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This dissertation investigates the phenomenon of Differential Object Marking (DOM) in Northern Galilee Arabic (NGA). DOM is a widespread linguistic phenomenon in which certain objects of verbs appear in a different form from the expected one depending on various factors. While DOM has been well studied cross-linguistically, it has been less investigated in Arabic and in particular NGA. The thesis provides a detailed investigation of DOM in NGA which is complemented by novel arguments about the syntax, semantics and pragmatics of DOM. I demonstrate that DOM in NGA has the following properties: (i) the object needs to be an individuated definite DP, (ii) the DP is marked by a prepositional dative, (iii) the dative marked DP is accompanied by clitic doubling i.e., the clitic and the marked DP co-refer, and (iv) the marked DP is interpreted as an aboutness topic. I argue that DOM is derived by rightward A-movement to the edge of vP, specifically to Spec-ApplP. I provide three pieces of evidence for this argument: (i) island tests, (ii) binding, and (iii) adverbial placement tests. The empirical motivation for movement to ApplP is primarily for case checking. The movement is accompanied by clitic doubling, where the DP object and the corresponding clitic start the derivation by forming a big-DP. The DP object is differentially marked by movement to Spec-ApplP where the Appl head assigns dative case to it. Another novel motivation for the DOM movement to ApplP comes from aboutness topicality. I argue that the property that distinguishes DOM structures in NGA from their non-DOM counterparts is aboutness topicality (Reinhart 1981). I argue that the obligatory movement of the differentially marked object to the phase edge of vP allows its anchoring to a referential address, making it an aboutness topic. I further observe that only nominals that can be mapped onto a referential address (Endriss 2009) can be differentially marked. Consequently, quantifier phrases can also be DOM but only if they can be mapped onto a minimal witness set. This dissertation also explores which types of nominals can participate in DOM. Based on Zarka and Hacohen’s (2023) experimental work, I show that only highly atomic nominals in Grimm’s (2012) sense can be differentially marked. I further demonstrate that these nominals are mappable onto a referential address and are able to hold an anaphoric relation with a clitic. The big-DP, i.e., the DP and the corresponding clitic which form a single unit, accurately predicts that elements that are mappable onto a referential address are able to be linked to a pronoun. I argue that the DOM structure is generated only if the nominal is merged as part of the big-DP. However, the syntactic analysis does not fully account for the overall distribution of DOM. I demonstrate that DOM has certain pragmatic properties, which raises the question of how they arise. Adopting Kučerová and Zarka (in prep), I argue that DOM in NGA functions as an illocutionary marker that grammatically marks the asserted proposition as a non-default Discourse Commitment (Gunlogson 2001; Farkas & Bruce 2010) giving rise to a range of speech acts including emotive content. It is suggested that the obligatory illocutionary properties of DOM stem from structural economy. Since DOM involves an additional structure (clitic doubling and an applicative projection), which is absent in non-DOM counterparts, this additional structure triggers interpretive effects that would not be available otherwise (e.g., Fox 2000; Sichel and Wiltschko 2021). The analysis put forward in this thesis is specific to NGA. It is an open question whether it extends to other languages with DOM. Similar to NGA, DOM in languages like Romanian (e.g., Hill & Tasmowski 2008) and Catalan (e.g., Escandell-Vidal 2009) is associated with discourse pragmatic effects, but further research is required for other languages. The proposed analysis of DOM raises the question of whether a uniform analysis of DOM is possible by unifying the different DOM systems as instantiations of economy-driven interpretive effects. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Das theoretische Konstrukt der individuellen Curricula von Lehrkräften, operationalisiert mit Hilfe des Forschungsprogramms Subjektive Theorien (FST), wurde für die Untersuchung der individuellen Konzepte von Lehrkräften im Bereich der Algebra der Klassenstufen 7 und 8 mit dem Ziel ihre Unterrichts- und Planungsentscheidungen im Algebraunterricht nachzuvollziehen und zu verstehen und damit einen Einblick in den realen Unterrichtsalltag zu erhalten, genutzt. Untersucht wurden neun Gymnasiallehrkräfte mit Hilfe einer Interviewstudie. Weiterhin wurden die Resultate der einzelnen Fallstudien gegeneinander kontrastiert und es konnten drei Typen individueller Algebracurricula entwickelt werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigten beispielsweise, dass ein Hauptproblem für die Lehrkräfte darin besteht, dass sie in ihrem Algebraunterricht die syntaktischen und semantischen Elemente der Algebra eher voneinander trennen und dabei für sie die Frage auftaucht, in welchem Verhältnis diese unterrichtet werden sollten. Ein Vergleich der vorliegenden Untersuchung mit bestehenden Untersuchungen in den Bereichen Stochastik, Geometrie und der Analysis untermauert den Verdacht der Domänenspezifität individueller Curricula.

This study is a very basic handbook of Farsi phonetics and syntax for use by English as a Second Language (ESL) instructors who have had little or no contact with the structure of the Persian language. Emphasis is placed on presenting an inventory of selected phonological and syntactic items which are problems for native Farsi speakers who want to learn English.

This dissertation focuses on treatise of an Italian verb and its development from different points of view of various grammarians through comparison of eighteen Italian grammars from 15th until 19th century. It is looking at the verb from three standpoints: morphological, syntactical, and the aspect. Morphological view - it is examining the way of its classification based on individual grammatical categories: occurrence, description, and its contents. Syntactical view - here the issue of choosing the auxiliary verb is observed in compound tenses, the issue of concord and verbal valency. Verbal aspect, as a separate grammatical category, is not being dealt with by Roman linguistics before 20th century. This dissertation studies if and how authors of older grammars perceive and describe effects that belong to this category, predominantly the expression of perfective and imperfective aspects. Keywords: verb, Italian grammar, morphology, syntax, verbal aspect

While parsing performance on in-domain text has developed steadily in recent years, out-of-domain text and grammatically noisy text remain an obstacle and often lead to significant decreases in parsing accuracy. In this thesis, we focus on the parsing of noisy content, such as user-generated content in services like Twitter. We investigate the question whether a preprocessing step based on machine translation techniques and unsupervised models for text-normalization can improve parsing performance on noisy data. Existing data sets are evaluated and a new data set for dependency parsing of grammatically noisy Twitter data is introduced. We show that text-normalization together with a combination of domain-specific and generic part-of-speech taggers can lead to a significant improvement in parsing accuracy. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

The thesis aims to describe and compare the use of two English syntactic structures: sentences with a rhematic subject in the preverbal position and it-clefts with focused subject. It does so from the viewpoint of functional sentence perspective as conceived and elaborated by the members of the Prague Linguistic School and their Brno School followers. The main goal of the thesis is to determine whether the constructions are mutually exclusive or whether they can be under certain circumstances interchangeable. For the purposes of the analysis, 200 example sentences were collected from contemporary fiction, i.e. 100 for each construction. Subsequently, their relevant features were examined, especially those concerning dynamic semantic scales and realization form of the subjects; these aspects were expected to differ. The analysis has shown that each of the constructions has rather specific uses and they overlap only rarely, in sentences in which the two basic dynamic semantic scales, the Presentation Scale and the Quality Scale, intersect.

by Cheung Yam Leung. / Thesis submitted in: August, 1997. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 133-137). / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.iv / ROMANIZATION SCHEME --- p.vi / COPYRIGHT --- p.vi / ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS --- p.vii / ABSTRACT --- p.viii / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- THEORETICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF DISLOCATION IN LINGUISTIC STUDY --- p.1 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- COMPARISON OF RD IN CANTONESE AND ENGLISH --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1 --- Structure of RD in Cantonese and English --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Types of Right Dislocation --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Dislocated String and Co-referential Linking --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2 --- Approaches to RD --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Functional Approaches --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Syntactic Approaches --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3 --- Summary --- p.19 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- SYNTAX OF CANTONESE RIGHT DISLOCATION --- p.21 / Chapter 3.1 --- Dislocation Types --- p.22 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Dislocation Type I: XP in Preclausal Position --- p.22 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Dislocation Type II: Subj. + Predrear (+SP) + Predfront --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Dislocation Type III: Sentence Fragment --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2 --- Sentence Particles --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Function of SPs in Dislocation --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Prohibition of Dual SPs in Dislocation --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Co-occurrence Restriction between SP and Other Elements --- p.38 / Chapter 3.3 --- Why a Single Syntactic Unit? --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Afterthought is not a Panacea --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Syntactic Dependency in RD --- p.45 / Chapter 3.4 --- Why Leftward Movement? --- p.55 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Base-generation Approach --- p.56 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Rightward Movement Approach --- p.57 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Leftward Movement Approach --- p.60 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Dislocation vs. Topicalization --- p.62 / Chapter 3.5 --- Sru's (1992) Proposal --- p.67 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Phrasal Constituent Preposing --- p.67 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Substitution vs. Adjunction --- p.70 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Maximal Attachment Level --- p.71 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Subjacency --- p.72 / Chapter 3.6 --- Syntactic Representation of Dislocation Structure --- p.73 / Chapter 3.7 --- Summary --- p.83 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- CONSTRAINTS ON DISLOCATION STRUCTURE --- p.84 / Chapter 4.1 --- Coordinate Structure Constraint --- p.84 / Chapter 4.2 --- DislocatiON-Adjacency Constraint --- p.86 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Prohibition of Non-D-Adjacent Components in Dislocation --- p.86 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- "Dislocation Structure, Topicalization and the Syntax of SP" --- p.91 / Chapter 4.3 --- Focus --- p.94 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Question-Answer Test --- p.96 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Wh-Phrase --- p.100 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- "Focus Adverb´ؤZing hai "" Only""" --- p.104 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Focus Sentence Particles --- p.106 / Chapter 4.4 --- Negation --- p.108 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- DISLOCATION STRUCTURE AND MINIMALIST ASSUMPTIONS --- p.114 / Chapter 5.1 --- Review of Reconstruction --- p.114 / Chapter 5.2 --- Reconstruction in Dislocation Structure --- p.115 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- CONCLUSION. --- p.122 / ENDNOTE --- p.131 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.139