 bytes, checksum: 91c13513916ef968b6d32c5537ccc0ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: No Brasil, a assistência odontológica obedece a uma prática predominantemente privada, curativa e socialmente excludente, sendo que a maior parte da população tem acesso limitado ao sistema público. Diante disso, as demandas pelo atendimento odontológico em Convênios e Cooperativas têm crescido significativamente. Neste estudo, faz-se uma análise operacional desses sistemas na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, com a finalidade de entender e conceituar sua dinâmica. Do total de 96 Convênios e 8 Cooperativas existentes na localidade, foram estudados, por meio de aplicação de questionários semi-estruturados, 21% (n=20) dos Convênios e 100% das Cooperativas (n=8). O estudo revelou forte ligação dos cirurgiões-dentistas com os sistemas, apontando os seguintes resultados: (a) as Cooperativas têm mais usuários e mais profissionais credenciados do que os Convênios, com tempo de funcionamento também maior; (b) o número de profissionais especialistas e de especialistas/clínicos-gerais é maior nos Convênios, mas as Cooperativas oferecem maior número de especialidades; (c) os critérios predominantes para credenciamento em Convênios e Cooperativas são o aumento do número de usuários e a necessidade de novas especialidades; (d) o principal motivo para a rescisão de contrato do profissional é o descumprimento das normas internas; (e) 75% dos reembolsos nos Convênios é feito após a conclusão do trabalho; (f) nos Convênios os usuários têm acesso ao atendimento em sede própria e locais credenciados e nas Cooperativas somente em locais credenciados; (g) menos da metade dos Convênios e Cooperativas realiza fiscalização nos consultórios; (h) as especialidades odontológicas oferecidas por todos os Convênios e Cooperativas são: dentística, odontopediatria, prevenção, periodontia e endodontia; (i) procedimentos mais realizados nos dois sistemas: dentística e periodontia; (j) procedimentos menos realizados: implantes, semiologia e cirurgia buco-maxilo facial. Conclui-se que o sistema operacional das Cooperativas favorece mais o cirurgião dentista do que os Convênios odontológicos, facilitando o acesso ao sistema e melhor participação nos resultados / Abstract: In Brazil, the odontological assistance obeys one practical predominantly private, curative and socially exculpatory one, being that most of the population has access limited to the public system. Ahead of this, the demands for the odontological attendance in Accords and Cooperatives have grown significantly. In this study, an operational analysis of these systems in the Region becomes Metropolitan of São Paulo, with the purpose to understand and to appraise its dynamics. Of the total of 96 Accords and 8 existing Cooperatives in the locality, they had been studied, by means of application of half-structuralized questionnaires, 21% (n=20) of Accords and 100% of the Cooperatives (n=8). The study it disclosed to fort linking of the surgeon-dentists with the systems, pointing the following results: (a) the Cooperatives have credential using and more professional more that the Accords, with time of also bigger functioning; (b) the number of professional specialists and specialist/generalities is bigger in the Accords, but the Cooperatives offer to greater number of specialties; (c) the predominant criteria for accredit in Accords and Cooperatives are the increase of the number of users and the necessity of new specialties; (d) the main reason for the contract rescission is the unaccomplished of the internal norms; (e) 75% of the reimbursements in the Accords is after made the ending of the work; (f) in the Accords the users only have credential access to the attendance in proper headquarters and places and the Cooperatives in credential places; (g) less of the half of the Accords and Cooperatives carries through to examine in the doctor's offices; (h) the odontological specialties offered by all the Accords and Cooperatives are: dentist, pediatric odontology, prevention, periodontal and endodontical; (i) carried through procedures more in the two systems: dentist and periodontal; (j) carried through procedures less: implantations, semiology and face odontological chirurgic. One concludes that the operational system of the Cooperatives is better for the surgeon - dentist / Mestrado / Saude Coletiva / Mestre Profissional em Odontologia

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