<p>Various factors, including low levels of physical activity (PA), and high consumption levels of sugar-sweetened drinks (SD), have been implicated in the general increase of fat mass (FM) levels seen in youth. <b>Purpose</b>: To determine if a significant relationship exists between fat mass (FM) and physical activity (PA) or sugar-sweetened drink (SD), in boys and girls, using longitudinal analysis. <b>Methods</b>: 105 boys and 103 girls were assessed repeatedly during childhood and adolescence, for a maximum of 7 years. Height was measured annually, as was fat free mass (FFM) and FM estimated by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). PA was evaluated bi-annually using a questionnaire for children (PAQ-C/A: 1 low, 5 high), and SD was assessed using a 24-hour dietary intake questionnaire completed 1-4 times/year. Years from peak height velocity were used as a biological age indicator. Random effects models were used to analyze the data, subsequent to log linearization of the FM variable since it was not initially normally distributed. <b>Results</b>: The constructed model, controlling for maturation, FFM, and adjusted energy intake, found no interaction effect between SD and PA (p>0.05). After removal of the interaction term from the model, SD was found to have no significant relationship (p>0.05) with FM of boys or girls. In contrast, PA level was found to have a significant relationship (p<0.05) with FM of males; but not with FM of females. <b>Conclusion</b>: The longitudinal models employed revealed a significant negative relationship between level of PA and FM in males but not females, after controlling for maturational status, body size and dietary energy intake. This finding lends support, to proponents of increasing PA in youth to control FM. Regarding SD and FM, the models employed showed no relationship. Future investigation with more complex models, accounting for more covariates, may be warranted in this area.</p>

<p>Various factors, including low levels of physical activity (PA), and high consumption levels of sugar-sweetened drinks (SD), have been implicated in the general increase of fat mass (FM) levels seen in youth. <b>Purpose</b>: To determine if a significant relationship exists between fat mass (FM) and physical activity (PA) or sugar-sweetened drink (SD), in boys and girls, using longitudinal analysis. <b>Methods</b>: 105 boys and 103 girls were assessed repeatedly during childhood and adolescence, for a maximum of 7 years. Height was measured annually, as was fat free mass (FFM) and FM estimated by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). PA was evaluated bi-annually using a questionnaire for children (PAQ-C/A: 1 low, 5 high), and SD was assessed using a 24-hour dietary intake questionnaire completed 1-4 times/year. Years from peak height velocity were used as a biological age indicator. Random effects models were used to analyze the data, subsequent to log linearization of the FM variable since it was not initially normally distributed. <b>Results</b>: The constructed model, controlling for maturation, FFM, and adjusted energy intake, found no interaction effect between SD and PA (p>0.05). After removal of the interaction term from the model, SD was found to have no significant relationship (p>0.05) with FM of boys or girls. In contrast, PA level was found to have a significant relationship (p<0.05) with FM of males; but not with FM of females. <b>Conclusion</b>: The longitudinal models employed revealed a significant negative relationship between level of PA and FM in males but not females, after controlling for maturational status, body size and dietary energy intake. This finding lends support, to proponents of increasing PA in youth to control FM. Regarding SD and FM, the models employed showed no relationship. Future investigation with more complex models, accounting for more covariates, may be warranted in this area.</p>

Inledning: Tv-reklam för söta drycker kan leda till ökad konsumtion av ohälsosamma och energirika drycker med högt sockerinnehåll. Under år 2014 inhandlades i genomsnitt 92 liter läskedryck i Sverige per konsument, vilket är en ökning med tio liter jämfört med år 2000. Vid regelbunden konsumtion av söta drycker ökar risken för att utveckla såväl övervikt och fetma som karies. Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka om antalet reklaminslag för söta drycker på tv har förändrats under åren 1999-2014 och om det finns några skillnader mellan olika tv-kanaler när det gäller antalet reklaminslag. Material och metod: I studien undersöks tv-reklam för de söta dryckerna läsk, saft och juice med utgångspunkt från ett Exceldokument baserat på reklamdata från TvChecks databas. Genom att filtrera data efter livsmedelsnummer och år kunde olika tabeller och diagram skapas för att se vilka förändringar som skett i antalet reklaminslag för söta drycker under åren 1999-2014. Resultat: Tv-reklam för söta drycker har ökat markant mellan åren 2013 och 2014. De tv-kanaler som i genomsnitt visat mest reklam för söta drycker är Kanal 5 och TV3, samtidigt som TV4 och TV7 sänt minst tv-reklam i genomsnitt under åren 1999-2014. Utöver detta syns en tydlig ökning av antalet reklaminslag för drycker sötade med sötningsmedel under perioden 1999-2014 från 586 till 8716 reklaminslag. Slutsats: Antalet reklaminslag för söta drycker har ökat markant under åren 2013-2014, samtidigt som antalet reklaminslag under åren 1999-2009 legat på en relativt konstant nivå. / Introduction: TV commercials for sweetened drinks may result in an increased consumption of unhealthy and energy dense drinks with a high content of sugar. In 2014 the swedes purchased an average of 92 litres of soft drinks per consumer, which is an increase by ten litres compared to the year 2000. Regular consumption of sugary drinks increases the risk of developing overweight, obesity and caries. Aim: The aim of the study is to investigate whether the number of commercials for sweetened drinks on TV has changed during the years 1999-2014 and if there are any differences between various TV channels regarding the number of commercials. Material and method: The study examines TV commercials for sweetened drinks such as juice and soft drinks (with and without carbonic acid) using an Excel document based on data from TvChecks database. By filtering the data by different food numbers and year various tables and graphs were created to show what changes occurred in the number of commercials for sweetened drinks during the years 1999-2014. Results: TV commercials for sweetened drinks has increased largely between the years 2013 and 2014. The TV channels that in average showed the most commercials for sweetened drinks are the Swedish Channel 5 and TV3, while TV4 and TV7 showed the least commercials in average during the years 1999-2014. Moreover, the TV commercials for drinks sweetened with sweeteners shows a clear increase during the years 1999-2014 from 586 to 8716 commercials. Conclusion: The number of TV commercials for sweetened drinks has increased considerably over the years 2013-2014, while the number of commercials during the years 1999-2009 was relatively constant.