A partir des équations gouvernant le champ de vitesse, on peut non seulement s'attendre à un vent (fortement) non-gaussien, mais aussi à un vent présentant un comportement scalant. Par ‘scalant' ou invariant d'échelle, nous faisons référence à un comportement statistique auto-similaire particulier; les cascades de tourbillons. Les multifractales stochastiques (avec des singularités et des co-dimensions multiples) reproduisent facilement le comportement scalant et les distributions de probabilités à queues épaisses omniprésentes dans le vent et dont la quantification est essentielle pour la communauté. Les quelques paramètres qui définissent ces modèles peuvent être déduits soit de considérations théoriques, soit de l'analyse statistique de données. Nous avons constaté que les approximations de flux basées sur le module du cisaillement du vent donnent des moments statistiques non-scalants et donc des estimations faussées des paramètres multifractals. La méthode DSF n'exige pas cette approximation et garantit un comportement scalant sur une certaine gamme d'échelles. Nous n'avons trouvé aucune estimation véritablement stable d'alpha en utilisant des méthodes standards. Ceci n'arrive plus quand nous optimisons localement (par la différenciation fractionnaire) le comportement scalant du DTM. Nous obtenons alors des estimations très stables de l'indice de multifractalité qui sont en outre en accord (alpha ≤ 2) avec des résultats publiés. Au contraire, les deux autres paramètres (C1 et H) deviennent des fonctions non-linéaires de l'ordre q des moments statistiques. Ces résultats suggèrent que le modèle UM isotrope ne peut être utilisé pour reproduire le cisaillement de vent dans la couche de surface atmosphérique. Lesdites hypothèses sont examinées en utilisant un repère tournant pour analyser l'anisotropie de la vitesse horizontale dans la couche de surface atmosphérique. Cela permet de quantifier la dépendance angulaire de l'exposant de Hurst. Les valeurs de cet exposant restent tout de même conformes aux résultats précédemment publiés. Pour des échelles de temps supérieures à quelques secondes, les deux jeux de données présentent une anisotropie scalante forte, qui décroît avec l'altitude. Nous mettons en évidence une expression analytique de la variation angulaire de l'exposant de Hurst, reposant sur les corrélations entre les composantes horizontales. Ceci pilote la formation des extrêmes du cisaillement, y compris dans le sillage d'une éolienne. Les cisaillements turbulents du vent sont si extrêmes que leur loi de probabilité est une loi de puissance. L'exposant correspondant (qD) est similaire pour les deux sites à une hauteur de 50m (4 ≤ qD ≤ 5), malgré des conditions orographiques très différentes. Nous discutons aussi de ses conséquences en analysant la stabilité de la couche limite atmosphérique et proposons une nouvelle méthode pour sa classification. Enfin, nous démontrons analytiquement que l'anisotropie augmente la probabilité des extrêmes. Ce résultat met en lumière un des nombreux mécanismes de turbulence possibles dans la couche de surface qui peut apparemment surproduire les cisaillements extrêmes du vent, s'ils sont étudiés dans le cadre des UM isotropes. Nous en analysons théoriquement les conséquences sur les estimations des paramètres multifractales par la méthode DTM. Les résultats analytiques obtenus sont en parfait accord avec les observations empiriques. Nous discutons alors de la prise en compte de toutes ces considérations pour faire des simulations multifractales des champs du vent dans la couche limite atmosphérique / From the governing equations of the velocity field, one can not only expect a (highly) non-Gaussian wind but also one that is scaling. By ‘scaling' we mean a given statistical self-similarity; a turbulent cascade of eddies. Stochastic multifractals (with multiple singularities and co-dimensions) easily reproduce the scaling, heavy-tailed probabilities ubiquitous with the wind and essential to quantify for the wind energy community. The few parameters that define these models can be derived either from theoretical considerations or from statistical data analysis. It is sometimes possible to determine the statistics of the velocity shears with the universal multifractal (UM) parameters: alpha - the index of multifractality (0 ≤ alpha ≤ 2), C1 - the co-dimension of the mean intermittency (C1 ≥ 0) and H - the degree of non-conservation - the linear part of the scaling exponents. The latter of the three parameters is often called the Hurst exponent. We inter-compare the results from the rather standard method of empirical estimation of the UM parameters, the Double Trace Moment (DTM) method, with that of the Double Structure Function (DSF), a newly developed method. We found that flux proxies based on the modulus of the wind velocity shears yield non-scaling statistical moments and therefore spurious multifractal parameter estimates. DSF does not require this proxy approximation thus providing the scaling of the structure-function to an extent. We found no truly stable estimate of alpha using standard methods. This no longer occurs when we locally optimise (by fractionally differentiating) the DTM scaling behaviour. We then obtain very stable estimates of the multifractality index that are furthermore consistent (alpha ≤ 2) with other literature. On the contrary, the two other parameters (C1 and H) become non-linear functions of the order q of the statistical moments. These results suggest that the isotropic UM model cannot be used to reproduce the velocity shears in the atmospheric surface-layer. To investigate the above hypothesis we use a rotated frame of reference to analyse the anisotropy of the horizontal velocity in the atmospheric surface-layer. This enables us to quantify the angular dependency of a Hurst exponent. Despite being anisotropic the Hurst exponent is consistent with other surface-layer literature. For time-scales above a few seconds, both data exhibit a strong, scaling anisotropy that decreases with height. We put forward an analytical expression for the angular variation of the Hurst exponent based on the correlation of the horizontal components. It determines the generation of wind shear extremes, including those in the wake of a turbine. We find that the turbulent wind shears are so extreme that their probability distributions follow a power law. The corresponding exponent (qD) is rather the same in both sites at 50m heights (4 ≤ qD ≤ 5), in spite of very different orographic conditions. We also discuss its consequences when analysing the stability of the atmospheric boundary-layer and propose a new method for its classification. Finally, we analytically demonstrate that anisotropy increases the extremes probability. This finding reveals one of the many possible turbulence mechanisms in the atmospheric surface-layer that may seemingly over-generate wind shear extremes if they are studied in an isotropic UM framework. We theoretically analyse the consequences of this on the UM estimates for the DTM method. The obtained analytical results fully support empirical findings. We then discuss how to take into account all of these considerations when simulating multifractal fields of the wind in the atmospheric boundary-layer. The overall results of this dissertation go beyond wind energy, they open up new perspectives for the theoretical predictions of extremes in the general case of strongly correlated data

This thesis deals with study of surface layers of low-carbon steels formed by chemical-heat treatment. The first three chapters consist of theoretical part of the thesis, there are explained basic physical principles of these technologies and described individual types, the third chapter deals with the application of chemical-heat treated low-carbon steels in mechanical engineering. The experimental part of thesis deals with analysis of surface layers of two low-carbon steels formed using plasma nitrocarburizing and gas nitrocarburizing. The properties of these layers are evaluated based on the results of mechanical tests (hardness tests) and observation of microstructure. The thesis is completed by discussion, where the achieved results are evaluated.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Background: Non-cavitated caries lesions form due to acid diffusion and demineralization of enamel subsurface with an intact surface layer (SL). Caries lesions progress when the outcome of demineralization and remineralization processes over time is net mineral loss. Lesions that continue to demineralize are called active, while those that display no evidence of further demineralization are called inactive. Micro-computed-tomography (µCT) analysis provides objective non-destructive measurements of the thickness of the surface layer (SL) and severity of caries lesions. Aims: 1) To investigate if visual/tactile suspected active non-cavitated early white spot lesions present a thinner surface layer than inactive ones; 2) To investigate if there is an association between the thickness of the surface layer (SLT) and caries activity, as determined by QLF during dehydration (△QD); 3) To determine lesion severity by comparing lesion volume and maximum depth correlation with △Q value at 15 s from QLF during dehydration. Materials and Methods: Thirty extracted human premolars exhibiting non-cavitated approximal white spot early lesions stored in 0.1.-percent thymol/4C and treated with 5.0-percent NaOCl/30 min were included in the study. Fifteen active and 15 inactive lesions were determined by visual/tactile examinations by consensus of two experienced examiners. Roughness measurements (Ra) were acquired using non-contact optical profilometry. Two-dimensional minimum (2D-min), maximum (2D-max), average (2D-avg) SL and three-dimensional (3D) analyses, volume and depth of lesions were determined from µCT image analysis. A series of fluorescence images were acquired at baseline (hydrated), at 1 s, at 5 s, at 10 s and at 15 s by QLF. During image acquisition, surfaces were dehydrated with continuous-compressed-air. △Q and △Q/s (△QD) were calculated. Data were analyzed using two-sample t-tests and Pearson correlation coefficients (p < 0.05). Results: Surface roughness of active and inactive lesions was not significantly different (p > 0.08). Overall lesion volume and depth in dentin were significantly larger in active lesions (p = 0.022, p = 0.009). SL thickness of active and inactive lesions was not significantly different (2D = 0.121, 3D = 0.080, 2D-avg = 0.446, 2D-min = 0.197, 2D-max = 0.122). △QD at 1s was significantly larger for active lesions (p = 0.046). ΔQ at 15 s of dehydration had a moderate positive association with lesion volume (r = 0.56). △QD had a weak negative association with SL thickness (2D-avg) and (2D-min). Conclusions: 1) Active and inactive non-cavitated lesions show no difference in SL thickness; 2) QLF during dehydration (△QD) does not correlate well with SL thickness; 3) ΔQ at 15 s of dehydration correlates moderately well with lesion volume and is consistent with caries activity assessed by visual/tactile examination.

The work deals with the possibilities of lightening of the flooring system. Flooring system is solved by lightening the material. The surface layer is modified by lightweight fillers made from the waste materials, lightweight waste materials and fillers made from natural substances. Simultaneously is this work dealing with options of lightening the surface layer by microspheric fillers of separated waste fly ash.

Als &amp;quot;surface-layer&amp;quot; (S-Layer, SL) bezeichnet man die regelmäßig strukturierten Hüllproteinlagen auf der Oberfläche von etwa 80 % aller bisher bekannten Bakterienspezies. Sie entstehen durch Selbstassemblierung von identischen Proteinuntereinheiten, die wiederum zumeist durch nichtkovalente Wechselwirkungen mit der darunterliegenden Zellwandkomponente verknüpft sind. Trotz ihrer Diversität auf der Ebene der Primärstruktur weisen S-Layer verschiedener Bakterienarten einheitliche physikochemische Merkmale auf. Dazu zählt u.a. die Wiedereinnahme einer hochgradig strukturierten, porösen Proteinschicht nach reversibler Denaturierung. Infolge der Reassemblierung entstehen sowohl in Lösung als auch an Phasengrenzen Proteinassemblate, deren Porenanordnungen die gleiche regelmäßige Symmetrie aufweisen, wie die nativen Hüllproteine auf der Bakterienzelle. Das in seiner Domänenstruktur aufgeklärte Hüllprotein SbsC des mesophilen Bakterienstammes Geobacillus (G.) stearothermophilus ATCC 12980 zeichnet sich durch eine ausgezeichnete Synthetisierbarkeit in E. coli aus. C-terminale Fusionen, die im Falle des verstärkt grün fluoreszierenden Proteins (EGFP) bis zu 240 Aminosäuren umfassen, führten nicht zu einem Verlust der Selbstassemblierung. Darüber hinaus zeigen in vitro gebildete SbsC-Assemblate eine außergewöhnliche Stabilität gegenüber hohen Ethanolkonzentrationen. Die durch gerichtete Mutagenese erzeugten SbsC-Fusionsproteine SbsC(aa 31-1099)-HspA und SbsC(aa 31-1099)-12His besitzen in assemblierter Form im Vergleich mit dem unmodifizierten Protein eine bis zu zweimal höhere Bindungsaffinität gegenüber Platinionen. In denaturierter Form waren beide Fusionsproteine in der Lage, Nickelionen zu komplexieren. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde erstmals ein SL-Protein in einem eukaryontischen Mikroorganismus produziert. Das in der Hefe S. cerevisiae gebildete Fusionsprotein SbsC(aa 31-1099)-EGFP assembliert dabei im Cytosol der Wirtszellen zu röhrenförmigen Assemblaten mit regelmäßiger Symmetrie. Das bisher unbekannte SL-Protein des Stammes G. stearothermophilus DSM 13240 wurde erfolgreich heterolog in E. coli exprimiert. Die Vorläuferform besitzt im Vergleich zum maturen Protein ein 31 aa umfassendes Sekretionssignal am extremen N-Terminus. Sowohl das authentische Protein als auch das heterolog in E. coli exprimierte Vorläuferprotein zeigen eine dem SbsC-Protein vergleichbare Reassemblierungscharakteristik. Im Gegensatz dazu führte die Verkürzung der N-terminalen 30 Aminosäuren des als S13240 bezeichneten Hüllproteins im heterologen System zu einem irreversiblen Verlust der Fähigkeit zur Selbstassemblierung.

S-layer proteins of S. ureae ATCC 13881 form on the cell surface an S-layer lattice with p4 square type symmetry and a period of about 13.5 nm. These lattices were shown to be the excellent nanotemplates for deposition of regular metal clusters. The synthesis of the S. ureae S-layer protein is highly efficient, the protein accounts for approximately 10-15 % of the total cell protein content, judged by the SDS-PAGE results. Besides, the S-layer protein production is tightly regulated, since only negligible amounts of S-layer proteins are observed in the medium at different cell growth phases. At the same time, mechanisms of the regulation of S-layer protein synthesis are poorly understood. As several hundreds of S-layer proteins are produced per second during the cell growth, the S-layer gene promoters are among the strongest prokaryotic promoters at all. However, little is known about factors regulating the expression of S-layer genes, furthermore, no experimental identification of other upstream regulatory sequences except for -35/-10 and RBS sequences was presented to our knowledge to date. A sequence of the S-layer gene of S. ureae ATCC 13881, encoding the previously described S-layer protein, was identified in this work by combination of different approaches. The largest part of the gene, excluding its upstream regulatory and ORF 5’ regions, was isolated from a genomic library by hybridization. The sequence of the isolated fragment proved to contain additionally an 1.9 kb non-coding region and an incomplete 0.8 kb ORF region in its 3’-part. No RBS sequence and apparent promoter regions could be identified in front of the latter sequence, suggesting that it might represent a pseudogene sequence. The sequences of the 5’ and upstream regions of the S. ureae ATCC 13881 S-layer gene were identified by combination of PCR-sequencing and chromosome walking. Totally, a sequence of the 6.4 kb long region of S. ureae genomic DNA was established. The sequence of the S. ureae S-layer protein was deduced from the respective gene sequence and agreed with the peptide sequences, obtained after N-terminal sequencing of tryptic peptides of the S. ureae ATCC 13881 S-layer protein. For the protein the name SslA was proposed, which is an abbreviation for “Sporosarcina ureae S-layer protein A”. Several specific features were observed in gene organisation of sslA, which are also characteristic for other S-layer genes. The distance between the -35/-10 region and the ATG initiation codon is unusually long and a 41 bp palindromic sequence is present in the immediate vicinity of the -35/-10 region. Besides, a distant location of the rho-independent transcription terminator, which is 647 bp remote from the stop codon, will result in the mRNA transcripts with unusually long trailer region. Both the long 5’ UTR and the long 3’ trailer may have a regulatory function, either by conferring increased mRNA stability and/or by affecting translation efficiency. Potentially these sequences may define the binding sites of regulatory proteins. For example, palindromic sequences constitute the regulatory sites in several bacterial operons and may act as the binding sites of regulatory dimeric proteins. In respect to the conservation of the sslA sequence high similarity to the sequences of other functional S-layer genes, especially the slfA and slfB genes of B. sphaericus, was observed, whereas the results of phylogenetic analysis support the hypothesis that S-layer genes may have evolved via the lateral gene transfer. Based on the sslA sequence, several recombinant proteins with truncations of the terminal protein parts or C-terminal fusion of either EGFP or histidine tags were constructed. For all the truncated or EGFP-fusion SslA derivatives high level overexpression in E. coli was possible. For native SslA a moderate level of expression was observed suggesting that its high intracellular concentration may downregulate the protein synthesis. Interestingly, fluorescence microscopy indicates the same intracellular localization for heterologously produced recombinant proteins with fusions of EGFP either to the precursor or to the native SslA protein, suggesting that SslA secretion signal is not functional in E. coli. Heterologously produced SslA derivatives with truncations of N-, C- or both N- and C-terminal parts were shown to self- assemble in vitro, although the size of self-assembly structures was different from that observed upon the self-assembly of the native SslA. In the latter case extended self-assembly layers with the size up to 5x10 µm were observed, with a surface area of up to two orders of magnitude higher than that of S-layer patches, routinely isolated from S. ureae surface. Dependent on the applied recrystallization conditions preferential formation of single- or multilayer self-assembly structures was observed.

Diploma thesis deals with study of properties of cementious composites with fiber reinforcement from glass and basalt inorganic fibers. Diploma thesis includes a theoretical and experimental part. The theoretical part deals with information about glass and basalt fibers, their durability and usage. In the experimental part we monitored properfies of cement composites with basalt and glass fibers. Fibers were exposed to an aggressive environment. The properties of composites with reference fibers were compared with composites with fibers affacted by the aggressive environment. The properties of composites were examined after 28 and 90 days. We monitored compresive strenght, bending tensile strenght, tensile strenght, surface layer strenght and SEM.

Doctoral thesis in detail and comprehensively deals with mechanic of incipient bedload motion for gravel-bed rivers. This study based on theoretical knowledge, experimental researches, numerical models and field survey extends present knowledge concerning with incipient bedload motion and sediment transport at small relative height and hydraulically rough surface bed for turbulent unaerated free surface flow. Incipient bedload motion and sediment transport have been determined for homogeneous and inhomogeneous bed materials. For homogeneous bed material the velocity profiles have been described by different methods in near the bed. Further, hydraulic flow resistance has been evaluated. In the case of inhomogeneous bed material, static armouring and influence of surface layer sorting on hydraulic roughness have been investigated. The correctness of obtained knowledge has been confirmed on the object of nature-inspired river widening. Results shown, among others, that incipient bedload motion does not depend on relative height or final armouring of surface layer to what extend hydraulic roughness is influenced.

In the present dissertation the formation of microstructure, the kinetics of densification and the formation of surface layers developing during liquid phase sintering of silicon carbide are studied. The focus is on the additive systems Al2O3 plus Y2O3 and AlN plus Y2O3. Phase and especially liquid phase formation in both of the systems SiC, Al2O3 , Y2O3 and AlN, Al2O3 , Y2O3 are investigated in detail examining 12 espectively 17 different compositions per system. Melting temperatures have been determined by TG/DTA, in both systems for the first time. Phase composition of samples was analysed by the combination of XRD, SEM and EDX. In the system SiC, Al2O3 , Y2O3 the formation of the phases expected from the quasibinary Al2O3 , Y2O3 could be observed thus silicon carbide has to be in equilibrium with the oxide additives. The low solubility of SiC in the oxide melt, which was suggested by Hoffmann and Nader, could be confirmed. In the system AlN, Al2O3 , Y2O3 the formation of phases as stated by Medraj was confirmed, except for the dimension of the stability region of the γ- spinel and YAG which is wider in the present work. For the first time diffusion coefficients of the species Y3+ and Al3+ in the oxide melt formed by Al2O3 and Y2O3 at temperatures above 1825 ◦ C were determined. The values are in the order of 2 · 10−6 cm2 /s which results in a diffusion length of 14.1 μm for a diffusion time of one second. This allows the fast equilibration of Y and Al deficiencies. Kinetics of densification was modeled by kinetic field, master curve and thermokinetic method, based on detailed experimental investigation of the shrinkage during liquid phase sintering of SiC. It could be proved that the first 30 − 40 % of densification are controlled by solid phase reactions which accelerate particle rearrangement without presence of a liquid phase. During the remaining 60 − 70 % of densification a liquid is present, resulting in the predominance of mechanisms of liquid phase sintering. The models deliver activation energies in the range from 608 KJ/mol to 1668 kJ/mol and allow, within the scope of validity of each method the prediction of densification during liquid phase sintering of silicon carbide. When sintering silicon carbide with Al2O3 plus Y2O3 the formation of several surface layers, depending on atmosphere, maximum temperature, dwelling time and amount and composition of additives was observed. In nitrogen atmosphere with low partial pressures a surface layer consisting of AlN is forming whilst at high partial pressures SiAlON- polytypes occur. After sintering in Argon or Ar-CO- atmosphere three main types of surface layers are present. One consists of alumina, one contains only YAG and one shows highly porous, additive depleted regions. An explanation for the formation of the several surface layers could be given by the combination of the determined diffusion coefficients with the results achieved in the thermodynamics part. The results achieved in this work can be a contribution to the knowledge based design of the production process of liquid phase sintering of silicon carbide.

No description available.