<p>Intraoperativna kontaminacija autokalema tokom rekonstrukcije prednjeg ukr&scaron;tenog ligamenta je i dalje tema koja je predmet stalne debate među ortpedskim hirurzima, a koja se preteţno odnosi na potrebu i način njenog tretmana. Ona nastaje kao posledica naseljavanja uzročnika kontaminacije iz vazduha, sa koţe i sluznica kako pacijenata tako i osoblja, kao i preko nesterilisanih ili nedovoljno sterilisanih instrumenata. Patogeni koji je izazivaju su identični uzročnicima koji izazivaju septični arthritis, pa se smatra jednim od faktora rizika za njegov nastanak. Septični arthritis predstavlja najče&scaron;ću komplikaciju u artroskopskoj hirurgiji uop&scaron;te, a njegove posledice mogu bitno uticati na funkcionalni i mentalni status pacijenata. Zbog toga se smatra da je tretman intraoperativne kontaminacije autokalema tokom rekonstrukcije prednjeg ukr&scaron;tenog ligamenta kolena mandatoran. Najče&scaron;će primenjivani agensi u tretmanu intraoperativne kontaminacije alokalema predstavljaju različite vrste antiseptičnih i antibiotskih solucija. I pored toga &scaron;to intraoperativna irigacija fiziolo&scaron;kim rastvorom predstavlja jednu od najče&scaron;če primenjivanih procedura tokom hirur&scaron;kih operacija, u savremenoj literaturi je objavljen mali broj radova na temu primene ove procedure u tretmanu intraoperativne kontamninacije. Cilj ove studije je bio da pokaţe da se dekontaminacija autoklema tokom rekonstrukcije prednjeg ukr&scaron;tenog ligamenta kolena moţe uspe&scaron;no tretirati intraoperativnom mehaničkom irigacijom čistim fiziolo&scaron;kim rastvorom, kao i da odredi koja je količina fiziolo&scaron;kog rastvora dovoljna da izvr&scaron;i potpunu dekontaminaciju autokalema. Jedan od ciljeva se odnosio na utvrđivanje uticaja faktora okruţenja na pojavu intraoperativne kontaminacije. Studija se sastojala iz dva dela- eksperimentalnog i kliničkog. Eksperimentalni deo studije je bio sproveden na Odeljenju za kliničku bakteriologiju Centra za mikrobiologiju Instituta za javno zdravlje Vojvodine i sastojao se iz pravljenja eksperimentalnog modela koji je imao za cilj da u in vitro uslovima obezbedi iste ili pribliţno iste uslove kao i operacionoj sali. On se sastojao od pedeset ispreparisanih i sterilisanih svinjskih tetiva dubokih pregibača prstiju koje su po svojim dimenzijama pribliţno odgovarale humanom prednjem ukr&scaron;tenom ligamentu kolena. Tetive su potom bile kontaminirane unapred određenom koncetracijom najče&scaron;ćeg uzročnika kontaminacije, a to je koagulaza negativan stafilokok ( ATCC 12228 Staphylococcus epidermidis). One su se potom mehanički ispirale sa 500 ml, 1000 ml, i 1500 ml fiziolo&scaron;kog rastvora, a nakon svakog ispiranja uzimao se bris. Brisevi su nakon toga bili zasejavani na krvni agar, a nakon 24h inkubacije su očitavane vrednosti brojanjem kolonija uzročnika. Rezultati eksperimentalnog dela pokazuju da je količina od 1500 ml fiziolo&scaron;kog rastvora dovoljna da izazove potpunu dekontaminaciju tetive. Rezultati eksperimentalnog dela su potom bili primenjivani u kliničkom delu studije koji je obuhvatao 200 ispitanika starosne dobi između 15-50 godina i koje je je bilo sprovedeno na Klinici za ortopedsku hirurgiju i traumatologiju Kliničkog centra Vojvodine. Kontrolnu grupu su činili onih 100 pacijenata kod kojih je mehaničko intraoperativno ispiranje autokalema neposredno pred njegovu implantaciju vr&scaron;eno pomoću 500 ml fiziolo&scaron;kog rastvora, a ispitivanu grupu su činili drugih sto pacijenata kod kojih je isto to ispiranje izvr&scaron;eno sa 1500 ml fiziolo&scaron;kog rastvora. Rezultati kliničkog dela studije jasno ukazuju da je količina od 1500 ml fiziolo&scaron;kog rastvora kojim se vr&scaron;i intraoperativna mehanička irigacija dovoljna da izvr&scaron;i potpunu dekonaminaciju autokalema kao i da stepen kontaminacije autokalema raste sa povećanjem vremena koje kalem provodi na vazduhu tokom obrade, &scaron;to je u direktnoj vezi sa vremenskim trajanjem operacije i vrstom kalema koji se koristi za rekonstrukciju. Rezultati pokazuju da je rizik za nastanak kontaminacije autokalema u direktnoj vezi sa faktorima okruţenja, odnosno da se porastom broja ljudi u operacionoj sali, kao i redosledom operativnih procedura u toku jednog operativnog dana u smislu da operacije koje počinju kasnije na operativnom programu, povećava i procenat kontaminacije. Intraoperativna mehanička irigacija kontaminiranog autokalema se pokazala kao metoda koja se uspe&scaron;no moţe koristiti u intaoperativnoj dekontaminaciji autokalema tokom rekonstrukcije prednje ukr&scaron;tene veze kolena. Rezultati ove studije se mogu se primeniti i na druge asetne hirurgije i mogu posluţiti i daljim kliničkim istraţivanjima.</p> / <p>Intraoperative contamination of autograft during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction still remains a topic for debate among orthopaedic surgeons mainly concerning the need and the way of its treatment. Graft contamination arises after pathogen settlement from the surrounding air, from skin and mucoses of patient and staff, as well as not enough sterilized instruments. Pathogens found in graft contamination are the same ones who are causes of septic arthritis, which is the most common complication in arthroscopic surgery in general. Consequences of septic arthritis usually leave a huge impact on patient&rsquo;s mental and physical status. In modern surgery, it is mandatory to prevent potential auto-graft contamination by irrigation (during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in knee). Most commonly used agents for intraoperative auto-graft irrigation are variety of antiseptic and antibiotic solutions. Even though intraoperative irrigation with saline solution presents one of the most commonly used procedures during different surgical interventions in general, little is said in literature about its usage in auto-graft contamination. The aim of this study was to show that decontamination of auto-graft during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction of the knee can be successfully done by mechanical irrigation with saline (0,9%) solution and also to define a precise quantity of saline for complete decontamination. Furthermore, effects of different factors in surroundings were inspected. The study consisted of two parts: experimental and clinical. Experimental part was conducted at the Department for clinical bacteriology, at Microbiology Centre at the Institute for public health of Vojvodina. It consisted in making the experimental model with in vitro conditions similar to or as the same as in the operating theatre. Experimental model was made of 50 preparated and sterilized pig tendons of deep finger flexors, which are similar dimensions as human anterior cruciate ligament of the knee. Then, the tendons were contaminated with previously defined concentration of most common cause of contamination which is coagulase negative staphylococcus (ATCC 12228 Staphylococcus epidermidis). Contaminated tendons were mechanicaly irrigated with 500ml, 1000ml and 1500ml saline solution. After each irrigation a swab was taken and put in blood agar to grow. Following 24h of incubation, bacterial colonies were counted. Results of experimental model show that 1500ml of saline solution is required for decontamination of tendon. Results of experimental model were used in clinical part of the study which was conducted at the Clinic for orthopaedic surgery and traumatology in Clinical Centre of Vojvodina. It comprised of 200 patients, who were 15-50 years old. Patients were divided in two equal groups: tested and control group. In control group mechanical irrigation of auto-graft was done prior to its implementation with 500ml saline solution, while in tested group 1500ml of saline was used for irrigation. Results of clinical part of the study show that intraoperative irrigation with 1500ml of saline solution is enough for complete decontamination of auto-graft. Furthermore, degree of auto-graft contamination rises with prolonged exposure time on surrounding air, with incrised number of people in the operating theatre and also with number and sequence of operations during the day. Intraoperative mechanical irrigation proved to be a sufficient method that can be used in intraoperative autograft decontamination during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The results of this study can be applied to other aspects of the surgery and could be used and further clinical<br />studies.</p>

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Cyanéa Ferreira Lima Gebrim - 2013.pdf: 3845999 bytes, checksum: b72ce5420f222db9dbda99928197bd67 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-26 / INTRODUCTION: Evidence shows that out of every ten people in the world, one has been the victim of medical errors or preventable adverse events. These statistics are further evidence that of the 234 million patients undergoing surgeries, seven million suffer postoperative complications, increasing mortality rates by around 0.4 to 10%. A surgical site infection is considered the second highest incidence of major impact to the morbidity and mortality of patients, and may cause irreparable physical and emotional harm, as well as increase the cost of therapy for institutions. This reality drove the Safe Surgery Saves Lives program, which is the second Global Challenge for the World Alliance for Patient Safety program, launched by the World Health Organization in 2004. Studies organized by the National Health Surveillance Agency of Brazil, derived from these campaigns, cataloged nine process indicators to prevent these infections, which were the subject of this investigation. OBJECTIVE: To examine the process indicators for the prevention of surgical site infection in the perioperative period in patients undergoing clean surgery in a teaching hospital in central-western Brazil. METHODS: Retrospective analytical cohort study, conducted in 700 records of patients aged 18 years or older undergoing clean surgical procedures from January 2008 to December 2010. We used a structured form, previously evaluated according to national guidelines. Data were entered into SPSS version 15 for Windows. The analysis was descriptive and multivariate, and used chi-square tests, Fisher, and odds ratio (OR) as measures of association for variables with p <0.10. Statistically significant associations with p <0.05 were considered. RESULTS: Regarding the socio-demographic profile of the patients, 57.1% were female, aged between 18 and 101 years, 39.3% had comorbidities, 74.5% with ASA ≤ II. Regarding surgical specialty, 29.9% were orthopedic and 19.9% were vascular. Nonconforming indicators were found in 64.6%. Aspects such as the time of preoperative hospitalization, the method used for hair removal, the duration of antimicrobial prophylaxis, glycemic control in diabetics, as well as the thermal controls and inspection records of the surgical cases were not considered appropriate. The predictors for surgical site infection in the univariate analysis were male gender, carriers of chronic disease, alcoholism and smoking, infections already present on admission, a length of preoperative hospital stay of greater than 5 days, ASA ≥ III, shaving and antimicrobial prophylaxis; the independent factors were: being a carrier of a chronic disease, infections already present on admission and shaving with a razor blade. The estimated rate of infection was 10%. The surgical specialty with the highest rate of infection was vascular, with 25.9%. The methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was the most evident causative agent. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the service partially meets the process indicators for the prevention of surgical site infection in the perioperative period of clean surgeries, incongruent with the principles of the Safe Surgery Saves Lives program. / INTRODUÇÃO: Evidências apontam que, de cada dez pessoas no mundo, uma tem sido vítima de erros ou eventos adversos evitáveis. As estatísticas reforçam que, dos 234 milhões de pacientes submetidos a procedimentos cirúrgicos, sete milhões sofrem complicações pós-operatórias, elevando as taxas de mortalidade em torno de 0,4 a 10%. A infecção do sítio cirúrgico é considerada como o segundo incidente de maior impacto para a morbimortalidade dos pacientes, podendo gerar prejuízos físicos e emocionais irreparáveis, além de onerar os custos com a terapêutica para as instituições. Essa realidade impulsionou o programa Cirurgias Seguras Salvam Vidas, o qual representa o segundo Desafio Global da Aliança Mundial para a Segurança do Paciente, lançado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde, em 2004. Estudo organizado pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária do Brasil, proveniente dessa campanha, catalogou nove indicadores de processo para prevenção dessas infecções, os quais foram objeto dessa investigação. OBJETIVO: analisar os indicadores de processo para a prevenção da infecção do sítio cirúrgico no perioperatório de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia limpa em um hospital universitário do Centro-Oeste brasileiro. MÉTODO: Estudo de coorte retrospectiva do tipo analítico, realizado por meio de 700 prontuários de pacientes, maiores ou igual a 18 anos, submetidos a procedimento cirúrgico limpo, de janeiro de 2008 a dezembro de 2010. Foi utilizado um formulário estruturado e previamente avaliado segundo as diretrizes nacionais. Os dados foram inseridos no Statistical Package For The Social Science versão 15 for Windows. A análise foi descritiva e multivariada, com testes qui-quadrado, Fisher e OR (odds ratio) como medidas de associação em variáveis com p<0,10. Foram consideradas estatisticamente significantes as associações com p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Quanto ao perfil sociodemográfico dos pacientes, 57,1% eram do sexo feminino, com idade entre 18 e 101 anos; 39,3% apresentavam comorbidades; 74,5%, com ASA ≤II. Quanto à especialidade cirúrgica, 29,9% ortopédica e 19,9% vascular. Inconformidades nos indicadores foram encontradas em 64,6%. Aspectos como o tempo de internação pré-operatória, o método usado para tricotomia, a duração da profilaxia antimicrobiana, o controle glicêmico em diabéticos, o controle térmico e o registro de inspeção das caixas cirúrgicas foram considerados não adequados. Os preditores para infecção do sítio cirúrgico pela análise univariada foram: sexo masculino, portador de doença crônica, etilismo e tabagismo, infecção à distância, tempo de internação pré-operatória > 5 dias, ASA ≥ III, tricotomia e a profilaxia antimicrobiana; os fatores independentes foram: ser portador de doença crônica, infecção à distância e tricotomia com lâmina de barbear. A taxa de infecção foi de 10%. A especialidade cirúrgica que apresentou maior índice de infecção foi a vascular, com 25,9%. O Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina foi o agente etiológico de maior evidência. CONCLUSÃO: Concluiu-se que o serviço atende, parcialmente, os indicadores de processo para a prevenção da infecção do sítio cirúrgico no perioperatório de cirurgias limpas, em conformidade com os princípios do programa Cirurgias Seguras Salvam Vidas.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Purpose: to identify the occurrence of cross infection, the associated risks and its correlation with hospital stay and mortality in patients attended at a teaching hospital located in the northeastern region of Brazil. Methods: prospective cohort study, with information collected in medical records and kept on adverse event surveillance forms during the year 2015. The data were entered and analyzed in Epi-Info7 software. The variables studied were related to patients, procedures and outcomes. Results: A total of 752 adverse events surveillance forms were evaluated, with an overall incidence of 4,52% for Surgical Site Infection (SSI). A statistically significant association was found in the univariate analysis of SSI and the variables studied: contaminated surgeries, surgeries without laparoscopic techniques, patients with severe systemic alteration, patients with functional limitation, Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) Risk Index (IRIC) ≥1 and in procedures that did not use Microbial prophylaxis in accordance to standardized Hospital Infection Control Service (HICS). The independent association with SSI was observed for NNIS and non-specified intra-abdominal surgery elsewhere. It was also demonstrated a significant association between the diagnosis of SSI and increased mortality and hospital stay.Conclusion: This study demonstrates the significant impact of risk factors for the occurrence of SSI and allows the establishment of strategies that improve the quality of patient care and safety. / Objetivo: Identificar a ocorrência de Infecção do Sítio Cirúrgico (ISC), os riscos associados e a sua correlação com permanência e mortalidade hospitalar em pacientes atendidos em um hospital de ensino localizado na região nordeste do Brasil. Método: estudo de coorte prospectivo, com coleta de informações contidas em prontuários e registradas em formulários de vigilância de eventos adversos durante o ano de 2015. Esses dados foram digitados e analisados em software Epi-Info7. As variáveis estudadas foram relacionadas aos pacientes, aos procedimentos e aos desfechos. Resultados: Foram avaliadas 752 fichas de vigilância de eventos adversos com uma incidência global de 4,52% de ISC. Foi encontrada uma associação estatisticamente significativa na análise univariada entre ISC e as variáveis: cirurgias contaminadas, cirurgias que não utilizaram técnicas videolaparoscópicas, pacientes com alteração sistêmica grave e com limitação funcional, Índice de Risco Cirúrgico (IRIC) ≥1 e nos procedimentos que não usaram a profilaxia microbiana conforme padronização do Serviço de Controle de Infecção Relacionadas à Assistência (SCIRA) da instituição. A associação independente com a ISC foi observada para IRIC e para cirurgia intra-abdominal não especificada em outro local (IAB). Demonstrou-se ainda, associação significativa entre o diagnóstico de ISC e o aumento da mortalidade e da permanência hospitalar. Conclusão: Este estudo demonstra o significativo impacto dos fatores de risco para ocorrência de ISC e permite o estabelecimento de estratégias que melhorem a qualidade da assistência e a segurança do paciente.