The MA thesis focuses upon the meaning of weak obligation expressed by the modal verbs should, shall and be supposed to and their translation counterparts. The aim of the thesis is to describe the range of translation counterparts of the verbs should, shall and be supposed to and to specify the differences between these verbs in this particular use of weak obligation. The present thesis applies the method of bidirectional corpus-supported approach (Malá, 2013) which helps to determine the differences in meaning between the respective verbs. The most typical Czech counterpart, the verb mít, is further analysed according to its English correspondences. With the help of both directions, the differences in meaning of should, shall and be supposed to are defined. The empirical part of the MA thesis is based on the sample of 250 examples, comprising 50 examples of each modal verb as well as 100 examples of their typical Czech counterpart, the verb mít. The examples are drawn from the Parallel corpora InterCorp. Keywords: modality, weak obligation, should, shall, be supposed to

This graduation theses is focused on attitudes of people to tissues and organs transplantations. It is composed of two parts, the first one is theoretical, the other practical. The theoretical part is engaged in the topic of transplantation. It shortly and concisely describes the transplantation from the medical standpoint, then further the general history of transplantations. It mainly focuses on the transplantations from the standpoint of our actual legislation, especially of the Transplantation Act. It also concisely introduces the transplantation legislative in selected countries as well as the transplantations from the standpoint of ethics. In the practical part I used the method of the quantitative research, performed with the help of questionnaires. The data were collected through an anonymous questionnaire. The aim of my work was to show the public awareness of the transplantations and attitudes of people towards the given topic. My research encompasses a description of methodology, an examined sample, outcomes and a discussion about the outcomes. The questionnaire was determined to the Czech citizens of various ages and types of education. Only the lower limit was cut down to the age of eighteen years. Respondents were partly enlisted by the direct questioning, according to their will to cooperate and some of them were enlisted for a consideration of their individual interest through the server vyplnto.cz. The final research sample was made by 526 respondents. There was a preliminary research made with 10 respondents before the actual research to find out if the questions were intelligible. There were two hypotheses set in terms of the research. The first hypotheses claims that the citizens agree to donation of their tissues and organs for their relatives. If I took into account only one particular question investigating the possible agreement to donating tissues or organs for a relative to save her/his life, I couldn´t reject this hypotheses, because the majority of respondents claimed they would donate a tissue or an organ, but this hypotheses was statistically tested through the test of good consensus. This test considers more questions related to a hypotheses. After this test I came to a conclusion that this hypotheses could be rejected, so it is not true that people agree to their donation of tissues and organs to their close persons. The other hypotheses claims that people do not know the principle of presumption of agreement or supposed agreement related to the post-mortem organs and tissues removals. The results of this work show the incomplete knowledge of the Czech citizens related to the topic of transplantations. It is mainly illustrated by the fact that more than one half of respondents never heard about our Transplantation Act and almost 80 % of people think that the public is not well informed. Almost one half of respondents never heard about the principle of supposed agreement, nevertheless the most of them agree to the fact that their organs and tissues should be used for transplantations in case of their sudden death. The results of my graduation hypotheses show the need of better education related to the transplantations. The education should come in various ways. As the most effective I consider the education through the media, furthermore the education in form of leaflets, information brochures and advertisement spots. There should be paper brochures available in medical institutions and seminars and trainings organized for general public. If the age should be taken into account, it would be the best to start the education in the secondary schools.

This is an explication of Lacan’s Seminar XVII. The introduction situates the Seminar in its time and in relation to other theories of discourse. In part one I examine the changes which it brings to a variety of ideas already known in Lacan’s oeuvre such as Jouissance, Master Signifier(s) and Oedipus. Part two looks the four discourses in detail after considering the positions common to each. I provide accounts of each discourse as taking place internally to a subject and between subjects. The coda examines areas where further research is possible, reviews and critiques some scholarship on this seminar and inquires into the use value of the discourse theory, both generally and as a means of getting beyond Lacan.