Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Crop Protection, 1997. / Bibliography: leaves 213-233.

Thesis (Ph. D.) -- Lincoln University, 2007. / Also available via the World Wide Web.

As several new species are described in this thesis its full value can only be realised by its publication, and it has therefore been prepared with that end in view. The subject matter is divided into two parts, each of which has been treated quite independently of the other. Both parts are presented here in the form in which they have been offered for publication. The first paper consists of a systematic study of a complex of species within the genus Paragus. It includes descriptions of four new species, a new subspecies, an allotype, and redescriptions of two incompletely defined species. This paper has been offered for publication in the Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London. The second part consists of a study of all the Ethiopian species of Paragus except those covered by the first paper. It includes the definition of a new subgenus, and descriptions of two new species and three allotypes. It has been sent for publication in the "Revue Zoologie et Botanique de Africaine" at the invitation of Dr. P. Basilewsky of the Musee du Congo Belge, Tervuren.

Antennal sensilla of Metasyrphus venablesi (Cn.) and Eupeodes volucris 0.S. (Diptera: Syrphidae) were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Males and females both had four types of sensilla. Three of these, two multiporous perforated (MPP) sensilla (one round-tipped and one pointed), and a grooved peg, multiporous sen-sillum, were also confirmed by SEM on the following species: Syrphus torvus (♂, ♀) Scaeva pyrastri (♂, ♀), Dasysyrphus amalopsis (♀), Xantho- grarnma flavipes (♀), Brachyopa perplexa (♂), Pipiza sp. (♀), Xylota sp. (♂). The fourth MPP sensillum had thicker walls and fewer pores. All four types were located among dense non-innervated setae on the antennal bulb and appeared to be olfactory. EAG study of the antennae of female M. venablesi and E. volucris showed that both species responded to: common green plant volatiles, trans- and cis-2-hexen-1-ol, trans- and cis-3-hexen-1-ol, cis-3-hexenylacetate, and hexanol; other volatile plant substances, methylsal-icylate and amylacetate; crushed carnation petals and crushed aphids. There was no response to honeydew or some of its components (e.g. tryptophan, indolealdehyde or indoleacetaldehyde) nor was there a response to water vapour. A gustatory sensillum on the ovipositor of these two species was studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and by neuro-physiological methods. One mechanosensitive and four chemosensitive neurons innervate each hair. The chemosensitive neurons are exposed to the exterior by a terminal pore, and respond to honeydew, tryptophan, indoleacetaldehyde, alanine, sucrose, and water. Labellar hairs are also sensitive to sucrose. Olfactometer study of M. venablesi and E. volucris showed that olfactory stimulation by flowers would induce searching by both sexes. A mixture of tryptophan and indoleacetaldehyde induced mated females to search for and locate the stimulus. Other components of the oviposition stimulus - crushed plant, un infested plant, and aphids did not induce searching. Physiological condition of the insect affected response to aphid-infested plants. Mated females, previously exposed to the stimulus, were more responsive than mated, inexperienced females or unmated, previously exposed females. Unmated, inexperienced females were least responsive. Mated and previously exposed males were more responsive than unmated, inexperienced males. Elements of the oviposition stimulus were presented on green glass rods to mated females. The attractive elements included fresh dead aphids, honeydew, crushed bean, tryptophan and indoleacetaldehyde, and clusters of black spots similar in size to aphids. Males were attracted only to honeydew and crushed bean. Both sexes responded to potential food sources, such as honeydew, but only females responded to aphids and attractants that characterized oviposition sites. A stimulus-response sequence is proposed for these aphidophagous syrphids that involves dual and/or multiple stimulus combinations. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

No description available.

<p>U radu, metodom PAGE (poliakrilamid gel elektroforeze), analizirana je gensko-enzimska<br />varijabilnost 11 populacija vrsta ruficornis grupe: M. ruficornis, M. armipes, M. crymensis, M. loewi i M.<br />recurvus; 11 populacija vrsta aeneus grupe: M. aeneus: M. aeneus A, M. aeneus B, M. aeneus C, M.<br />cinereus A, M. cinereus B, M. funestus i M. desuturinus; 7 populacija avidus grupe (M. avidus A i M.<br />avidus B) roda Merodon i 4 populacije vrste Cheilosia vernalis sa teritorije Balkanskog poluostrva.<br />Analizirana je varijabilnost alozima determinisanih alelima 17 lokusa (Aat, Fum, Gpd-1, Gpd-2, Gpi, Had,<br />Hk-2, Hk-3, Idh-1, Idh-2, Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Me, Pgm, Sod-1, Sod-2, Sod-3) vrsta ruficornis grupe, 15 lokusa<br />(Aat, Fum, Gpd-2, Gpi, Had, Hk-2, Hk-3, Idh-2, Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Me, Pgm, Sod-1, Sod-2, Sod-3) aeneus<br />grupe, 16 lokusa (Aat, Ao, Fum, Gpd-2, Gpi, Had, Hk-2, Hk-3, Idh-2, Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Me, Pgm, Sod-1,<br />Sod-2, Sod-3) avidus grupe i 12 lokusa (Fum, Gpd-2, Gpi, Had, Hk-2, Hk-3, Idh-1, Idh-2, Mdh-1, Mdh-2,<br />Pgm, Sod-1) populacija vrste Ch. vernalis.<br />Populaciono-genetičkom analizom vrsta ruficornis grupe utvrđen je dijagnostički značaj Aat,<br />Fum, Had, Hk-2, Hk-3, Mdh-2, Me, Pgm i Sod-1 lokusa. Species-specifičnim alelima identifikovane su<br />vrste i formiran genetičko-biohemijski dihotomi ključ. Analizom alozimske varijabilnosti populacija vrsta<br />aeneus grupe registrovani su kriptični taksoni: M. aeneus A, M. aeneus B, M. aeneus C, M. cinereus A i<br />M. cinereus B. U simpatričkim i alohronim populacijama vrsta M. aeneus A i M. aeneus C registrovani su<br />dijagnostički Had, Sod-1, Me, Aat i Pgm lokusi. Analizom PGM zimograma, u okviru prethodno<br />definisane &quot;prolećne generacije&quot; determinisana je populacija sa Kopaonika taksona M. aeneus B aeneus<br />kompleksa. Determinacija kriptičnih taksona M. cinereus A i M. cinereus B izvr&scaron;ena je na osnovu speciesspecifičnih<br />genotipova Had lokusa. Najveći broj dijagnostičkih lokusa registrovan je između vrsta M.<br />desuturinus i M. funestus, kao i između navedenih vrsta i ostalih vrsta aeneus kompleksa. Utvrđen je i<br />dijagnostički značaj većine analiziranih lokusa: Aat, Fum, Gpd-2, Hk-2, Hk-3, Idh-2, Mdh-2, Me, Pgm i<br />Sod-1. Na osnovu genetičkih markera Aat i Idh-2 lokusa i dijagnostičkih morfolo&scaron;kih karaktera<br />identifikovane su sestrinske vrste M. avidus A i M. avidus B.<br />Stepen genetičke diferencijacije između vrsta u okviru ruficornis i aeneus grupa bio je veći u<br />odnosu na blisko srodne vrste aeneus i cinereus kompleksa i sestrinskih vrsta avidus grupe. Na genetičku<br />identičnost ukazuje 52,94% (ruficornis grupa) i 55,56% (aeneus grupa) vrednosti genetičke bliskosti po<br />lokusu, odnosno, potpuna genetička različitost registrovana je u 25,41% (ruficornis grupa) i 25,49%<br />(aeneus grupa) analiza.<br />Na osnovu prosečne genetičke bliskosti i klaster analize u okviru ruficornis grupe diferencirana je<br />grupa blisko srodnih vrsta M. armipes, M. ruficornis i M. recurvus u odnosu na genetički udaljene vrste,<br />M. crymensis i M. loewi. Dendrogramom genetičkih odnosa između vrsta aeneus grupe formirana je<br />monofiletska grupa vrsta aeneus i cinereus kompleksa, nasuprot genetički udaljenim vrstama M. funestus i<br />M. desuturinus.<br />Utvrđena je veća zastupljenost vrednosti genetičke bliskosti po lokusu, mere genetičke<br />identičnosti (37,44%) i manji procenat pokazatelja genetičke različitosti (47,80%) između vrsta aeneus i<br />avidus grupa u odnosu na vrste ruficornis i avidus grupe (29,84% i 58,09%). Na visok stepen genetičkih<br />razlika između kongeneričkih vrsta roda Merodon ukazuje najveća procentualna zastupljenost vrednosti<br />genetičke bliskosti po lokusu, pokazatelja genetičke različitosti (62,01%) i mali stepen genetičke<br />identičnosti (26,84%).<br />Utvrđen je pleziomorfan karakter Gpi (Gpijl), Hk-2, Hk-3 (Hkc) i Mdh-2 (Mdh-2e) lokusa vrsta<br />ruficornis, aeneus i avidus grupa roda Merodon, kao i predački aleli Gpii, Gpij, i Pgmf vrsta avidus i<br />aeneus grupa. Poređenjem alozima determinisanih alelima 10 lokusa populacija vrste Cheilosia vernalis,<br />suprageneričke out vrste, i populacija vrsta roda Merodon, registrovani su identični aleli samo u Fum i<br />Pgm lokusima.</p> / <p>Gene-enzyme variability of the ruficornis (11 populations: M. ruficornis, M. armipes, M.<br />crymensis, M. loewi and M. recurvus), aeneus (11 populations: M. aeneus: M. aeneus A, M. aeneus B, M.<br />aeneus C, M. cinereus A, M. cinereus B, M. funestus and M. desuturinus) and avidus (7 populations: M.<br />avidus A and M. avidus B) groups of species of the genus Merodon and four Cheilosia vernalis<br />populations from the Balkan peninsula was analyzed using PAGE (polyacrilamide electrophoresis).<br />Allozyme variability of 17 loci in the ruficornis species group (Aat, Fum, Gpd-1, Gpd-2, Gpi, Had, Hk-2,<br />Hk-3, Idh-1, Idh-2, Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Me, Pgm, Sod-1, Sod-2, Sod-3), 17 loci in the aeneus species group<br />(Aat, Fum, Gpd-2, Gpi, Had, Hk-2, Hk-3, Idh-2, Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Me, Pgm, Sod-1, Sod-2, Sod-3), 16 loci in<br />the avidus species group (Aat, Ao, Fum, Gpd-2, Gpi, Had, Hk-2, Hk-3, Idh-2, Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Me, Pgm,<br />Sod-1, Sod-2, Sod-3) and 12 loci in Ch. vernalis populations (Fum, Gpd-2, Gpi, Had, Hk-2, Hk-3, Idh-1,<br />Idh-2, Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Pgm, Sod-1) was evaluated.<br />Diagnostic value of Aat, Fum, Had, Hk-2, Hk-3, Mdh-2, Me, Pgm and Sod-1 loci was determined<br />by the population-genetic analysis of the ruficornis species group. The species were identified using<br />species-specific alleles and genetic-biochemical key was formed. Allozyme variability analysis of the<br />aeneus species group populations enabled discrimination of the cryptic taxa: M. aeneus A, M. aeneus B,<br />M. aeneus C, M. cinereus A and M. cinereus B. In sympatric and alochronic populations of the species M.<br />aeneus A and M. aeneus diagnostic loci were observed (Had, Sod-1, Me, Aat and Pgm). Analysis of the<br />PGM zymogram allowed the identification of the cryptic species M. aeneus B in the previously delineated<br />&quot;spring generation&quot; from Kopaonik. Cryptic taxa M. cinereus A and M. cinereus B were discriminated<br />based on the species-specific genotypes at the Had locus. The largest numbers of the diagnostic loci were<br />registered for differentiating M. desuturinus and M. funestus species, and between these two and other<br />species of the aeneus complex. Diagnostic value was recorded for the analyzed loci: Aat, Fum, Gpd-2, Hk-<br />2, Hk-3, Idh-2, Mdh-2, Me, Pgm and Sod-1. Sibling species M. avidus A and M. avidus B were identified<br />using genetic markers of Aat and Idh-2 loci and diagnostic morphological characters.<br />The degree of genetic differentiation between the species of the ruficornis and the aeneus groups<br />was higher comparing to closely related species of the aeneus and the cinereus complexes and sibling<br />species of the avidus group. Out of the performed analyses, 52.94% (ruficornis group) and 55.56%<br />(aeneus group) of the genetic identity values for loci point to genetic identity, while complete genetic<br />difference was registered in 25.41% (ruficornis group) and 25.49% (aeneus group).<br />Average values of the genetic identity and cluster analysis enabled differentiating the groups of<br />closely related (M. armipes, M. ruficornis and M. recurvus) and genetically distant species (M. crymensis<br />and M. loewi) in the ruficornis group. Based on dendrogram of genetic relationships between the species<br />of the aeneus group, monophyletic group of the aeneus and the cinereus complex species was formed, as<br />opposed to genetically distant species M. funestus and M. desuturinus.<br />Genetic identity among loci between the aeneus and the avidus groups was higher (37.44%) while<br />genetic distance was lower (47.80%) in comparison to the corresponding values for the ruficornis and the<br />avidus groups of species (29.84% and 58.09%). High values of genetic difference (62.01%) and low<br />values of genetic identity (26.84%) indicate great genetic difference between congeneric species of the<br />genus Merodon.<br />Pleziomorphous character of Gpi (Gpijl), Hk-2, Hk-3 (Hkc) and Mdh-2 (Mdh-2e) loci in the<br />ruficornis, aeneus and avidus species groups of the genus Merodon and ancestral alleles (Gpii, Gpij, Pgmf<br />) in the avidus and the aeneus species groups were registered.<br />Comparison of allozymes of the suprageneric out species Ch. vernalis and the populations of the<br />genus Merodon revealed identical alleles only in Fum and Pgm loci.</p>

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1928. / Typescript. With this is bound: The known predacious and parasitic enemies of the pea aphid in North America / C.L. Fluke. (Research bulletin / University of Wisconsin, Agricultural Experiment Station ; 93), 47 p. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 93-96).

Eristalis tenax and E. pertinax are two closely related Scottish hoverflies that share various ecological features, such as feeding sources, but differ in others (e.g. only adult E. tenax overwinter). The physiological performances and behaviour of these flies were studied in relation to the hygrothermal constraints faced, as were the physiological adaptations in the two (summer and winter) generations of E. tenax. Their water loss rates are rather high, lying in the upper part of the range for mesic insects. Rates are higher in E. tenax than in E. pertinax, and higher in male than in female E. pertinax. Water loss rates can be modified, notably in overwintering, water stressed females. Because of the rather high levels of evaporative cooling, these flies equilibrate at a temperature lower than ambient temperature. This work supports Bakken's (1976) recommendation of using equilibrium temperature as the "external" temperature for the estimation of warming and cooling constants, and further analyses the effects of evaporative cooling on these constants. Both species have endothermic abilities. Only E. tenax thermoregulate to a moderate degree in forward flight, but hovering male E. pertinax are excellent thermoregulators. Haemolymph shunting appears to be in operation in E. tenax, but is unlikely to be a controlled process. Large flies exchange heat with the environment more slowly, have faster warm-up rates, and take off at (and fly with) higher thoracic temperatures than small ones. Both linear dimensions and mass have to be considered, as the various aspects of insects' biology are not affected by the same size factor and because only then can "real" sex differences be distinguished from ones resulting from a difference in shape in males and females. In Scotland, male E. pertinax hover whereas male E. tenax do not. Hovering duration is strongly influenced by temperature. The foraging activity of these flies appears to be controlled in part by a circadian rhythm with additional effects of temperature in male E. tenax, and of light in E. pertinax. Overwintering female E. tenax select crevices in caves and ruins that offer a relatively constant, warm and highly humid microclimate. The start and end of overwintering appear to be triggered by changes in ambient temperature. Further opportunities for comparative studies of eristalines across their broad geographical range and between summer and winter generations are considered.

Syrphids (commonly known as hoverflies or flower flies) are one of the most diverse groups of dipterans, with more than 6300 described species, distributed in about 200 genera. The family Syrphidae is taxonomically divided into four subfamilies: Microdontinae, Eristalinae, Pipizinae and Syrphinae, being the Eristalinae the most diverse and speciose group, but also the only one not sharing a close common evolutionary ancestor. As with many other insect groups, most knowledge of the biology and ecology of Syrphidae comes from the study of the adult stage, with little or no knowledge of the preimaginal stages. This lack of information hinders the resolution of key phylogenetic and evolutionary issues, as well as the implementation of conservation and protection measures for endangered species and others that play very important ecological roles. Therefore, the main objective of this thesis is to increase this knowledge, both from a basic and applied research point of view. For this purpose, two of the most important phylogenetic clades of eristalines were selected: the basal tribe Merodontini (Sections I and II) and the highly specialised tribe Eristalini (Section III). The aim of Section I is to extend and revise the knowledge of the larval morphology and taxonomy of the genera Merodon Meigen, 1803 and Eumerus Meigen, 1822. The output is the preimaginal description of a total of 17 taxa, including morphological studies of third instar larvae, puparia, and head skeletons. The section is divided into two chapters focusing on each of the genera. Chapter I includes the study of the evolutionary lineages M. desuturinus and M. albifrons of the genus Merodon. First, four species belonging to the capi speciescomplex of the planifacies subgroup of M. desuturinus lineage were described: M. capi Vujić & Radenković, 2020, M. roni Radenković & Vujić, 2020, M. levis sp. nov. and M. reenensis sp. nov. The larvae were found feeding inside the epigeal bulbs of the South African host plant Merwilla plumbea (Lindl.) Speta. Due to the very similar morphology and the fact that the species-complex includes some cryptic taxa, morphometric analysis of their larval morphology in syrphids was used to obtain their morphological characterisation. This is the first time that this type of analysis has been applied to syrphid larval morphology. In addition, first chapter also contains descriptions of eight species belonging to the constans-group of M. albifrons lineage: M. adjaricus sp. nov., M. analis Meigen, 1822, M. caucasicus Portschinsky, 1877, M. chrysotricos Vujić, Radenković & Likov, 2020, M. dhzalitae Paramonov, 1926, M. gudaurensis Portschinsky, 1877, M. resani sp. nov. and M. triangulum Vujić, Radenković & Hurkmans, 2020. These species were collected feeding on bulbs of the host plants Leucojum vernum L., and different species of the genus Galanthus L. in four countries of the Eastern Mediterranean. The results significantly enlarge the number of available descriptions of the M. albifrons lineage, which becomes the group with the highest number of species with preimaginal stages described in the genus. The second chapter includes five descriptions of the genus Eumerus, two of which were collected in the eastern part of the Iberian Peninsula and the other three in South Africa. The first two species were found feeding inside the stems of Cistanche phelypaea (L.) Cout.: E. larvatus Aracil, Grković & Pérez-Bañón, 2023 and E. amoenus Loew, 1848. The morphology of the two species is completely different, especially in the head skeleton and posterior part of the body. These remarkable differences, suggest different feeding habits for each of them. Two different morphological groups are then recognised: one that includes the traditional and widely recognised genus morphology corresponding to saprophagous species, and another that includes truly phytophagous species. The other three species described in Chapter II are saprophagous species collected feeding inside the decaying stems of Aloe candelabrum A. Berger, i.e. E. compactus van Doesburg, 1966 and E. rufotibialis sp. nov., and inside epigeal bulbs of M. plumbea, i.e. E. astropilops Hull, 1964. The results increase the knowledge of the genus Eumerus in the Afrotropical region, where it is particularly diverse and the amount of information is very scarce, especially regarding larval biology and morphology. The preimaginal morphology of these species fits the saprophagous type previously described. Diagnostic characters for each species have been found and indicated. The main aim of Section II is to provide new information on the life cycle, the geographical distribution, and the population dynamics of several species of the genera Merodon and Eumerus. To this end, the section has been divided into two chapters, one focusing on two species of the genus Merodon, described in the previous section, and the other on two species of the genus Eumerus, one with a phytophagous and one with a saprophagous larval type. Chapter III aims to investigate the life cycle and the relationship between the adult stage and the host plant of two Afrotropical species studied in Chapter I: M. capi and M. roni. Therefore, a morphological description of the mouthparts of the adults and a pollen analysis were performed; a third South African species, which also belongs to the M. desuturinus lineage, was used as a comparison for the analysis, i.e. M. drakonis Vujić & Radenković, 2018. The results showed that the species do not have very developed mouthparts, and very low amounts of pollen were found in the body and gut. This information suggests that both species do not visit the flowers of M. plumbea, and the relationship with the host plant is mainly limited to the preimaginal stage. In conclusion, the species seems to be univoltine, with the larvae developing inside the epigeal bulbs, and moving through the external part to pupate in the soil. Chapter IV deals with the study of a phytophagous Eumerus species (described in Section I) studied in situ in the field, and a saprophagous species studied under laboratory conditions using the “age-stage, two-sex life table theory”. The phytophagous species, E. larvatus, is an endemic species from the eastern Iberian Peninsula. It is a univoltine species, with a very short and atypical winter flight period. The larvae feed inside the stems of C. phelypaea during spring and midsummer, and remain buried in the soil throughout autumn, until early winter when they move on to the surface to pupate. On the other hand, in the fourth chapter, Eumerus obliquus (Fabricius, 1805), was reared for the first time under controlled conditions using an artificial larval food based on soaked grains. The age-stage two sex method has proved to be a useful technique for studying the demographic and population parameters of this species, which is in expansion. The results show a developmental time of 2, 14.80, 15.90 and 22.3 days for egg, larva, pupa, and adult, respectively. The highest mortality was found in the first instars of the larval stage, accounting almost 50 %. The average fecundity is approximately 260 eggs per female, oviposition begins when females are four days old, and the average hatchability is 55 %. The aim of Section III is to study of the effect of pupal cold storage (5 ºC) on five eristaline hoverflies with high potential for use as pollinators in commercial crops. The first chapter of the section (Chapter V) presents the results obtained with two species for which there are no standardised protocols for mass rearing: Eristalinus taeniops (Wiedemann, 1818) and Myathropa florea (Linnaeus, 1758). In the second (Chapter VI), three species with well-established massive rearing protocols were analysed: Eristalinus aeneus (Scopoli, 1763), Eristalis arbustorum (Linnaeus, 1758), and Eristalis tenax (Linnaeus, 1758). To achieve this aim, eight cold treatments were applied in both chapters: constant cold (CC) storage for 5, 10 and 15 days vs. fluctuating regime treatment (FTR) for 15, 20 and 30 days, together with a control treatment without cold exposure (25 ºC). Furthermore, in chapter VI an analysis of the flight capability of the adults emerged after cold storage was carried out using flight-mill devices. A summary of the main results of this section is presented below. The parameters studied varied in a similar way for the five species analysed, then in all cases, the development time increases exactly with the number of days that the pupae are exposed to cold conditions. The emergence and viability rates, decrease with increasing exposure time for both constant and fluctuating regime treatments, but the morphological alteration rate increases with increasing cold exposure time. The fluctuating regime treatment considerably increases emergence and viability rates and decreases morphological alteration rates. On the contrary, the sensitivity of each species to cold exposure is different, with E. tenax and E. aeneus being the most resistant species, while E. arbustorum and E. taeniops are very sensitive to cold exposure and present worse rates than the others. In the case of M. florea, it presents more sensitive rates (like the second group) for the constant cold treatments, but it seems to be very resistant when the fluctuating regimes are applied, being the one with the highest rates in the FTR4-30D treatment. Considering a minimum viability rate of 80 % as a valid (usable) treatment, the best treatment for E. arbustorum, would be CC-5D (88 % of viability) and although there are several valid options for E. tenax, the most useful would probably be the FTR4 treatments for the period requested (not more than 20 days). Also, for E. aeneus most treatments have high viability rates but, in this case the best would be FTR4 for a period of 15D. For M. florea, FTR4-20D was the best treatment, but for E. taeniops all treatments were above the minimum threshold, the closest being FTR2-15D with a viability rate of 77 %. Finally, the analysis of flight capability was carried out for E. aeneus, E. arbustorum, and E. tenax using three different treatments for each species. The results showed that short periods of cold exposure did not affect the flight capacity of the adults, but longer periods of exposure (15 or 20 days) reduced the flight capacity; in the case of E. aeneus, the longer exposure treatment resulted in total inability to fly. However, the number of replicates performed in the study was not enough to carry out a robust statistical analysis, so further research is needed to determine the effect of pupal cold storage on adult flight capability. / Para la realización de esta tesis se ha contado con la financiación del Programa Propio del Vicerrectorado de Investigación y Transferencia de Conocimiento para el fomento de la I+D+i en la Universidad de Alicante 2018, bajo un contrato de investigación predoctoral (UAFPU2019-03).