O trabalho apresenta inicialmente os conceitos clássicos de rolamento (sem escorregamento e sem pivotamento) de uma superfície sobre outra usando os triedros de Darboux das duas superfícies ao longo das respectivas curvas de contato. Mostra, ainda, a equivalência desses conceitos com outras definições. A seguir, estuda-se a controlabilidade no problema do rolamento de uma esfera sobre uma superfície S de revolução, tanto no caso de rolar sem escorregar como no caso de não escorregar e não pivotar; a controlabilidade visa determinar a atingibilidade entre dois 'estados' da esfera (posição em S e orientação), isto é, de elementos do espaço das configurações S×SO(3). Na seqüência, estabelecem-se condições nos controles para que os rolamentos sem escorregamento e sem pivotamento ocorram sobre geodésicas de S e obtém-se, também, a controlabilidade nesta situação. Finalmente, verifica-se que, quando S é um plano, 3 ou 4 rolamentos retilíneos, sem escorregamento e sem pivotamento, são suficientes para garantir a atingibilidade entre dois “estados" da esfera. / This work starts by presenting the classical concepts of rolling (without slipping and without slipping or twisting) of a surface over another one, using the Darboux referential frames of the two surfaces along their contact curves. It shows the equivalence between these concepts with other definitions. In the sequel one studies the controllability in the rolling problem of a ball over a surface of revolution S, including both: the non slipping and the non slipping or twisting cases; controllability aims to determine the reachability between two 'states'of the ball (position on S and orientation), that is, two elements of the configuration space S × SO(3). It follows by establishing conditions on controls in order that the rollings occur along geodesics of S and by studying the controllability in this situation. Finally, it is shown that if S is the plane, 3 or 4 retilinear moves without slipping or twisting are enough to guarantee reachability between two states of the ball.

O trabalho apresenta inicialmente os conceitos clássicos de rolamento (sem escorregamento e sem pivotamento) de uma superfície sobre outra usando os triedros de Darboux das duas superfícies ao longo das respectivas curvas de contato. Mostra, ainda, a equivalência desses conceitos com outras definições. A seguir, estuda-se a controlabilidade no problema do rolamento de uma esfera sobre uma superfície S de revolução, tanto no caso de rolar sem escorregar como no caso de não escorregar e não pivotar; a controlabilidade visa determinar a atingibilidade entre dois 'estados' da esfera (posição em S e orientação), isto é, de elementos do espaço das configurações S×SO(3). Na seqüência, estabelecem-se condições nos controles para que os rolamentos sem escorregamento e sem pivotamento ocorram sobre geodésicas de S e obtém-se, também, a controlabilidade nesta situação. Finalmente, verifica-se que, quando S é um plano, 3 ou 4 rolamentos retilíneos, sem escorregamento e sem pivotamento, são suficientes para garantir a atingibilidade entre dois “estados” da esfera. / This work starts by presenting the classical concepts of rolling (without slipping and without slipping or twisting) of a surface over another one, using the Darboux referential frames of the two surfaces along their contact curves. It shows the equivalence between these concepts with other definitions. In the sequel one studies the controllability in the rolling problem of a ball over a surface of revolution S, including both: the non slipping and the non slipping or twisting cases; controllability aims to determine the reachability between two 'states'of the ball (position on S and orientation), that is, two elements of the configuration space S × SO(3). It follows by establishing conditions on controls in order that the rollings occur along geodesics of S and by studying the controllability in this situation. Finally, it is shown that if S is the plane, 3 or 4 retilinear moves without slipping or twisting are enough to guarantee reachability between two states of the ball.

Στην παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή μελετάμε τρία Προβλήματα που αναφέρονται στην Ψευδο-Ευκλείδεια Γεωμετρία. Στα δύο πρώτα Κεφάλαια, Κεφάλαιο 1 και Κεφάλαιο 2 αναφέρουμε γνωστά αποτελέσματα και περιγράφουμε βασικές έννοιες της Ρημάννιας και Ψευδό - Ρημάννιας Γεωμετρίας. Στο Κεφάλαιο 3 μελετάμε επιφάνειες εκ περιστροφής στον τρισδιάστατο Lorentz - Minkowski χώρο ικανοποιώντας δοσμένη γεωμετρική συνθήκη. Στο Κεφάλαιο 4 βρίσκουμε όλες τις κανονικές μορφές του τελεστή σχήματος των τρισδιάστατων υπερεπιφανειών τύπου (-, +, -) του τετρασδιάστατου Ψευδο - Ευκλείδειου χώρου τύπου (-, +, -, +). Τέλος, στο Κεφάλαιο 5 μελετάμε τη σχέση που υπάρχει μεταξύ των διαρμονικών και ελαχιστικών υπερεπιφανειών που αναφέρθηκαν στο Κεφάλαιο 4, χρησιμοποιώντας τον τελεστή σχήματός τους. Ειδικότερα, αποδεικνύουμε ότι κάθε τέτοια διαρμονική υπερεπιφάνεια είναι ελαχιστική. / In the present PH.D. thesis we study three problems referred in the pseudo-Euclidean geometry. In the first two chapters, Chapter 1 and Chapter 2, we review known results and describe the basic notions of the Riemannian and Pseudo-Riemannian geometry. In Chapter 3, we study surfaces of revolution of the three dimensional Lorentz-Minkowski space satisfying given geometric condition. In Chapter 4, we find all the canonical forms of the shape operator of the three dimensional hypersurfaces of signature (-, +, -) of the four dimensional pseudo-Euclidean space of signature (-, +, -, +). Finally, in Chapter 5, we study the relation which exists between the biharmonic and minimal hypersurfaces referred in Chapter 4, by using their shape operator. Precisely, we prove that every such biharmonic hypersurface is minimal.

The main goal of my diploma work on the topic "The Riemann integral and its applications" is to create an overview that describes the individual use of the Riemann integral. The first three chapters deal with the history, the definition of the Riemann integral and with the calculation of integration. There is the overview of the individual use in the fourth chapter (area plane region, length plane curve, volume solid of revolution and area lateral surface solid of revolution) that is accompanied by solved examples, the examples are accompanied by graphical representation for a better idea. In the fifth chapter there is a collection of unsolved examples, for practising of the individual use. The collection is complemented by results for the reader to check the accuracy of calculation.