Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Crop Protection, 1997. / Bibliography: leaves 213-233.

Thesis (Ph. D.) -- Lincoln University, 2007. / Also available via the World Wide Web.

As several new species are described in this thesis its full value can only be realised by its publication, and it has therefore been prepared with that end in view. The subject matter is divided into two parts, each of which has been treated quite independently of the other. Both parts are presented here in the form in which they have been offered for publication. The first paper consists of a systematic study of a complex of species within the genus Paragus. It includes descriptions of four new species, a new subspecies, an allotype, and redescriptions of two incompletely defined species. This paper has been offered for publication in the Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London. The second part consists of a study of all the Ethiopian species of Paragus except those covered by the first paper. It includes the definition of a new subgenus, and descriptions of two new species and three allotypes. It has been sent for publication in the "Revue Zoologie et Botanique de Africaine" at the invitation of Dr. P. Basilewsky of the Musee du Congo Belge, Tervuren.

Antennal sensilla of Metasyrphus venablesi (Cn.) and Eupeodes volucris 0.S. (Diptera: Syrphidae) were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Males and females both had four types of sensilla. Three of these, two multiporous perforated (MPP) sensilla (one round-tipped and one pointed), and a grooved peg, multiporous sen-sillum, were also confirmed by SEM on the following species: Syrphus torvus (♂, ♀) Scaeva pyrastri (♂, ♀), Dasysyrphus amalopsis (♀), Xantho- grarnma flavipes (♀), Brachyopa perplexa (♂), Pipiza sp. (♀), Xylota sp. (♂). The fourth MPP sensillum had thicker walls and fewer pores. All four types were located among dense non-innervated setae on the antennal bulb and appeared to be olfactory. EAG study of the antennae of female M. venablesi and E. volucris showed that both species responded to: common green plant volatiles, trans- and cis-2-hexen-1-ol, trans- and cis-3-hexen-1-ol, cis-3-hexenylacetate, and hexanol; other volatile plant substances, methylsal-icylate and amylacetate; crushed carnation petals and crushed aphids. There was no response to honeydew or some of its components (e.g. tryptophan, indolealdehyde or indoleacetaldehyde) nor was there a response to water vapour. A gustatory sensillum on the ovipositor of these two species was studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and by neuro-physiological methods. One mechanosensitive and four chemosensitive neurons innervate each hair. The chemosensitive neurons are exposed to the exterior by a terminal pore, and respond to honeydew, tryptophan, indoleacetaldehyde, alanine, sucrose, and water. Labellar hairs are also sensitive to sucrose. Olfactometer study of M. venablesi and E. volucris showed that olfactory stimulation by flowers would induce searching by both sexes. A mixture of tryptophan and indoleacetaldehyde induced mated females to search for and locate the stimulus. Other components of the oviposition stimulus - crushed plant, un infested plant, and aphids did not induce searching. Physiological condition of the insect affected response to aphid-infested plants. Mated females, previously exposed to the stimulus, were more responsive than mated, inexperienced females or unmated, previously exposed females. Unmated, inexperienced females were least responsive. Mated and previously exposed males were more responsive than unmated, inexperienced males. Elements of the oviposition stimulus were presented on green glass rods to mated females. The attractive elements included fresh dead aphids, honeydew, crushed bean, tryptophan and indoleacetaldehyde, and clusters of black spots similar in size to aphids. Males were attracted only to honeydew and crushed bean. Both sexes responded to potential food sources, such as honeydew, but only females responded to aphids and attractants that characterized oviposition sites. A stimulus-response sequence is proposed for these aphidophagous syrphids that involves dual and/or multiple stimulus combinations. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

No description available.

<p>U radu, metodom PAGE (poliakrilamid gel elektroforeze), analizirana je gensko-enzimska<br />varijabilnost 11 populacija vrsta ruficornis grupe: M. ruficornis, M. armipes, M. crymensis, M. loewi i M.<br />recurvus; 11 populacija vrsta aeneus grupe: M. aeneus: M. aeneus A, M. aeneus B, M. aeneus C, M.<br />cinereus A, M. cinereus B, M. funestus i M. desuturinus; 7 populacija avidus grupe (M. avidus A i M.<br />avidus B) roda Merodon i 4 populacije vrste Cheilosia vernalis sa teritorije Balkanskog poluostrva.<br />Analizirana je varijabilnost alozima determinisanih alelima 17 lokusa (Aat, Fum, Gpd-1, Gpd-2, Gpi, Had,<br />Hk-2, Hk-3, Idh-1, Idh-2, Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Me, Pgm, Sod-1, Sod-2, Sod-3) vrsta ruficornis grupe, 15 lokusa<br />(Aat, Fum, Gpd-2, Gpi, Had, Hk-2, Hk-3, Idh-2, Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Me, Pgm, Sod-1, Sod-2, Sod-3) aeneus<br />grupe, 16 lokusa (Aat, Ao, Fum, Gpd-2, Gpi, Had, Hk-2, Hk-3, Idh-2, Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Me, Pgm, Sod-1,<br />Sod-2, Sod-3) avidus grupe i 12 lokusa (Fum, Gpd-2, Gpi, Had, Hk-2, Hk-3, Idh-1, Idh-2, Mdh-1, Mdh-2,<br />Pgm, Sod-1) populacija vrste Ch. vernalis.<br />Populaciono-genetičkom analizom vrsta ruficornis grupe utvrđen je dijagnostički značaj Aat,<br />Fum, Had, Hk-2, Hk-3, Mdh-2, Me, Pgm i Sod-1 lokusa. Species-specifičnim alelima identifikovane su<br />vrste i formiran genetičko-biohemijski dihotomi ključ. Analizom alozimske varijabilnosti populacija vrsta<br />aeneus grupe registrovani su kriptični taksoni: M. aeneus A, M. aeneus B, M. aeneus C, M. cinereus A i<br />M. cinereus B. U simpatričkim i alohronim populacijama vrsta M. aeneus A i M. aeneus C registrovani su<br />dijagnostički Had, Sod-1, Me, Aat i Pgm lokusi. Analizom PGM zimograma, u okviru prethodno<br />definisane &quot;prolećne generacije&quot; determinisana je populacija sa Kopaonika taksona M. aeneus B aeneus<br />kompleksa. Determinacija kriptičnih taksona M. cinereus A i M. cinereus B izvr&scaron;ena je na osnovu speciesspecifičnih<br />genotipova Had lokusa. Najveći broj dijagnostičkih lokusa registrovan je između vrsta M.<br />desuturinus i M. funestus, kao i između navedenih vrsta i ostalih vrsta aeneus kompleksa. Utvrđen je i<br />dijagnostički značaj većine analiziranih lokusa: Aat, Fum, Gpd-2, Hk-2, Hk-3, Idh-2, Mdh-2, Me, Pgm i<br />Sod-1. Na osnovu genetičkih markera Aat i Idh-2 lokusa i dijagnostičkih morfolo&scaron;kih karaktera<br />identifikovane su sestrinske vrste M. avidus A i M. avidus B.<br />Stepen genetičke diferencijacije između vrsta u okviru ruficornis i aeneus grupa bio je veći u<br />odnosu na blisko srodne vrste aeneus i cinereus kompleksa i sestrinskih vrsta avidus grupe. Na genetičku<br />identičnost ukazuje 52,94% (ruficornis grupa) i 55,56% (aeneus grupa) vrednosti genetičke bliskosti po<br />lokusu, odnosno, potpuna genetička različitost registrovana je u 25,41% (ruficornis grupa) i 25,49%<br />(aeneus grupa) analiza.<br />Na osnovu prosečne genetičke bliskosti i klaster analize u okviru ruficornis grupe diferencirana je<br />grupa blisko srodnih vrsta M. armipes, M. ruficornis i M. recurvus u odnosu na genetički udaljene vrste,<br />M. crymensis i M. loewi. Dendrogramom genetičkih odnosa između vrsta aeneus grupe formirana je<br />monofiletska grupa vrsta aeneus i cinereus kompleksa, nasuprot genetički udaljenim vrstama M. funestus i<br />M. desuturinus.<br />Utvrđena je veća zastupljenost vrednosti genetičke bliskosti po lokusu, mere genetičke<br />identičnosti (37,44%) i manji procenat pokazatelja genetičke različitosti (47,80%) između vrsta aeneus i<br />avidus grupa u odnosu na vrste ruficornis i avidus grupe (29,84% i 58,09%). Na visok stepen genetičkih<br />razlika između kongeneričkih vrsta roda Merodon ukazuje najveća procentualna zastupljenost vrednosti<br />genetičke bliskosti po lokusu, pokazatelja genetičke različitosti (62,01%) i mali stepen genetičke<br />identičnosti (26,84%).<br />Utvrđen je pleziomorfan karakter Gpi (Gpijl), Hk-2, Hk-3 (Hkc) i Mdh-2 (Mdh-2e) lokusa vrsta<br />ruficornis, aeneus i avidus grupa roda Merodon, kao i predački aleli Gpii, Gpij, i Pgmf vrsta avidus i<br />aeneus grupa. Poređenjem alozima determinisanih alelima 10 lokusa populacija vrste Cheilosia vernalis,<br />suprageneričke out vrste, i populacija vrsta roda Merodon, registrovani su identični aleli samo u Fum i<br />Pgm lokusima.</p> / <p>Gene-enzyme variability of the ruficornis (11 populations: M. ruficornis, M. armipes, M.<br />crymensis, M. loewi and M. recurvus), aeneus (11 populations: M. aeneus: M. aeneus A, M. aeneus B, M.<br />aeneus C, M. cinereus A, M. cinereus B, M. funestus and M. desuturinus) and avidus (7 populations: M.<br />avidus A and M. avidus B) groups of species of the genus Merodon and four Cheilosia vernalis<br />populations from the Balkan peninsula was analyzed using PAGE (polyacrilamide electrophoresis).<br />Allozyme variability of 17 loci in the ruficornis species group (Aat, Fum, Gpd-1, Gpd-2, Gpi, Had, Hk-2,<br />Hk-3, Idh-1, Idh-2, Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Me, Pgm, Sod-1, Sod-2, Sod-3), 17 loci in the aeneus species group<br />(Aat, Fum, Gpd-2, Gpi, Had, Hk-2, Hk-3, Idh-2, Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Me, Pgm, Sod-1, Sod-2, Sod-3), 16 loci in<br />the avidus species group (Aat, Ao, Fum, Gpd-2, Gpi, Had, Hk-2, Hk-3, Idh-2, Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Me, Pgm,<br />Sod-1, Sod-2, Sod-3) and 12 loci in Ch. vernalis populations (Fum, Gpd-2, Gpi, Had, Hk-2, Hk-3, Idh-1,<br />Idh-2, Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Pgm, Sod-1) was evaluated.<br />Diagnostic value of Aat, Fum, Had, Hk-2, Hk-3, Mdh-2, Me, Pgm and Sod-1 loci was determined<br />by the population-genetic analysis of the ruficornis species group. The species were identified using<br />species-specific alleles and genetic-biochemical key was formed. Allozyme variability analysis of the<br />aeneus species group populations enabled discrimination of the cryptic taxa: M. aeneus A, M. aeneus B,<br />M. aeneus C, M. cinereus A and M. cinereus B. In sympatric and alochronic populations of the species M.<br />aeneus A and M. aeneus diagnostic loci were observed (Had, Sod-1, Me, Aat and Pgm). Analysis of the<br />PGM zymogram allowed the identification of the cryptic species M. aeneus B in the previously delineated<br />&quot;spring generation&quot; from Kopaonik. Cryptic taxa M. cinereus A and M. cinereus B were discriminated<br />based on the species-specific genotypes at the Had locus. The largest numbers of the diagnostic loci were<br />registered for differentiating M. desuturinus and M. funestus species, and between these two and other<br />species of the aeneus complex. Diagnostic value was recorded for the analyzed loci: Aat, Fum, Gpd-2, Hk-<br />2, Hk-3, Idh-2, Mdh-2, Me, Pgm and Sod-1. Sibling species M. avidus A and M. avidus B were identified<br />using genetic markers of Aat and Idh-2 loci and diagnostic morphological characters.<br />The degree of genetic differentiation between the species of the ruficornis and the aeneus groups<br />was higher comparing to closely related species of the aeneus and the cinereus complexes and sibling<br />species of the avidus group. Out of the performed analyses, 52.94% (ruficornis group) and 55.56%<br />(aeneus group) of the genetic identity values for loci point to genetic identity, while complete genetic<br />difference was registered in 25.41% (ruficornis group) and 25.49% (aeneus group).<br />Average values of the genetic identity and cluster analysis enabled differentiating the groups of<br />closely related (M. armipes, M. ruficornis and M. recurvus) and genetically distant species (M. crymensis<br />and M. loewi) in the ruficornis group. Based on dendrogram of genetic relationships between the species<br />of the aeneus group, monophyletic group of the aeneus and the cinereus complex species was formed, as<br />opposed to genetically distant species M. funestus and M. desuturinus.<br />Genetic identity among loci between the aeneus and the avidus groups was higher (37.44%) while<br />genetic distance was lower (47.80%) in comparison to the corresponding values for the ruficornis and the<br />avidus groups of species (29.84% and 58.09%). High values of genetic difference (62.01%) and low<br />values of genetic identity (26.84%) indicate great genetic difference between congeneric species of the<br />genus Merodon.<br />Pleziomorphous character of Gpi (Gpijl), Hk-2, Hk-3 (Hkc) and Mdh-2 (Mdh-2e) loci in the<br />ruficornis, aeneus and avidus species groups of the genus Merodon and ancestral alleles (Gpii, Gpij, Pgmf<br />) in the avidus and the aeneus species groups were registered.<br />Comparison of allozymes of the suprageneric out species Ch. vernalis and the populations of the<br />genus Merodon revealed identical alleles only in Fum and Pgm loci.</p>

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1928. / Typescript. With this is bound: The known predacious and parasitic enemies of the pea aphid in North America / C.L. Fluke. (Research bulletin / University of Wisconsin, Agricultural Experiment Station ; 93), 47 p. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 93-96).

Eristalis tenax and E. pertinax are two closely related Scottish hoverflies that share various ecological features, such as feeding sources, but differ in others (e.g. only adult E. tenax overwinter). The physiological performances and behaviour of these flies were studied in relation to the hygrothermal constraints faced, as were the physiological adaptations in the two (summer and winter) generations of E. tenax. Their water loss rates are rather high, lying in the upper part of the range for mesic insects. Rates are higher in E. tenax than in E. pertinax, and higher in male than in female E. pertinax. Water loss rates can be modified, notably in overwintering, water stressed females. Because of the rather high levels of evaporative cooling, these flies equilibrate at a temperature lower than ambient temperature. This work supports Bakken's (1976) recommendation of using equilibrium temperature as the "external" temperature for the estimation of warming and cooling constants, and further analyses the effects of evaporative cooling on these constants. Both species have endothermic abilities. Only E. tenax thermoregulate to a moderate degree in forward flight, but hovering male E. pertinax are excellent thermoregulators. Haemolymph shunting appears to be in operation in E. tenax, but is unlikely to be a controlled process. Large flies exchange heat with the environment more slowly, have faster warm-up rates, and take off at (and fly with) higher thoracic temperatures than small ones. Both linear dimensions and mass have to be considered, as the various aspects of insects' biology are not affected by the same size factor and because only then can "real" sex differences be distinguished from ones resulting from a difference in shape in males and females. In Scotland, male E. pertinax hover whereas male E. tenax do not. Hovering duration is strongly influenced by temperature. The foraging activity of these flies appears to be controlled in part by a circadian rhythm with additional effects of temperature in male E. tenax, and of light in E. pertinax. Overwintering female E. tenax select crevices in caves and ruins that offer a relatively constant, warm and highly humid microclimate. The start and end of overwintering appear to be triggered by changes in ambient temperature. Further opportunities for comparative studies of eristalines across their broad geographical range and between summer and winter generations are considered.

The family Syrphidae (Diptera) has around 6000 species worldwide, including many species commonly seen hovering over flowers where they feed and seek possible mates. Many of the genera mimic bees or wasps, thus sharing a similar habitus, and their identification can prove difficult without a proper identification key. To aid in the identification of Syrphidae, the first chapter of the thesis presents an online interactive photographic key to the nearctic genera of Syrphidae, richly illustrated with field and laboratory images. One of the most speciose genera of the family is Ocyptamus Macquart, 1834, with around 300 species described. Recent studies suggest that Ocyptamus is paraphyletic with regards to the genera Eosalpingogaster Hull, 1949 and Toxomerus Macquart, 1855. The second chapter addresses this paraphyly through a phylogenetic analysis, based on morphological and molecular data, of 63 species currently or previously placed in the genus Ocyptamus. A monophyletic Ocyptamus was defined on the basis of cladistic principles, six new genera (Fragosa, Hypocritanus, Maiana, Nuntianus, Relictanum and Victoriana) were proposed and 10 names (Atylobaccha, Calostigma, Hermesomyia, Hybobathus, Mimocalla, Orphnabaccha, Pelecinobaccha, Pipunculosyrphus, Pseudoscaeva and Styxia) were ressurected. The third chapter considers the clade made up of Pelecinobaccha, Relictanum and Atylobaccha, revising the genera Pelecinobaccha and Relictanum, including 24 new species, 28 synonimized names, an identification key and distribution maps.