Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2005. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

A atividade física, dependendo da intensidade e duração, provoca uma resposta inflamatória nos tecidos articulares dos eqüinos. Como ocorre nos cavalos de pólo que percorrem grandes distâncias em alta velocidade com paradas bruscas do movimento, submetendo suas articulações a esforços intensos e constantes. A finalidade deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da atividade esportiva no metabolismo articular, por meio de exame físico, das dosagens de mediador inflamatório (PGE2) e citocinas (IL-1 e TNF-&alpha;), da concentração de glicose, proteína total e da análise quantitativa e qualitativa das células presentes no líquido sinovial de 20 eqüinos atletas em três estágios diferentes de treinamento, a cada 30 dias, durante o período de 360 dias: animais sem treinamento (grupo controle), animais em início de treinamento (G1) e animais com mais de 5 anos de treinamento (G2). Além disso, estabelecer uma relação entre os resultados laboratoriais com os exames radiográficos e ultra-sonográficos articulares. Numa segunda fase do experimento foi avaliado o líquido sinovial de oito eqüinos atletas antes do exercício e 3, 6 e 24 horas após o término deste. As principais alterações foram encontradas nos animais do G2, ou seja, aumento da circunferência articular (P<0,05), mudança da coloração do líquido sinovial (P<0,05), maior volume de líquido sinovial obtido das articulações metacarpofalangeanas (P<0,05), aumento nas concentrações de proteína (P<0,05), glicose (P<0,05) e PGE2 (P<0,05). Concomitantemente, estes animais apresentaram aumento de volume dos tecidos moles periarticulares, osteófitos, esclerose óssea e diminuição da flexão articular (P<0,05) nos exames radiográficos; além de maior espessura e menor homogeneidade da cápsula articular fibrosa, e maior quantidade de líquido articular visualizado nos exames ultra-sonográficos (P<0,05). Já a expressão dos receptores de TNF do tipo II foi maior nas células do líquido sinovial dos animais do G1. Os animais dos grupos 1 e 2 apresentaram maior porcentagem de macrófagos e sinoviócitos (P<0,05), do que os animais do grupo controle. Na segunda fase do experimento, foram observadas às 3 e 6 horas mudanças na coloração do líquido sinovial (P<0,05), diminuição no volume obtido (P<0,05), diminuição da concentração de glicose (P<0,05), aumento na concentração de proteína total (P<0,05), aumento na concentração de PGE2 (P<0,05). As células do líquido sinovial apresentaram intensidade acentuada de marcação para os receptores de TNF do tipo II também após 3 horas do término do exercício. Conclui-se que um processo inflamatório articular é desencadeado após o exercício intenso, e a resposta dos tecidos articulares frente a este insulto mecânico, com maior intensidade 3 horas após o término da atividade esportiva, e retornando aos valores basais 24 horas após, revela a excelente adaptação articular ao estresse físico. Esta adaptação também foi observada a longo prazo, em cavalos com maior tempo de carreira esportiva, ou seja, estes animais podem apresentar alterações articulares sem sinais de dor e claudicação. Contudo, isto não impede que cavalos com carreira atlética longa desenvolvam osteoartrite. / Physical activity causes an inflammatory response in joints depending on intensity and duration of the exercise. Polo ponies, for example, cross large distances at high speed, with abrupt stops of movement, subjecting the joints to intense and constant effort. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the sporting activity on joint metabolism, by means of physical examination, measurements of inflammatory mediator (PGE2) and cytokines (IL-1 and TNF-&alpha;), glucose and total protein concentrations, and quantitative and qualitative analyses of synovial fluid cells of 20 athletic horses on 3 different stages of training, every 30 days, during a period of 360 days: animals without training (control group), animals in the beginning to train (G1), and animals with more than five years of training (G2). Moreover, the study aimed to establish a relationship between laboratorial results and radiographic and ultrasonographic exams. In a second phase of the trial, synovial fluid analysis was done from samples of eight athletic horses before, and 3, 6 and 24 hours after exercise. Main alterations were found in horses of group 2, which were increase in joint circumference (P<0.05), alteration of the synovial fluid color (P<0.05), greater synovial fluid volume, obtained from metacarpophalangeal joints (P<0.05), greater protein (P<0.05), glucose (P<0.05), and PGE2 (P<0.05) concentrations. Concomitantly, these animals showed an increase of the periarticular soft tissues, ostephytes, subchondral bone sclerosis, and a diminished joint flexion in radiographic exams (P<0.05), and also a thick and less homogeneous articular capsule, and an increase of the joint fluid quantity in ultrasonographic exams (P<0.05). The TNF type II receptor expression was greater in synovial fluid cells of group 1 horses. Horses of the groups 1 and 2 showed greater percentage of macrophages and synoviocytes (P<0.05) than the animals of the control group. In the second phase of the study, it was observed a change of the synovial fluid color at 3 and 6 hours post-exercise (P<0.05), reduction of the obtained volume (P<0.05) and glucose concentration (P<0.05), and an increase of total protein (P<0.05) and PGE2 (P<0.05) concentrations. Also, the synovial fluid cells showed an accentuated intensity of markers for TNF type II receptor 3 hours after sports activity was finished. An inflammatory process of the joint is triggered after intense exercise, but the response of the articular tissue facing this mechanical insult, more intense within 3 hours after the end of the sports activity, and the return to basal values after 24 hours, reveal the excellent adaptation of the articular tissue to physical stress. This adaptation can also be observed in animals with more time of sports career, which can have articular changes without signs of pain or lameness. Nevertheless, this doesn\'t prevent horses with longer sports careers to develop osteoarthritis.

A ozonioterapia consiste na aplicação de ozônio medicinal, uma mistura de ozônio e oxigênio, que através das espécies reativas de oxigênio e produtos de lipoperoxidação exercem diversos efeitos no organismo como, melhora da oxigenação e metabolismo dos tecidos, angiogênese, aumento dos mecanismos antioxidantes, melhora do sistema imune, efeito anti-inflamatório, entre outros. Esta modalidade terapêutica já é amplamente estudada na medicina humana e vem sendo aplicada na medicina esportiva equina no tratamento de osteoartrite, porém sem estudos expressivos que comprovem sua segurança e eficácia. O objetivo do presente estudo é analisar os efeitos inflamatório e oxidante do ozônio medicinal em articulações sinoviais de equinos hígidos. Para tanto foram utilizadas 24 articulações tibiotársicas distribuídas aleatoriamente em três grupos. Nos grupos tratados foram realizadas três aplicações semanais de 15 ml de ozônio medicinal na concentração de 20 (GA) e 40 &micro;g/ml (GB), no total de 10 aplicações. Já no grupo controle, as articulações receberam três aplicações semanais de 15 ml de O2 (GC), também no total de dez aplicações. Foram realizados exames físico, de claudicação e ultrassonográfico, bem como análise do líquido sinovial, incluindo contagem total de células nucleadas e quantificação de proteína total, prostaglandina E2, Substância P, interleucina-1, interleucina-6, interleucina 10, fator de necrose tumoral-&#945;, ácido hialurônico (concentração e peso molecular) e condroitim sulfato. Para avaliação antioxidante no líquido sinovial foi determinada a atividade da superóxido desmutase e o burst oxidativo. Houve aumento da temperatura em GA e GB, os animais de GB apresentaram maior claudicação comparado aos demais grupos e observou-se aumento em todos os grupos dos escores ultrassonográficos. Na análise do líquido sinovial observou-se aumento nas contagens celulares de GA e GB, acompanhado de polimorfonucleares em GB, aumento da concentração de proteína no GA e GB, da atividade da superóxido desmutase e do índice de ativação em GA e diminuição da concentração de ácido hialurônico em todos os grupos e condroitim sulfato em GB e GC. Não houve diferença nas concentrações de PGE2, substância P, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10 e TNF-&#945;. A aplicação consecutiva do ozônio medicinal intra-articular provocou alterações ultrassonográficas e no exame de claudicação, mais perceptível na dose de 40 ug/mL. Estas alterações estão mais relacionadas à distensão articular causada pela infusão de gases do que aos efeitos inflamatórios provindos do O3, uma vez que as análises de líquido sinovial não mostraram relevante inflamação. Conclui-se que a aplicação intra-articular de ozônio medicinal em equinos é segura em ambas as doses, e que experimentos devem ser realizados utilizando-se animais com diferentes doenças articulares, para que os benefícios da ozonioterapia sejam evidenciados e compreendidos. / Ozone therapy consists of the application of medicinal ozone, a mixture of ozone and oxygen, which through reactive oxygen species and products of lipoperoxidation exert various effects on the body, such as improvement of tissue oxygenation and metabolism, angiogenesis, increase of antioxidant mechanisms, improvement of the immune system, anti-inflammatory effect, among others. This therapeutic modality is already widely studied in human medicine and has been applied in equine sports medicine in the treatment of osteoarthritis, but without expressive studies that prove its safety and efficacy. The objective of the present study is to analyze the inflammatory and oxidizing effects of medicinal ozone on synovial joints of healthy horses. Twenty-four tibiotarsic joints were randomly distributed in three groups. In the treated groups three weekly applications of 15 ml of medicinal ozone in the concentration of 20 (GA) and 40&micro;g / ml (GB) were carried out for a total of 10 applications. Already in the control group, the joints received three weekly applications of 15 ml of O2 (GC), also in the total of 10 applications. Physical, lameness and ultrasound examinations were performed, as well as synovial fluid analysis, including total nucleated cell count and quantification of total protein, prostaglandin E2, Substance P, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor-&#945;, hyaluronic acid (concentration and molecular weight) and chondroitin sulfate. For the antioxidant evaluation in the synovial fluid, the activity of the superoxide dismutase and the oxidative burst was determined. There was an increase in temperature in GA and GB, GB animals presented greater lameness compared to the other groups and an increase was observed in all groups of ultrasound scores. In the synovial fluid analysis, GA and GB cell counts were observed, followed by polymorphonuclear cells in GB, increased protein concentration in GA and GB, superoxide desmutase activity and activation index in GA, and decrease in concentration of Hyaluronic acid in all groups and chondrocyte sulfate in GB and CG. There was no difference in the concentrations of PGE2, substance P, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-&#945;. The consecutive application of intra-articular medicinal ozone caused ultrasonography changes and lameness, more noticeable at 40 ug / mL. These changes related more to joint distension caused by gas infusion than to inflammatory effects from O3, since synovial fluid analyzes did not show relevant inflammation. It is concluded that the intra-articular application of medical ozone in horses is safe in both doses, and that experiments must be performed using animals with different joint diseases, so that the benefits of ozonotherapy are evidenced and understood.

No description available.

Synovial joints, like the hip joint, has unique characteristics. In order to study these characteristics by making use of mathematical techniques, it is necessary to develop a model simulating the dynamic forces and joint movements during joint operation. Once this is available, the effect of the synovial fluid lubricant properties can be added by describing its behaviour as a component of the hip joint simulation model. This was the ultimate aim of this research effort. With this work a model based on fundamental principles, like the equations of mass and motion, was developed and validated experimentally with a hip joint simulator. It is also shown that the effect of the lubricant properties can be studied by adding the relevant rheological equations. These fluid properties can have a significant effect on the joint under typical joint operations like dynamic loading and movement. To develop a model with relative complexity, certain simplifying assumptions have to be made. In this study, the fluid was assumed to have no boundary interactions with the articulating surfaces. It is known that complex rheological interaction exists in these systems. Although certain assumptions were made during development, model results are promising and a firm basis was established for subsequent research. In future, the model needs to be extended to simulate the continuous, multi-cycle operation of a human joint, with accurate geometrical descriptions of articulating surfaces and known components of synovial joints like articular cartilage. The model could then contain lubrication mechanisms known to prevail in synovial joints, with accurate rheological models of synovial fluid which will play an increasing role under typical joint operations. / Dissertation (MEng (Chemical Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Chemical Engineering / unrestricted

The dissertation thesis deals with the lubricant film formation chemistry on hip implant material surfaces with synovial fluid components. Biochemical and tribological properties of synovial fluid after joint replacement are focused, precisely on the chemical composition of the formed lubricating film and chemical structural changes of the associated constituents under mechanical loading. Nevertheless, the synovial fluid components‘ chemical structural changes after the joint replacement are rarely addressed and require further attention. Including metal and ceramics, various combination implant materials were applied within the lubricants of synovial fluid constituents separately and different model synovial fluids to reveal the biochemical reactions and frictional coefficients for understanding the possible lubrication mechanism. Raman Spectroscopic technique is manifested as the most appropriate method to explain the biochemical behaviour of synovial fluid and chemisorption on the surface of the implant material. The method is depicted presenting two different studies focusing on the chemical structure of the synovial fluid film on the implant surface and frictional coefficient measurement of the contact pair within the artificial hip joint. This latest methodological precedent also facilitates to evaluate the chemical structural change of the synovial fluid due to the tribological activity in the hip prosthesis. The thesis expounds original results concerning biotribology to increase the depth of knowledge on joint replacement procedure and to enhance the longevity of the orthopaedic implantations.

This thesis deals with the study of the effect of the constituents of the model synovial fluid on the frictional properties of articular cartilage. The influence of constituents, concentration, speed and load is observed. Experiments were performed on a commercial tribometer at configuration pin-on-plate. Several types of lubricants containing synovial fluid constituents have been selected for the experiments. Lubricants were prepared at two concentrations, the concentration of healthy individuals and at a concentration typical of for osteoarthritic patients. Speeds 5 and 10 mm/s and 5 and 10 N loads were used for all experiments. It is shown that when using only lubricant containing proteins, no difference in the coefficient of friction is observed and the effect of concentration is also not observed. The addition of hyaluronic acid has a synergistic effect with -globulin, however in the case of lubricants containing albumin, the effect is opposite. After the addition of phospholipids, no significant effect on friction is observed in -globulin containing lubricants. No significant effect of the composition and concentration of the lubricants is observed with the load change.

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No description available.

No description available.