abstract: Rock traits (grain size, shape, orientation) are fundamental indicators of geologic processes including geomorphology and active tectonics. Fault zone evolution, fault slip rates, and earthquake timing are informed by examinations of discontinuities in the displacements of the Earth surface at fault scarps. Fault scarps indicate the structure of fault zones fans, relay ramps, and double faults, as well as the surface process response to the deformation and can thus indicate the activity of the fault zone and its potential hazard. “Rocky” fault scarps are unusual because they share characteristics of bedrock and alluvial fault scarps. The Volcanic Tablelands in Bishop, CA offer a natural laboratory with an array of rocky fault scarps. Machine learning mask-Region Convolutional Neural Network segments an orthophoto to identify individual particles along a specific rocky fault scarp. The resulting rock traits for thousands of particles along the scarp are used to develop conceptual models for rocky scarp geomorphology and evolution. In addition to rocky scarp classification, these tools may be useful in many sedimentary and volcanological applications for particle mapping and characterization. / Dissertation/Thesis / Machine learning output data (Appendix II) / Masters Thesis Geological Sciences 2020

This study investigated the utility to vertebrates of upland linear riparian rainforest fragments on the Atherton and Evelyn Tablelands in the Australian Wet Tropics region, north Queensland. Similar linear fragments were selected, that varied in forest age and their connectivity to large areas of continuous forest:- (connected primary (N=6), isolated primary (N=5), connected secondary (N=6) and isolated secondary (N=7)). Primary sites had either never been cleared or only subject to selective logging, while secondary forest had been completely cleared and allowed to regenerate for at least 30 years. These linear fragments were contrasted with riparian sites within continuous forest sites (N=6 to 7), which were situated in State Forest or National Parks, and sites within the cleared matrix (pasture, N=6). Vertebrates surveyed were birds, ground-dwelling mammals and reptiles, particularly leaf-litter skinks. All surveys were conducted between September and December in 2001 and/or 2000. Chapter 2 investigates the effects of forest age, isolation and structural vegetation features on bird assemblages within linear riparian fragments of rainforest. Bird surveys and structural vegetation assessments were conducted within connected and isolated primary and secondary linear fragments, and compared with those of continuous forest habitat (N=6) and pasture. There were strong effects of forest age; all three types of primary rainforest had higher values than secondary rainforest for most measured attributes of vegetation structure (including canopy height and cover; and frequency of large-diameter trees, lianes, epiphytes, strangler figs; and woody debris), but lower frequencies of tree ferns and thorny scramblers. Sites within primary rainforest also had a greater frequency of many bird species across different guilds of habitat, feeding and movement. Assemblages of rainforest-dependent birds showed an effect of isolation, although its strength was less than that of forest age. Isolated fragments of primary rainforest differed significantly from continuous primary rainforest in their rainforest-dependent bird species assemblages (and had lower species richness), and isolated fragments of secondary rainforest differed from those that were connected. There was a significant association between the species composition of rainforest birds and some measured vegetation parameters across all sites, but not within primary or secondary sites. Vegetation differences did not explain the lowered frequency of several species in isolated fragments. Limited dispersal seems unlikely to be a main cause, and causal processes probably vary among species. Specialist rainforest species endemic to the Wet Tropics region showed stronger responses to present-day rainforest age and fragmentation than those not endemic. Variation in nest depredation levels associated with rainforest fragmentation (edge effects) is examined in Chapter 3. Artificial nests were placed in the forest understorey at seven edge sites where continuous forest adjoined pasture, seven interiors (about one kilometre from the edge), and six primary linear riparian forest remnants (50-100 m wide) that were connected to continuous forest. Four nest types were compared, representing different combinations of two factors; height (ground, shrub) and shape (open, domed). At each site, four nests of each type, containing one quail egg and two model plasticine eggs, were interspersed about 15 m apart within a 160 m transect. Predators were identified from marks on the plasticine eggs. The overall depredation rate was 66.5% of 320 nests' contents damaged over a three-day period. Large rodents, especially the rat Uromys caudimaculatus, and birds, especially the spotted catbird Ailuroedus melanotis, were the main predators. Mammals comprised 56.5% and birds 31.0% of identified predators, with 12.5% of unknown identity. The depredation rate did not vary among site-types, or between open and domed nests, and there were no statistically significant interactions. Nest height strongly affected depredation rates by particular types of predator; depredation rates by mammals were highest at ground nests, whereas attacks by birds were most frequent at shrub nests. These effects counterbalanced so that overall there was little net effect of nest height. Mammals accounted for 78.4% of depredated ground nests and birds for at least 47.4% of shrub nests (and possibly up to 70.1%). The main predators were species characteristic of rainforest, rather than habitat generalists, open-country or edge specialists. For birds that nest in the tropical rainforest understorey of the study region, it is unlikely that edges and linear remnants presently function as ecological population sinks due to mortality associated with increased nest depredation. The use of linear riparian remnants by small ground-dwelling mammals and reptiles (mainly leaf litter skinks), is reported in Chapter 4. Site types were continuous rainforest, connected and isolated linear fragments of both uncleared primary rainforest and secondary regrowth rainforest. Mammals were also surveyed in pasture sites. Neither reptile species richness nor abundance varied significantly among site types. Although mammal species richness varied significantly between site types, with isolated primary sites containing highest species richness, overall mammal abundance did not differ significantly among site types. Pasture sites differed significantly from all rainforest sites in their mammal species composition, and were dominated by the introduced house mouse (Mus musculus). This species was absent from all rainforest sites, which were characterised by moderate abundances of bush rat/Cape York rat Rattus fuscipes/leucopus, fawn-footed melomys Melomys cervinipes and giant white-tailed rat Uromys caudimaculatus. None of these species varied significantly in abundance among site types, although the giant white-tailed rat showed a trend (P=0.09) for reduced abundance in isolated secondary sites. A single reptile species, the prickly forest skink Gnypetoscincus queenslandiae, occurred in sufficient numbers for individual analysis, and its abundance varied significantly among the forested site types, being less abundant in all linear fragments than in continuous forest sites. The utility of linear riparian rainforest for vertebrates appears to be species-specific and involves many factors. However, overall, species endemic to the Wet Tropics (which are hence of the highest conservation significance) appear to be the most sensitive to fragmentation. These species were most likely to show altered abundances or frequencies of occurrence due to isolation, forest age, and habitat linearity. The ecology of species within this group warrants further investigation within fragmented and non-fragmented regions of the Tablelands. For many other vertebrates examined in this study, there appears to be sufficient functional connectedness between remnants on the Tablelands to minimise the effects of fragmentation. Nevertheless, the lower density of many of these species in pasture may indicate that their long-term persistence within the fragmented rainforest areas could benefit from the maintenance or establishment of habitat linkages. Certainly, if the current rainforest vegetation cover were further reduced, or if the land use in the matrix became more intensive, the establishment of specific habitat linkages could become more important as existing dispersal routes could be lost. It also appears that nest depredation levels are unlikely to limit the value of linear rainforest remnants and other small rainforest remnants as breeding habitat for birds (at least for understorey-nesting species), relative to more intact rainforest, in the study region.

Submitted by Lara Oliveira (lara@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-08-15T23:01:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaISS_DISSERT.pdf: 9953876 bytes, checksum: db3c8d3aa844d2ff9ac00e3a1a272519 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-15T23:01:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaISS_DISSERT.pdf: 9953876 bytes, checksum: db3c8d3aa844d2ff9ac00e3a1a272519 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-01 / The cultivation of bananas in FAPIJA-Federation of Producers Project Jaguaribe-Tableland, located in the northeastern state in Apodi Plateau, municipality of Limoeiro North - CE has evolved its quality standard and technological level of irrigated banana. This region stands out as the varieties of banana Pacovan, Silver, Willans, Apple, Nine and Grand Terrinha, respectively, in greater amounts of planted areas throughout the municipality. However, factor in the management need more detailed research to optimize the use of water and fertilizer through the irrigation management and fertilization techniques and useful information economically viable for banana growers in the region on irrigated cultivation of banana. This work was encouraged in order to evaluate the influence of different irrigation levels and potassium levels in vegetative development, production and detect chemical effects on leaf and fruit, under irrigation with a flow rate of 2.3 L h-1 and pressure of 2.0 bar during the fourth cycle of cultivation of banana cv. Pacovan Tableland. Also consisted in identifying the efficiency of irrigation, diagnose the irrigation and the application of potassium which obtained the highest yield in production. The experiment was conducted for determining evapotranspiration by the direct method in the lysimeter drainage at the farm FRUTACOR the period, 20/03/2008 to 14/04/2009, located within the Irrigation District Jaguaribe - Tableland (DIJA), located in City of North Limoeiro the State of Ceará, whose geographical coordinates are 5o06'38 "south latitude, 37o52'21" longitude west of Greenwich and altitude of 143 m. The experiment was done in randomized blocks arranged at random with plots and 03 (three) repetitions. The treatments were combinations of 05 (five) irrigation (50% = L1, L2 = 75% L3= 100%, L4 = 125% and L5 = 150%) of crop evapotranspiration, 04 potassium (K1 = 0%, K2 = 60%, K3 = 140% and K4 = 200% K indicated by the analysis of soil (kg ha-1). The reference evapotranspiration was determined by the Penman-Monteith-FAO program REF ET with data collected between March 20, 2008 to 06th 2009 From meteorological station installed in the area of the farm FRUTACOR. The fertigation was assessed weekly by a Venturi type injector with a flow rate of 5 L min-1 who used fertilizers in irrigation water. The values of Kc average initial phase, intermediate and final were 0.87, 1.01 and 0.88 respectively. The dependent variables evaluated for the 1, 2, 3 and 4 production cycles of the culture of banana cv. Pacovan Apodi for interaction irrigation and potassium levels, the number of fruit in the bunch, the number of hands, the weight of the bunch center, the fruit diameter and length of the fruit differed significantly (prob. <0.01) Interaction in Lamina versus potassium. The best treatments for the variables identified NFC and the NP L4K4 in the PPC L5K4 in the DF and CF L3K2 the L5K4. Aspects of quality of bananas: Total Soluble Solids and Concentration of potassium in the fruit were not positively affected by the interaction treatments versus Lamina Potassium for the mean values of four cycles / O cultivo da banana cultivadas na FAPIJA – Federação das Associações do Projeto Irrigado Jaguaribe – Apodi, situa-se na região Nordeste do Estado, na chapada do Apodi, município de Limoeiro do Norte – CE tem evoluído seu padrão de qualidade e nível tecnológico dos cultivos irrigados da bananeira. Nesta região se destaca como as variedades de banana Pacovan, Prata, Willans, Maça, Grand Nine e Terrinha, respectivamente em maiores quantidades de áreas plantadas em todo o município. No entanto, no fator manejo necessitam de pesquisas mais precisas para otimização do uso da água e fertilizantes. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de avaliar os diferentes níveis de irrigação e doses de potássio na produção em quatro ciclos de cultivo e determinar a evapotranspiração em método direto através do lisímetro de drenagem, na Fazenda FRUTACOR, no período de 20/03/2008 a 14/04/2009, localizada dentro do Distrito de Irrigação Jaguaribe – Apodi (DIJA), situada no município de Limoeiro do Norte no Estado do Ceará, cujas coordenadas geográficas são 5o06’38” de latitude sul, 37o52’21” de longitude a oeste de Greenwich e altitude de 143 m. O delineamento experimental foi feito em blocos ao acaso com arranjo em parcelas subdivididas com 03 (três) repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram da combinação de 05 (cinco) lâminas de irrigação (L1 = 50%, L2 = 75%, L3 = 100%, L4 = 125% e L5 = 150%) da evapotranspiração da cultura, 04 doses de potássio (K1 = 0%, K2 = 60%, K3 = 140% e K4 = 200% do K indicado pela análise de solo, (kg ha-1). A evapotranspiração de referência foi determinada pela equação Penman- Monteith-FAO no programa REF ET com dados coletados no período de 20 de março de 2008 a 06 de janeiro de 2009 da estação meteorológica instalada na área de produção da fazenda FRUTACOR. As fertirrigações foram feitas semanalmente por um injetor tipo Venturi com vazão de 5 L min-1 que injetava os adubos na água de irrigação. A Fertirrigação alterou o Número de frutos por cacho, Número de pencas, Peso da Penca Central, Diâmetro do fruto e comprimento do fruto, no entanto, não influenciou as características do Peso do cacho, Número de Penca por Cacho, ºBrix e Potássio no fruto. As características diferenciam de um ciclo para outro, evidenciando uma mudança no padrão de produção. O manejo adequado na cultura da bananeira deve ser recomendado quando se avalia diferentes ciclos de produção. Dentre os fatores analisados a melhor combinação foi L3K2, a lâmina de irrigação é L3 (100% da ETc) e a adubação de potássio K2 ( 60 %) / 2017-08-15

Submitted by Katiane Souza (katyane.souza@gmail.com) on 2016-04-21T00:32:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2295502 bytes, checksum: 38b67eef5a636d73aefe53e592aac595 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-21T00:32:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2295502 bytes, checksum: 38b67eef5a636d73aefe53e592aac595 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-28 / In spite the social and economic importance of citrus on tablelands ecossistem in Northeasten Brazil, specially in Sergipe and Bahia States, the citrus yield is yet very lowone box of 40,8 kg per tree. Among the restrictive factors to the business of Sergipe citrus area, the second most important in Brazil, are outstanding those related to physical and chemical characteristics of the tableland soils – high acidity, low natural fertility and mainly the coercion layers located near by the soil surface. These pedogenetic layers are typical in tableland soils and cause noticeable limitation to soil water and to root system of trees. Doing interrow tillages based in intensive utilization of agricultural machines chiefly harrows, the growers of that region give contribution to increase negative effects of handsettings, resulting in modification in the physical and hydric soil qualities, impairing its fertility and then the grove productivity. The aim of this study was the evaluate hydric and physic properties of the soil under different tillage systems in the interrows to control weeds. The treatments were as follow: 1) Subsoiling and harrowing all over the year; 2) No subsbsoiling and harrowing all over the year. 3) Mowing in the rainy season (From April to September) and harrowing in the dry season (October to March) with subsoiling. 4) Mowing in rainy season and harrowing in the dry one without subsoiling; 5) Intercropping of jackbean (Canavalia ensiformis D.C.) in the rainy season and harrowing in the dry one with subsoiling; .6) Intercropping of jackbean in rainy season and harrowing in dry one without subsoiling. The experiment design was a split-plot randomized block with the treatments as plots and subsoiling depth as subplots. The assay was set for in field early in 1994 in a citrus orchard (Pera orange Citrus sinensis, Osbeck on ‘Rangpure’ lime C. limonia, Osbeck.) and the physical soil properties were assessed in 2003. By the result it was concluded that the tillage systems green cover, mowing and subsoiling alone or associated with Canavalia ensiformes, D.C.- promoted important beneficial modification in the physical and hydric attributes evaluated. It was observed that 80% of the roots were at 0-30 cm in deph and 63% were at 20 cm.The lateral root distribution was 80% corresponding at plant canopy. The combination C. ensiformis and subsoiling tended to result longer and deeper in depth citrus roots. / Apesar da importante inserção social e econômica da citricultura nos tabuleiros costeiros da Região Nordeste, com destaque para os estados da Bahia e Sergipe com 11% da produção nacional, a produtividade média é considerada muito baixa com cerca de 1 caixa (40,8kg) por planta. Entre os fatores que limitam o agronegócio dos citros, destacam-se os problemas relacionados às características químicas e físicas dos solos dos tabuleiros costeiros, tais como elevada acidez e baixa fertilidade natural, presença de camadas coesas relacionadas com alterações prejudiciais ao regime hídrico desses solos e limitação do aprofundamento do sistema radicular dos citros. O manejo do solo na entrelinha dos pomares visando inibir a competição da vegetação espontânea, tem promovido o uso intensivo de máquinas, especialmente grade, e vem contribuindo para potencializar os efeitos negativos das camadas coesas, com reflexos na produtividade dos citros. Portanto, há demanda de pesquisa sobre sistemas conservacionistas de manejo do solo com leguminosas, subsolagem e outros que contribuam para a melhoria física, química e biológica dos solos de tabuleiros visando diminuir a susceptibilidade a perda de água na época seca, com reflexos no desenvolvimento das plantas, produtividade e qualidade dos frutos. Essa pesquisa teve como objetivos estudar a influência dos sistemas de manejo nos atributos físicos e hídricos do solo, na distribuição e aprofundamento do sistema radicular da plantas cítricas; a fertilidade do solo, estado nutricional, desenvolvimento e produtividade dos citros. Os tratamentos foram: 1) grade nas águas (abril a setembro) e no período seco (outubro a março) na presença de subsolagem; 2) grade nas águas (abril a setembro) e no período seco (outubro a março) na ausência de subsolagem; 3) roçadeira nas águas e grade no período seco na presença de subsolagem; 4) roçadeira nas águas e grade no período seco na ausência de subsolagem; 5) plantio de feijão-de-porco nas águas e grade no período seco na presença de subsolagem; 6) plantio de feijão-de-porco nas águas e grade no período seco na ausência de subsolagem. A subsolagem promove melhoria de atributos físicos e hídricos do solo. O sistema radicular das plantas cítricas (‘Pêra’ sobre ‘Cravo’) é predominantemente superficial (camada 0-20cm) e restrito ao raio da projeção da copa das plantas. O manejo com feijão-de-porco, na entrelinha do pomar, associado à subsolagem promove maior comprimento de raízes; o sistema de manejo por métodos mais conservacionistas (feijão-de-porco e roçagem) comparados ao uso de grade, promove menor degradação da fertilidade do solo; os sistemas de manejo não influenciam no crescimento, volume da copa e estado nutricional das plantas cítricas, entretanto, a melhor produtividade do pomar ocorre com o manejo de feijão-de-porco nas águas incorporado com grade no final das águas, associado ao uso de grade no início do período seco, independente da subsolagem.

Submitted by Valquíria Barbieri (kikibarbi@hotmail.com) on 2018-03-28T21:35:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Aline Maiara Marcello.pdf: 12172192 bytes, checksum: c31774ffe0f50a7fbcdfa50d3312a1eb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2018-04-17T15:18:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Aline Maiara Marcello.pdf: 12172192 bytes, checksum: c31774ffe0f50a7fbcdfa50d3312a1eb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-17T15:18:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Aline Maiara Marcello.pdf: 12172192 bytes, checksum: c31774ffe0f50a7fbcdfa50d3312a1eb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-05 / CAPES / Esta pesquisa teve como finalidade contribuir para a conservação da borda da Chapada dos Guimarães, e refletir sobre as necessidades de alternativas de uso nos locais de atrativo turístico na região. Dessa forma, entendeu-se que por meio de um estudo geoambiental seria possível contribuir de forma efetiva com melhor conhecimento da área. O projeto concebido para ser executado em 18 meses entre os anos de 2012 e 2014 teve como principal objetivo, realizar uma análise geoambiental através da identificação da cobertura pedológica e processos erosivos nas vertentes, bem como suas relações com o seu comportamento hídrico, relevo e substrato rochoso, visando caracterizar os diferentes comportamentos do local e apresentar subsídios e critérios para o desenvolvimento de um plano de manejo. A pesquisa concentrou-se no Mirante do Marco Geodésico em Chapada dos Guimarães-MT, onde foram realizadas 05 etapas de campo para o reconhecimento do local e delimitação da área, realização da topossequência e observação e caracterização dos processos erosivos. O conjunto de informações obtidas pelas observações diretas nos trabalhos de campo aliado a base metodológica adotada, permitiu a compreensão dos impactos provocados pelas ações humanas aceleradoras dos processos da dinâmica superficial. No estudo de caso do Mirante, observou-se que a falta de planejamento contribui para alteração do equilíbrio dinâmico do ambiente. Foram identificadas 03 manifestações principais de erosão: uma na principal trilha turística local, outras duas em linhas de talvegue, sendo que uma delas já se encontra estabilizada e a outra se encontra no traçado de uma antiga trilha. / This research aimed to contribute to the conservation of the edge of Chapada dos Guimarães, and reflect on the need for alternative use in places of tourist attraction in the region. Thus, it was understood that through a geo-environmental study would be possible to effectively contribute to better knowledge of the site. The project is designed to be executed in 18 months between the years 2012 and 2014 had as its main objective, perform a geo-environmental analysis by identifying the soil cover and erosion processes on slopes, as well as their relationships with their water behavior , topography and substrate rocky, to characterize the different behaviors of local and present subsidies and criteria for the development of a management plan for the site. The research focused on the “Lookout Marco Geodésico em Chapada dos Guimarães-MT”, where 05 steps field for the recognition of local and delineation of the field, and realization of topossequence observation and characterization of the erosive processes were performed. The set of information obtained by direct observations during field work combined with theoretical basis adopted, allowed understanding the impacts of human actions accelerating the natural dynamic processes of surface, often in association with concentrated surface water flow as factors generating erosions. In the case study of the Lookout, it was observed that the lack of planning contributes to the dynamic balance of the environment. 03 major erosion events were identified: one in the main local tourist track, two in thalw

Os solos coesos ocorrem por quase toda a faixa litorânea brasileira ocupada pelos Tabuleiros Costeiros, e caracterizam-se por apresentar um incremento acentuado na sua resistência, a qual causa restrições no seu preparo e no crescimento das plantas. Isso ocorre devido ao mesmo apresentar-se duro a extremamente duro, quando seco e friável quando úmido. Dentre os Estados da região nordeste que possuem uma extensa área litorânea ocupada pelos Tabuleiros está o Ceará, com mais de 10.000 km2 ocupados por solos que podem ser enquadrados dentro do contexto de solos coesos. Com isso levantou-se a hipótese de que os solos coesos do Estado do Ceará apresentam as mesmas restrições físicas e químicas encontradas em outros solos pertencentes aos Tabuleiros Costeiros. O objetivo geral desta tese foi identificar a ocorrência de solos coesos no Estado do Ceará, bem como, avaliar o seu comportamento através do uso de atributos morfológicos, físicos, micromorfológicos e análise de imagens. Para alcançar o objetivo geral foram estabelecidos três objetivos específicos. Cada objetivo específico contemplou um trabalho e é apresentado como um capítulo desta tese. No primeiro procurou-se identificar e caracterizar a ocorrência de solos coesos no Ceará, usando atributos morfológicos, químicos e físicos. No segundo, foi feita uma análise do comportamento de um Argissolo Acinzentado coeso através do uso de atributos físicos, especificamente: resistência tênsil (RT), resistência do solo à penetração (RP), densidade do solo (Ds) e distribuição da porosidade total (PT). No terceiro e último trabalho realizou-se um detalhamento microscópico dos solos estudados, dando ênfase à distribuição, tamanho e orientação dos poros nas áreas adensadas e abertas (menos adensadas) do horizonte coeso, através do uso da análise de imagens. Os resultados do primeiro trabalho mostraram que os horizontes coesos encontrados no Ceará, apresentam-se semelhantes aos horizontes coesos encontrados em outros Estados brasileiros. Os resultados referentes ao segundo trabalho evidenciaram que os valores de RT, RP e Ds, mostraram-se mais elevados no solo coeso do Ceará, do que em outras áreas de Tabuleiros Costeiros estudadas no Brasil. No terceiro trabalho foi observado que o adensamento natural existente nos horizontes coesos do Ceará, além de influenciar a quantidade de poros, também influencia o seu formato e a sua orientação, e que as áreas adensadas, medidas por análise de imagem, foram os principais fatores que influenciaram o espaço poroso do solo, sendo responsável pelo aumento na resistência do solo. / The hardsetting soils may be found for almost the whole Brazilian coastal area of the Coastal Tablelands. They are characterized by presenting an accentuated increment in their mechanical resistance, which causes restrictions in the soil preparation and in the plants growth. These happen due to hardsetting soils become hard to extremely hard when dry, and crumbly when humid. Ceara is one of the northeast States that possess an extensive coastal area of Coastal Tablelands, with more than 10.000 km2 of hardsetting soils. Taking this into account, it was hypothesized that hardsetting soils of Ceara State had the same physical and chemical restrictions identified in hardsetting soils in other of Coastal Tablelands. The general objective of this thesis was to identify the occurrence of hardsetting soils in the Ceara State as well as to evaluate their behavior by using the morphological, physical, and micromorphological attributes, and image analysis. To accomplish the general objective three specific objectives were established. Each specific objective led to the accomplishment of one research, and is presented as a chapter of this thesis. In the first research was identified and characterized the occurrence of hardsetting soils in Ceara by using morphologic, chemical and physical attributes. In the second research, it was studied the behavior of a hardsetting Gray Argisol by using soil physical attributes, specifically: tensile strength (RT), soil resistance to penetration (RP), soil bulk density (Ds), and pore size distribution (PT). In the last research, the soil micromorphological features were studied, giving emphasis to the distribution, size and orientation of the pores in the more denser and less denser areas of the hardsetting horizon, by using image analysis. The results of the first research showed that the hardsetting horizons found in Ceara are similar to the hardsetting horizons found in other Brazilian States. The results regarding the second research indicated that the RT, RP and Ds values were higher in the hardsetting soil of Ceara than those measured in other hardsetting soils of the Coastal Tablelands. In the third research was observed that the existent natural compaction in the hardsetting horizons of Ceara influences the amount of pores as well as their shape and orientation, and that the denser areas, measured by image analysis, were the main factor that influenced the soil porosity, being responsible for the increase in the soil mechanical resistance.

Os solos coesos ocorrem por quase toda a faixa litorânea brasileira ocupada pelos Tabuleiros Costeiros, e caracterizam-se por apresentar um incremento acentuado na sua resistência, a qual causa restrições no seu preparo e no crescimento das plantas. Isso ocorre devido ao mesmo apresentar-se duro a extremamente duro, quando seco e friável quando úmido. Dentre os Estados da região nordeste que possuem uma extensa área litorânea ocupada pelos Tabuleiros está o Ceará, com mais de 10.000 km2 ocupados por solos que podem ser enquadrados dentro do contexto de solos coesos. Com isso levantou-se a hipótese de que os solos coesos do Estado do Ceará apresentam as mesmas restrições físicas e químicas encontradas em outros solos pertencentes aos Tabuleiros Costeiros. O objetivo geral desta tese foi identificar a ocorrência de solos coesos no Estado do Ceará, bem como, avaliar o seu comportamento através do uso de atributos morfológicos, físicos, micromorfológicos e análise de imagens. Para alcançar o objetivo geral foram estabelecidos três objetivos específicos. Cada objetivo específico contemplou um trabalho e é apresentado como um capítulo desta tese. No primeiro procurou-se identificar e caracterizar a ocorrência de solos coesos no Ceará, usando atributos morfológicos, químicos e físicos. No segundo, foi feita uma análise do comportamento de um Argissolo Acinzentado coeso através do uso de atributos físicos, especificamente: resistência tênsil (RT), resistência do solo à penetração (RP), densidade do solo (Ds) e distribuição da porosidade total (PT). No terceiro e último trabalho realizou-se um detalhamento microscópico dos solos estudados, dando ênfase à distribuição, tamanho e orientação dos poros nas áreas adensadas e abertas (menos adensadas) do horizonte coeso, através do uso da análise de imagens. Os resultados do primeiro trabalho mostraram que os horizontes coesos encontrados no Ceará, apresentam-se semelhantes aos horizontes coesos encontrados em outros Estados brasileiros. Os resultados referentes ao segundo trabalho evidenciaram que os valores de RT, RP e Ds, mostraram-se mais elevados no solo coeso do Ceará, do que em outras áreas de Tabuleiros Costeiros estudadas no Brasil. No terceiro trabalho foi observado que o adensamento natural existente nos horizontes coesos do Ceará, além de influenciar a quantidade de poros, também influencia o seu formato e a sua orientação, e que as áreas adensadas, medidas por análise de imagem, foram os principais fatores que influenciaram o espaço poroso do solo, sendo responsável pelo aumento na resistência do solo. / The hardsetting soils may be found for almost the whole Brazilian coastal area of the Coastal Tablelands. They are characterized by presenting an accentuated increment in their mechanical resistance, which causes restrictions in the soil preparation and in the plants growth. These happen due to hardsetting soils become hard to extremely hard when dry, and crumbly when humid. Ceara is one of the northeast States that possess an extensive coastal area of Coastal Tablelands, with more than 10.000 km2 of hardsetting soils. Taking this into account, it was hypothesized that hardsetting soils of Ceara State had the same physical and chemical restrictions identified in hardsetting soils in other of Coastal Tablelands. The general objective of this thesis was to identify the occurrence of hardsetting soils in the Ceara State as well as to evaluate their behavior by using the morphological, physical, and micromorphological attributes, and image analysis. To accomplish the general objective three specific objectives were established. Each specific objective led to the accomplishment of one research, and is presented as a chapter of this thesis. In the first research was identified and characterized the occurrence of hardsetting soils in Ceara by using morphologic, chemical and physical attributes. In the second research, it was studied the behavior of a hardsetting Gray Argisol by using soil physical attributes, specifically: tensile strength (RT), soil resistance to penetration (RP), soil bulk density (Ds), and pore size distribution (PT). In the last research, the soil micromorphological features were studied, giving emphasis to the distribution, size and orientation of the pores in the more denser and less denser areas of the hardsetting horizon, by using image analysis. The results of the first research showed that the hardsetting horizons found in Ceara are similar to the hardsetting horizons found in other Brazilian States. The results regarding the second research indicated that the RT, RP and Ds values were higher in the hardsetting soil of Ceara than those measured in other hardsetting soils of the Coastal Tablelands. In the third research was observed that the existent natural compaction in the hardsetting horizons of Ceara influences the amount of pores as well as their shape and orientation, and that the denser areas, measured by image analysis, were the main factor that influenced the soil porosity, being responsible for the increase in the soil mechanical resistance.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T13:51:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Valeria Hollunder Klippel.pdf: 1679011 bytes, checksum: 81fc92fdc0af96774ee580cab6eba66b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-25 / This study aimed to evaluate different forest restoration methods of a Tableland Forest, by manipulating the floristic composition and silvicultural practices. With this foundation, it was installed in August of 2007, at the Reserva Natural Vale (RNV) in Linhares - ES, an experiment in randomized blocks with 4 treatments and 3 replications (a total of 12 plots): T1 (Control): Only leafcutter ants control; T2: Selective manual mowing, selective chemical weeding, control of ants and species tolerant to the herbicide; T3: Same as treatment 2, but with the planting of Atlantic Forest pioneer species in the spacing of 5 x 5 m, interspersed, in the same spacing, the seeding of Sesbania grandiflora in pits (10 seeds per pit); T4: Same as treatment 2, but with the planting of 54 Atlantic Forest species in the spacing close to 3 x 3 m. From the moment of installation (2007) until the third year of the study (2010) annual inventories were performed in all plots, to study the arboreal vegetation flora and growth. Moreover, at the third year after the experiment implementation, soil samples were also collected at four depths (0-5, 5-10, 10-20 and 20-40 cm) for later chemical analysis; accumulated litter, for studying biomass and nutrient content and level, and leaf area index (LAI). Regarding the soil chemical attributes, only statistic differences were found for the studied treatments in depths of 0-5 cm, where the highest values of Ca, sum of bases and CEC were observed for the treatment 4 and greater Na Saturation Index value to the treatment 1, and 10-20 cm, where the treatment 4 showed higher Ca value. There were no statistical differences in the accumulated litter biomass. The lower C/N was obtained by the treatment 3. This treatment also had the highest leaf area index. The elimination of weed competition acted positively on trees growth. The entrance of individuals and basal area was higher for treatments 3 and 4 / Esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar diferentes métodos de restauração florestal de uma Floresta de Tabuleiro, pela manipulação da composição florística e práticas silviculturais. Com esta fundamentação foi instalado em agosto do ano de 2007, na Reserva Natural Vale (RNV) em Linhares ES, um experimento em blocos casualizados, com 4 tratamentos e 3 repetições (totalizando 12 parcelas): T1 (Controle): Somente o controle de formigas cortadeiras; T2: Roçada manual seletiva, capina química seletiva, controle de formigas e as espécies tolerantes ao herbicida; T3: Idêntico ao tratamento 2, mas com o plantio de espécies pioneiras da Mata Atlântica no espaçamento de 5 x 5 m, intercalado, no mesmo espaçamento, o semeio de Sesbania grandiflora em covas (10 sementes por cova); T4: Idêntico ao tratamento 2, mas com o plantio de 54 espécies da Mata Atlântica no espaçamento próximo de 3 x 3 m. Desde o momento de instalação (2007) até o terceiro ano de estudo (2010) foram realizados inventários anuais em todas a as parcelas, para estudo da florística e crescimento da vegetação arbórea. Além disso, no terceiro ano após a implantação do experimento, também foram coletadas amostras de solo em quatro profundidades (0 5; 5 10; 10 20 e 20 40 cm) para posterior análise química; serapilheira acumulada, para estudo da biomassa e do teor e conteúdo de nutrientes; e índice de área foliar (IAF). Em relação aos atributos químicos do solo, somente foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas para os tratamentos estudados nas profundidades de 0-5 cm, onde os maiores valores de Ca, soma de bases e CTC foram observados para o tratamento 4 e maior valor do ISNa para o tratamento 1, e de 10-20 cm, onde o tratamento 4 apresentou maior valor de Ca. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas para a biomassa da serapilheira acumulada. A menor C/N foi obtida pelo tratamento 3. Esse tratamento também apresentou o maior índice de área foliar. A eliminação da matocompetição atuou positivamente no crescimento da vegetação arbórea. O ingresso de número de indivíduos e de área basal foi superior para os tratamentos 3 e 4.