Apesar dos recentes esforços realizados pela comunidade acadêmica e do crescente interesse das entidades setoriais de disseminar conceitos e práticas de construções mais sustentáveis, a adoção de requisitos de sustentabilidade no processo de projeto de edificações não é sistemática, em grande parte das empresas de projeto. A carência de projetos pilotos tem sido apontada como um dos motivos para existência de uma grande lacuna entre o conhecimento que se tem disponível e as práticas atualmente aplicadas pelas empresas. O objetivo desta dissertação é colaborar para o entendimento do processo de projeto de uma edificação mais sustentável, estimulando e facilitando que novos projetos venham a ser concebidos com critérios de sustentabilidade. O método da pesquisa, basicamente foi composto, por duas etapas. Primeiro uma investigação preliminar, que teve como intuito compreender previamente o processo de projeto de edificações e os requisitos de sustentabilidade. E a partir de então, selecionar o desenvolvimento de um projeto, para ser objeto da etapa seguinte, o estudo de caso, propriamente. Nesta etapa, a partir de entrevistas e uma ampla observação participante, foram reunidos e sistematizados os dados sobre o processo de projeto do caso selecionado. Em uma base de dados foram organizadas as informações levantadas, segundo diferentes estruturas conceituais de programa arquitetônico: os valores de projeto de Hershberger, o método Problem Seeking e o procedimento descrito por Christopher Alexander. Também foi utilizado um aplicativo computacional, que permitiu uma recategorização dos dados do projeto, servindo estes, de subsídios para análises. Os resultados desta pesquisa permitiram colaborar para o entendimento da inclusão de requisitos de sustentabilidade no processo de projeto de edificações. Sistematizar de dados de um projeto explicitando os requisitos de sustentabilidade contemplados, assim como, identificar relações entre tais requisitos. / In spite of recent efforts of the academic community and the increasing interest of sector entities to spread concepts and practices of more sustainable buildings, the adoption of sustainable requirements in the project process is not systematic in most part of project firms. The lack of pilot project has been point out as major reason for the existence of a large gap between what is available and the practices used by the firms. The goal of this research is to contribute for the understanding of the project process of more sustainable buildings, stimulating and facilitating the conception of new project considering sustainability criteria. The research method was composed of two major phases. In the first phase, a preliminary investigation was performed to understand the building project process and the sustainability requirements. In the second phase, a project was selected for developing the case study. In this phase, information and data of the project process was collected through interviews and intensive participant observation. The information was organized in a database according to different conceptual frameworks of architectural programs: the project values of Hershberger, the problem seeking method and the proceeding presented by Christopher Alexander. A computational applicative was used which allowed a re-categorization of the project data providing the basis for analysis. The results of this research have collaborated for the understanding of the inclusion of sustainability requirements in building project processes, and also for the systematization of the data of a project specifying the sustainability requirements applied and also the relation between these.

Apesar dos recentes esforços realizados pela comunidade acadêmica e do crescente interesse das entidades setoriais de disseminar conceitos e práticas de construções mais sustentáveis, a adoção de requisitos de sustentabilidade no processo de projeto de edificações não é sistemática, em grande parte das empresas de projeto. A carência de projetos pilotos tem sido apontada como um dos motivos para existência de uma grande lacuna entre o conhecimento que se tem disponível e as práticas atualmente aplicadas pelas empresas. O objetivo desta dissertação é colaborar para o entendimento do processo de projeto de uma edificação mais sustentável, estimulando e facilitando que novos projetos venham a ser concebidos com critérios de sustentabilidade. O método da pesquisa, basicamente foi composto, por duas etapas. Primeiro uma investigação preliminar, que teve como intuito compreender previamente o processo de projeto de edificações e os requisitos de sustentabilidade. E a partir de então, selecionar o desenvolvimento de um projeto, para ser objeto da etapa seguinte, o estudo de caso, propriamente. Nesta etapa, a partir de entrevistas e uma ampla observação participante, foram reunidos e sistematizados os dados sobre o processo de projeto do caso selecionado. Em uma base de dados foram organizadas as informações levantadas, segundo diferentes estruturas conceituais de programa arquitetônico: os valores de projeto de Hershberger, o método Problem Seeking e o procedimento descrito por Christopher Alexander. Também foi utilizado um aplicativo computacional, que permitiu uma recategorização dos dados do projeto, servindo estes, de subsídios para análises. Os resultados desta pesquisa permitiram colaborar para o entendimento da inclusão de requisitos de sustentabilidade no processo de projeto de edificações. Sistematizar de dados de um projeto explicitando os requisitos de sustentabilidade contemplados, assim como, identificar relações entre tais requisitos. / In spite of recent efforts of the academic community and the increasing interest of sector entities to spread concepts and practices of more sustainable buildings, the adoption of sustainable requirements in the project process is not systematic in most part of project firms. The lack of pilot project has been point out as major reason for the existence of a large gap between what is available and the practices used by the firms. The goal of this research is to contribute for the understanding of the project process of more sustainable buildings, stimulating and facilitating the conception of new project considering sustainability criteria. The research method was composed of two major phases. In the first phase, a preliminary investigation was performed to understand the building project process and the sustainability requirements. In the second phase, a project was selected for developing the case study. In this phase, information and data of the project process was collected through interviews and intensive participant observation. The information was organized in a database according to different conceptual frameworks of architectural programs: the project values of Hershberger, the problem seeking method and the proceeding presented by Christopher Alexander. A computational applicative was used which allowed a re-categorization of the project data providing the basis for analysis. The results of this research have collaborated for the understanding of the inclusion of sustainability requirements in building project processes, and also for the systematization of the data of a project specifying the sustainability requirements applied and also the relation between these.

Apesar dos recentes esforços realizados pela comunidade acadêmica e do crescente interesse das entidades setoriais de disseminar conceitos e práticas de construções mais sustentáveis, a adoção de requisitos de sustentabilidade no processo de projeto de edificações não é sistemática, em grande parte das empresas de projeto. A carência de projetos pilotos tem sido apontada como um dos motivos para existência de uma grande lacuna entre o conhecimento que se tem disponível e as práticas atualmente aplicadas pelas empresas. O objetivo desta dissertação é colaborar para o entendimento do processo de projeto de uma edificação mais sustentável, estimulando e facilitando que novos projetos venham a ser concebidos com critérios de sustentabilidade. O método da pesquisa, basicamente foi composto, por duas etapas. Primeiro uma investigação preliminar, que teve como intuito compreender previamente o processo de projeto de edificações e os requisitos de sustentabilidade. E a partir de então, selecionar o desenvolvimento de um projeto, para ser objeto da etapa seguinte, o estudo de caso, propriamente. Nesta etapa, a partir de entrevistas e uma ampla observação participante, foram reunidos e sistematizados os dados sobre o processo de projeto do caso selecionado. Em uma base de dados foram organizadas as informações levantadas, segundo diferentes estruturas conceituais de programa arquitetônico: os valores de projeto de Hershberger, o método Problem Seeking e o procedimento descrito por Christopher Alexander. Também foi utilizado um aplicativo computacional, que permitiu uma recategorização dos dados do projeto, servindo estes, de subsídios para análises. Os resultados desta pesquisa permitiram colaborar para o entendimento da inclusão de requisitos de sustentabilidade no processo de projeto de edificações. Sistematizar de dados de um projeto explicitando os requisitos de sustentabilidade contemplados, assim como, identificar relações entre tais requisitos. / In spite of recent efforts of the academic community and the increasing interest of sector entities to spread concepts and practices of more sustainable buildings, the adoption of sustainable requirements in the project process is not systematic in most part of project firms. The lack of pilot project has been point out as major reason for the existence of a large gap between what is available and the practices used by the firms. The goal of this research is to contribute for the understanding of the project process of more sustainable buildings, stimulating and facilitating the conception of new project considering sustainability criteria. The research method was composed of two major phases. In the first phase, a preliminary investigation was performed to understand the building project process and the sustainability requirements. In the second phase, a project was selected for developing the case study. In this phase, information and data of the project process was collected through interviews and intensive participant observation. The information was organized in a database according to different conceptual frameworks of architectural programs: the project values of Hershberger, the problem seeking method and the proceeding presented by Christopher Alexander. A computational applicative was used which allowed a re-categorization of the project data providing the basis for analysis. The results of this research have collaborated for the understanding of the inclusion of sustainability requirements in building project processes, and also for the systematization of the data of a project specifying the sustainability requirements applied and also the relation between these.

Construction has major environmental, social and economic impacts. Improving sustainability both during and after the construction process is widely discussed among a slew of practitioners, governments and researchers. Construction clients, such as housing developers, are considered key actors for change and innovation because of their position to set requirements when procuring construction projects. The process of developing project requirements has therefore mainly been studied during the construction clients’ procurement process. At the same time, municipalities use their position as land owners to drive sustainable development. Land allocation agreements allow municipalities to set project-specific sustainability requirements for construction projects on municipal land. The purpose of this thesis is to explore how municipal sustainability requirements affect housing developers when planning and designing their projects. The research is based on a single empirical case study of an urban development programme comprising multiple parallel and sequential housing construction projects. In this study, the municipality’s and housing developers’ perspectives are explored. The results demonstrate that the housing developers perceive several barriers to implementing municipal sustainability requirements. The three main barriers that were identified are reduced flexibility coupled with uncertainty, conflicting interests coupled with reduced autonomy and interdependencies, and a lack of trust and transparency coupled with interdependencies. The municipal sustainability requirements are initially developed by the municipality for the land allocation agreement. They are then co-developed further by the municipality and the housing developers together through negotiations before being finalised in conjunction with the developers’ procurement process. The study is focused on the period following the housing developers’ signing of land allocation agreements with the municipality and before starting their procurement process. During this period, the housing developers attempt to negotiate municipal sustainability requirements that they anticipate will increase costs, risk and uncertainty and decrease the value of their final product. Negotiations between the housing developers and the municipality can be viewed as value co-creation processes stimulated by functional conflict. These findings build on three papers that are included in the thesis. Contributions are made to literature on the role of construction clients and their perceived barriers to implementing and developing sustainable construction solutions and practices and barriers to change in general. Theoretical contributions are also made to literature on value co-creation in construction by illustrating how clients engage in the co-creation of value with municipalities and other clients. Finally, the theoretical link between value co-creation and functional conflict is studied and developed. / Byggandethar stora miljömässiga, sociala och ekonomiska effekter. Hållbar utvecklingbåde under och efter byggprocessen diskuterasblandrepresentanter förindustrin, politikeroch forskare. Byggherrar,till exempel i rollensom bostadsutvecklare, anses vara viktiga aktörer för förändring och innovation på grund av deras positionatt ställa krav vid upphandling av byggprojekt. Processen föratt utveckla projektkrav har därför huvudsakligen studerats under byggherrensupphandlingsprocess. Samtidigt använder kommunersin position som markägare för att driva hållbar utveckling genom att utmana den privata sektorn. Markanvisningargör det möjligt för kommunerna att ställa projektspecifika hållbarhetskravför byggprojekt på kommunal mark. Syftet med denna studieär att undersöka hur kommunala hållbarhetskravpåverkar bostadsutvecklare när de planerar och utformar sina projekt.Resultatenär baseradepå en empirisk fallstudie av ett stadsutvecklingsprojekt innehållandeflera parallella och sekventiella bostadsprojekt. I denna studie undersöks undersöks bådekommunens och bostadsutvecklarnas perspektiv. Resultaten visar att bostadsutvecklarnauppfattar ett antal hinder för att genomföra kommunala hållbarhetskrav. De tre största hindrensom identifierats är minskad flexibilitet i kombination med osäkerhet, intressekonflikteri kombination med minskad autonomi och beroende av andra aktöreroch brist på förtroende och öppenhet i kombination med beroende av andra aktörer. De kommunala hållbarhetskraven utvecklasinitialtav kommunen för markanvisningsavtalen. De utvecklas sedan vidare av kommunen och bostadsutvecklarna tillsammans genom förhandlingar. Slutligen konkretiseras deisamband medbostadsutvecklarnas upphandlingsprocess. Studien fokuserar på perioden frånatt bostadsutvecklarna tecknatmarkanvisningsavtal med kommunen meninnan deras upphandlingav entreprenörer påbörjats. Under denna periodförsöker bostadsutvecklarna förhandla ner de kommunala hållbarhetskrav som de förutser kommer öka deras kostnader, risk och osäkerhetsamtminska värdet på deras slutprodukt. Förhandlingarna mellan bostadsutvecklarna och kommunen kan ses som värdesamskapande processer drivna av funktionella konflikter. Dessa resultat bygger på tre artiklar som ingår i avhandlingen.Bidrag görs till litteraturen ombyggherrensroll och dessupplevda hinder för att implementera ochutveckla hållbara lösningar och praxis och hinder för förändring. Teoretiska bidrag görs också till litteraturenom värdesamskapande inom bygggenom att illustrera hur byggherrarharvärdesamskapandeprocesser tillsammansmed kommuner och andra byggherrar. Slutligen studerasoch utvecklas den teoretiska kopplingen mellan värdesamskapande och funktionell konflikt. / <p>QC 20200507</p>

Hållbarhet är ett brett begrepp som kan definieras på många olika sätt. I denna rapporten undersöks hållbarhet utifrån produktens perspektiv, med avseende på produktutvecklingsprocessen. Mer specifikt är det sättet som man arbetar och tar beslut på i produktutvecklingsprojekt med avseende på produktens hållbarhet som står i centrum. Två företag som sysslar med farkoster analyseras i rapporten, där det ena företaget arbetar med utveckling av vägfordon och det andra med komponenter till flygplansmotorer. Metodiken bakom arbetet består av en litteraturstudie samt en intervjustudie där två respondenter från respektive företag intervjuas med hjälp av en förberedd intervjuguide.  Resultatet av intervjustudien presenteras sedan, uppdelat i olika teman som är relaterade till hållbarhet. Dessa teman diskuteras sedan i relation till den teoretiska referensramen. Resultaten av rapporten var till stor del överensstämmande med litteraturstudien och då båda företagen är involverade med farkoster som använder fossila bränslen uppstod flera likheter i deras hållbarhetskravshantering. Ett exempel på detta är bland annat när i produktutvecklingsprocessen identifiering av hållbarhetskrav sker. Aspekter som beslutsprocessen, hanteringen, ansvaret och utvärderingen av hållbarhetskrav visade sig vara komplicerade, och även fast teorin gick att applicera på mycket var det inte ovanligt att frågor kring dessa områden inte hade något definit svar. För vidare forskning föreslås exempelvis en djupare analys av produktutveckling av produkter med lång livslängd och hur detta samspelar med hållbarhet för produkten. Även återkommande begrepp i rapporten som livscykelperspektiv är rekommenderade aspekter av hållbarhet för vidare forskning kring, då detta framstod som relativt nytt i respektive betraktat företag. / Sustainability is a broad concept that can be defined in many different ways. In this report sustainability is examined from the product's perspective, with respect to the product development process. Specifically, it is the way that companies work and make decisions in product development projects in regards to the product's sustainability that is the central subject. Two companies that work with vehicles were analyzed in the report, where the first company works with the development of road vehicles and the second company works with the development of components for jet engines. The method behind this report consists of a literature study and an interview study where two respondents from each company are interviewed with the help of a prepared interview guide. The results of the interview study were then presented, and divided into different categories related to sustainability. These  categories were then discussed in relation to the literature study. The results of the report were in large part in agreement with the literature study, and because both companies are involved in the development of different types of vehicles that use fossil fuel there were several similarities related to their sustainability requirement management. One example of this is the identification process of requirements and at what point identification occurs. Aspects such as decision making, the handling, the responsibility and evaluation of sustainability requirements proved to be complicated, and even though the established literature study was applicable it was common that questions regarding these topics did not have definite answers. For further research it is recommended that for example a deeper analysis of long product development cycles is made and how this relates to the sustainability work in the development process. Also, recurring terms as "life cycle assessment" are recommended for further research since this was something that was relatively new to both companies.

The attention to sustainability impacts arising during the lifecycle of products is growing as industry wants to increase its contribution to a sustainable society. To do so, companies must find ways to navigate the complexity of the needs within the socio-ecological system in which they operate. In engineering design projects, the interpretation of needs into requirements is essential, as they represent the collective understanding of the design problem to be solved. Ideally, requirements are possible to verify and validate, which makes it challenging for industry to integrate socio-ecological considerations, often based on qualitative models, into requirements. Sustainability then tends not to be prioritized in trade-offs with traditionally identified requirements for engineering design. A qualitative research approach within design research methodology framed a sequence of studies guided by the research question ‘How can requirements be utilized to support Sustainable Product Development?’ First, a research gap was identified from a literature review which indicated a lack of socio-ecological systems contextualization in the identification, as well as the traceability of sustainability criteria to integrate into requirements. Secondly, a conceptual model was established for how management of requirements can be improved to facilitate traceability, as well as how contextual socio-ecological systems perspective can be introduced in the selection, of sustainability criteria for engineering design projects. For this purpose, the results from a multiple-case study based on semi-structured interviews with seven design and manufacturing companies was triangulated with findings of an in-depth literature analysis. Five key elements of management of sustainability in requirements were proposed in a profile model corresponding to different levels of sustainability maturity. A third study explored, based on literature and prototype causal loop diagramming, the potential of a group model building approach to enhance contextual understanding of strategically identified, i.e., company-tailored, sustainability criteria in relation to traditional requirements in early phases of the product innovation process. A final study investigated how a strategic sustainability perspective can be integrated with engineering design methods and value modelling to create a decision support for concept selection. The studies together indicate that key constituents of good requirements, traceability and systems contextualization, can be achieved also for socio-ecological sustainability considerations. This requires organizational commitment and will be reflected in the design of the operational management system for their product innovation process. Following the proposed five key elements of sustainability integration in requirements, a company is expected to increase the organizational sustainability maturity, and hence its capability to contribute to a sustainability transition. This research also shows that there is a gap in current methods and tools for enhanced socio-ecological systems contextualization. The two last studies of this thesis give promising approaches of tools and methods to be further developed and analyzed, namely group model building, system analysis and value modelling.

Molntjänster är ett snabbt växande område och utgör en viktig funktion i samhället och för verksamheter. Det som driver molntjänster är storskaliga datacenter som samlar tusentals servrar med infrastruktur. Dessa datacenter kräver en hög energianvändning för att drivas vilket utgör ett stort koldioxidutsläpp. Leverantörer upplever ökade krav i hållbarhetsfrågor och arbetar aktivt för att möta dessa krav. Verksamheter har därför en betydande roll i hur leverantörer arbetar med hållbarhet genom att ställa hållbarhetskrav. Det finns däremot utmaningar med att ställa hållbarhetskrav vilket är brist på kunskap, strategier och resurser.  Studien avser att identifiera de ekologiska hållbarhetsaspekter som verksamheter kan kravställa mot molntjänstleverantörer. Syftet med studien var att förmedla kunskap om vilka ekologiska hållbarhetsaspekter som kan appliceras i verksamheters kravspecifikation mot molntjänstleverantörer. Tidigare forskning beskriver hållbarhetsaspekter som molntjänstleverantörer kan applicera för att minska sitt koldioxidutsläpp. Dessa aspekter är: miljöcertifiering, nyckeltal, förnybar energi och energieffektiviserade strategier. Studien antog en kvalitativ forskningsansats. Datainsamlingen utfördes genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Analysen utfördes med en tematisk analysmetod och det identifierades tre teman vilket är kunskapslucka, prioritering och resursbehov. Studien diskuterar dessa teman i relation till tidigare forskning kring hållbarhetsaspekterna och utmaningar.  Slutsatsen av studien är fem identifierade hållbarhetsaspekter som är: miljöcertifiering, nyckeltal, förnybar energi, geografisk plats och energieffektiviserade strategier. Dessa hållbarhetsaspekter kan verksamheter kravställa mot molntjänstleverantörer och kan reducera utmaningarna med att identifiera hållbarhetskrav. / Cloud services are a rapidly growing field and play a crucial role in society and businesses. What drives cloud services are large-scale data centers that house thousands of servers with infrastructure. These data centers require high energy consumption to operate, resulting in significant carbon emissions. Providers are facing increased demands for sustainability and actively working to meet these requirements. Businesses, therefore, have a significant role in influencing how providers approach sustainability by setting sustainability criteria. However, there are challenges in setting sustainability requirements due to a lack of knowledge, strategies, and resources. This study aims to identify the ecological sustainability aspects that businesses can demand from cloud service providers. The purpose of the study was to provide knowledge about the ecological sustainability aspects that can be included in businesses' specifications when selecting cloud service providers. Previous research describes sustainability aspects that cloud service providers can implement to reduce their carbon emissions. These aspects include environmental certification, key performance indicators, renewable energy, and energy-efficient strategies. The study adopted a qualitative research approach. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews. The analysis was performed using thematic analysis, and three themes were identified: knowledge gap, prioritization, and resource requirements. The study discusses these themes in relation to previous research on sustainability aspects and challenges. The conclusion of the study highlights five identified sustainability aspects: environmental certification, key performance indicators, renewable energy, geographical location, and energy-efficient strategies. These sustainability aspects can be demanded by businesses from cloud service providers and can help address the challenges of identifying sustainability requirements.