Orientador: Alcides José Scaglia / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T11:17:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferreira_ElielCalazans_M.pdf: 3521410 bytes, checksum: d6a878fa2585cc71a0351f8163a01beb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O treinamento com jogos tem sido implantado no futebol em todas as idades e níveis de jogo (profissional e amador). Esta estratégia de treino permite desenvolver os aspectos físicos, técnicos, táticos e emocionais de maneira concomitante. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo consistiu em investigar a influência da dimensão do campo, número de jogadores e o efeito das regras na emergência das ações técnicas (passe, domínio, condução, finalização, desarme e interceptação) e indicadores táticos (centro de jogo, ângulo do passe, igualdade numérica, superioridade ofensiva e defensiva) em três diferentes formatos de jogos. Para tanto, quatorze jogadores de futebol pertencente à categoria sub-20 (altura: 174.04 ± 6.93 cm, massa corporal: 66.58 ± 7.75 kg, percentual de gordura: 10.90 ± 2.90% e VO2max: 49.73 ± 5.03 ml.kg-1.min-1) participaram de três formatos de jogos: 3vs3+Gs (27 x 18 m), 6vs6+Gs (52 x 32 m) e 10vs10+Gs (105 x 64 m) em duas condições (Jogo Controle e Jogo de Manutenção). Os jogos foram filmados por até quatro câmeras de vídeos digitais. Posteriormente, as sequências de imagens foram analisadas no software Dvideo, no qual permitiu obter a posição de todos os jogadores em função do tempo e o registro das ações técnicas ocorridas. No primeiro estudo, foram comparadas as duas condições de jogos, nos formatos 3vs3+Gs e 6vs6+Gs, para verificar o efeito das regras na emergência das ações técnicas ofensivas e defensivas. Os resultados evidenciaram que os jogos de manutenção estimulam mais as ações de passe, domínio, interceptação e passes em manutenção. Contrariamente, os jogos controles estimulam mais ações de condução, finalização e passes em progressão. No segundo estudo, foram comparados os formatos de jogos 3vs3+Gs, 6vs6+Gs e 10vs10+Gs para verificar a influência da dimensão do campo e número de jogadores na manifestação das ações técnicas e nos indicadores táticos. Os resultados mostram que os jogos menores proporcionam maior carga técnica e mais situações de superioridade ofensiva. Por outro lado, os jogos maiores observam baixa carga técnica e mais situações de superioridade defensiva. Pode se concluir com o presente estudo que as regras, dimensão do campo e o número de jogadores modificam a manifestação das ações técnicas e indicadores táticos. Estas informações são importantes para os treinadores construir e organizar os jogos em acordo com os planos de ensino e objetivos pedagógicos / Abstract: The training with games have been implanted in soccer at all ages and levels of play (professional and amateur). This training strategy allows to develop the physical, technical, tactical and emotional aspects concurrently. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the influence of field size, number of players and the effect of the rules in the emergence of technical actions (pass, control, driving, finalization, tackling and interception) and tactical indicators (game center, angle of the pass, numerical equality, offensive and defensive superiority) in three different formats of games. For this end, fourteen soccer players from the under-20 category (height: 174.04 ± 6.93 cm, body mass: 66.58 ± 7.75 kg, fat percentage: 10.90 ± 2.90% e VO2max: 49.73 ± 5.03 ml.kg-1.min-1) participated in three game formats: 3vs3+Gs (27 x 18 m), 6vs6+Gs (52 x 32 m) and 10vs10+Gs (105 x 64 m) in two conditions (Control Game and Maintenance Game). The games were filmed by up to four digital video cameras. Subsequently, the sequences of images were analyzed in the software Dvideo, which allowed us to obtain the position of all players as a function of time and the record of the technical actions that occurred. In the first study, the two games conditions were compared, in the formats 3vs3+Gs and 6vs6+Gs, to verify the effect of the rules in the emergence of the offensive and defensive techniques actions. The results showed that the maintenance games stimulate more pass, control and interception actions and maintenance passes. In contrast, the control games encourage more driving and finalization actions and progression passes. In the second study, the formats of games 3vs3+Gs, 6vs6+Gs and 10vs10+Gs were compared to assess the effect of the field size and number of players in the manifestation of the technical actions and tactical indicators. The results show that smaller games provide greater technical load and more situations of offensive superiority. On the other hand, the larger games observe lower technical load and more situations defensive superiority. It can be concluded with this study that the rules, field size and the number of players modify the manifestation of the technical actions and tactical indicators. This information is important for coaches to build and organize the games in accordance with the plans of teaching and pedagogical objectives / Mestrado / Biodinâmica do Movimento Humano e Esporte / Mestra em Ciências da Nutrição e do Esporte e Metabolismo

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Thesis (PhD (Sport Sc) (Sport Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to explore the knowledge of tennis tactics of a group of South African tennis coaches. A secondary purpose was to gather their perceptions about where they believe they learned about tactics. A mixed methodology approach was used. The first was a quantitative knowledge test administered to 37 coaches. The second was a qualitative semi-structured interview with five coaches. The results of the study showed that there was a significant difference in the choices of tactical options in 43 game scenarios between the less experienced and the more experienced coaches. No differences were found between coaches who were coaching at the top level compared to the lower levels. No differences were found between coaches who had been top tennis players and those who had not. The majority of the coaches in this study reported that they had learned tactics through trial and error. Problems facing the development of top level tennis coaches in South Africa are discussed in relation to their knowledge of tactics and the priorities for the development of mass participation supported by national sport policy. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie was om ʼn groep Suid-Afrikaanse tennisafrigters se kennis van tennistaktiek te ondersoek. ʼn Sekondêre doel was om uit te vind waar die afrigters glo hulle sodanige kennis opgedoen het. Die navorsingsbenadering het uit gemengde metodologieë bestaan. Die eerste was ʼn kwantitatiewe kennistoets wat onder 37 afrigters afgeneem is. Die tweede was ʼn kwalitatiewe semigestruktureerde onderhoud met vyf afrigters. Die resultate van die studie dui daarop dat die minder ervare en meer ervare afrigters geen beduidende verskil getoon het in hul taktiese keuses in 43 wedstrydscenario’s nie. Geen verskil is opgemerk tussen afrigters op die topvlak en dié op laer vlakke nie. Boonop was daar geen verskil tussen afrigters wat eens topspelers was en diegene wat nié was nie. Volgens die meeste van die afrigters in die studie het hulle hul kennis van tennistaktiek deur die metode van leer en probeer opgedoen. Die studie bespreek die uitdagings in die ontwikkeling van topvlaktennisafrigters in Suid-Afrika wat betref hul kennis van taktiek en die prioriteite vir die bevordering van massadeelname ingevolge nasionale sportbeleid.

While the Europeans were discussing integration, other nations experienced long conflicts over borders. In some of the latter contexts, the significance of borders was underscored by escalated border policing through the erection of barriers. Although barrier construction is not a new phenomenon, an increasing number of nation-states are launching barrier projects along their borders. While in all cases the concerned nation-states claimed these barriers were provided security, scant attention was given to the actual security outcomes of these constructions. This research provides answers to the questions: what accounts for the different security outcomes of border barriers? How can barriers differ? And why? How does variation in barriers affect the nature and number of non-state actors' attacks? When do violent groups have tactical shifts and tactical innovations in the context of a barrier? This work moves beyond the conventional perspective on barriers that see them as successful defensive security measures. Instead, it develops the Fortification-Cooperation model that explains why the level of cross-border militant attacks change, when violent groups shift their tactics and when they innovate. I argue that security cooperation on both sides the border limits violent activities locally, which in turn restricts their access to militant resources. Presence of these resources is central for launching more attacks and for introducing tactical innovations. In turn, barriers impose restrictions to movement and increase the cost of certain attack. In this context, motivated violent groups substitute their commonly employed attack tactics for other types of attacks that can be sustained despite the presence of the barrier. Using a newly constructed qualitative and quantitative datasets on Palestinian attacks against Israel and barrier construction between 1990 and 2010, this study finds that the empirical record does not provide support the existing common explanations about the outcomes of barriers and that the interaction of cross-border cooperation and fortification is a key determinant of the number and nature of cross-border militant attacks. This work has significant implications for many states that built, are building, or are considering the construction of barriers on their borders since according to this research, a barrier without cross-border security cooperation would not be efficient at diminishing or decreasing cross-border violence. Additionally, violent groups' access to military resources is an important factor that should be taken into consideration when a barrier is built. Again, cross-border cooperation plays an essential role in restricting these resources, which would lead to less violence. In fact, in some cases, cooperation alone may result in similar outcomes to the combination of fortification and cooperation, which raises questions about the utility of barriers to begin with. / text

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / A tactical con guration consists of a nite set V of points, a nite set B of blocks and an incidence relation between them, so that all blocks are incident with the same number k points, and all points are incident with the same number r of blocks (See [14] for example ). If v := jV j and b := jBj; then v; k; b; r are known as the parameters of the con guration. Counting incident point-block pairs, one sees that vr = bk: In this thesis, we generalize tactical con gurations on Steiner triple systems obtained from projective geometry. Our objects are subgeometries as blocks. These subgeometries are collected into systems and we study them as designs and graphs. Considered recursively is a further tactical con guration on some of the designs obtained and in what follows, we obtain similar structures as the Steiner triple systems from projective geometry. We also study these subgeometries as factorizations and examine the automorphism group of the new structures. These tactical con gurations at rst sight do not form interesting structures. However, as will be shown, they o er some level of intriguing symmetries. It will be shown that they inherit the automorphism group of the parent geometry.

This dissertation presents an integrated approach to planning and scheduling surgeries in operating-rooms (ORs) at strategic, tactical and operational levels. We deal with uncertainties of surgery demand and durations to reflect a reality in OR management. The strategic part of the dissertation studies capacity decisions that allocate surgical specialties to OR days with the objective of minimizing total expected costs due to penalties for any patients who are not accommodated and for under- (i.e., idleness) and over- (i.e., overtime) usage of OR capacity. It presents a prototypical non-linear, stochastic programming model to structure the problem and four adaptations, along with associated solution approaches, with the goal of facilitating solution by overcoming the computational disadvantages of the prototype. Each of these models offers advantages but is also attended by disadvantages. Computational tests compare the four models and solution approaches with respect to solution quality and run time. The tactical part of the dissertation prescribes an approach to optimize a master surgical schedule (MSS), which adheres to the block scheduling policy, using a new type of newsvendor-based model. Our newsvendor approach prescribes the optimal duration of each block and the best permutation, obtained by solving the sequential newsvendor problem, determines the optimal block sequence. We obtain closed-form solutions for the case in which surgery durations follow the normal distribution. Furthermore, we give a closed-form solution for optimal block duration with no-shows. We conduct numerical tests for surgery durations that follow normal, lognormal and gamma distributions. Results show that the closed-form solutions associated with the normal distribution gives close approximations to solutions associated with log-normal and gamma distributions. The operational part of the dissertation prescribes an optimal rule to sequence two or three surgeries in a block. The smallest-variance-first-rule (SV) is generally accepted as the optimal policy for sequencing two surgeries, although it has been proven formally only for several restricted cases. We extend prior work, studying three distributions as models of surgery duration (the lognormal, gamma, and normal) and including overtime in a total-cost objective function comprising surgeon-and-patient- waiting-, operating-room-idle-, and staff over-times. We specify expected waiting- and idle- time as functions of the parameters of surgery duration to identify the best rule to sequence two surgeries. We compare the relative values of expected waiting- and idle- times numerically with that of expected overtime. Results recommend that the SV rule be used to minimize total expected cost of waiting-, idle- and over-time. We find that gamma and normal distributions with the same mean and variance as the lognormal give nearly the same expected waiting- and idle- times, observing that the lognormal in combination with either the gamma or normal gives a similar result. Lastly, the dissertation investigates an appointment system with deterministic arrival times (D) and non-identical exponential service times (M). For two customers, we show that both the smallest-mean-first-rule and the SV minimize the sum of expected waiting- and idle-times. We prove that neither is optimal for three customers, but verifies that the first customer in the sequence should be the one with the smallest variance (mean).

An innovative negotiation framework for resolving complex construction conflicts and disputes has been developed in this research. The unique feature of the proposed negotiation framework is that it takes into account the attitudes of the decision makers, which is an important human factor in construction negotiation at both the strategic and tactical levels of decision making. At the strategic level, the Graph Model for Conflict Resolution (GMCR) technique has been systematically employed as a method of determining the most beneficial strategic agreement that is possible, given the competing interests and attitudes of the decision makers. At the tactical level, a previously agreed-upon strategic decision has been analyzed in depth using utility functions in order to determine the trade-offs or concessions needed for the decision makers to reach a mutually acceptable resolution of the negotiation issues. A real-life case study of a brownfield construction negotiation has been used to illustrate how the proposed methodology can be applied and to demonstrate the importance and benefits of incorporating the attitudes of the decision makers into the negotiation process to better identify the most feasible resolutions. The proposed attitude-based negotiation framework constitutes a new systems engineering methodology that will assist managers in tackling real-world controversies, particularly in the construction industry. The negotiation framework has been implemented into a convenient negotiation decision support system that automates the proposed negotiation methodology. The research is expected to improve negotiation methodologies for construction disputes, thereby saving significant amounts of time and resources. The proposed methodology may also assist decision makers in overcoming the challenges of conventional negotiation processes because the incorporation of the attitudes of the decision makers results in a more accurate identification of tradeoffs, greater recognition of the level of satisfaction of the decision makers, and enhanced generation of optimum solutions.

An innovative negotiation framework for resolving complex construction conflicts and disputes has been developed in this research. The unique feature of the proposed negotiation framework is that it takes into account the attitudes of the decision makers, which is an important human factor in construction negotiation at both the strategic and tactical levels of decision making. At the strategic level, the Graph Model for Conflict Resolution (GMCR) technique has been systematically employed as a method of determining the most beneficial strategic agreement that is possible, given the competing interests and attitudes of the decision makers. At the tactical level, a previously agreed-upon strategic decision has been analyzed in depth using utility functions in order to determine the trade-offs or concessions needed for the decision makers to reach a mutually acceptable resolution of the negotiation issues. A real-life case study of a brownfield construction negotiation has been used to illustrate how the proposed methodology can be applied and to demonstrate the importance and benefits of incorporating the attitudes of the decision makers into the negotiation process to better identify the most feasible resolutions. The proposed attitude-based negotiation framework constitutes a new systems engineering methodology that will assist managers in tackling real-world controversies, particularly in the construction industry. The negotiation framework has been implemented into a convenient negotiation decision support system that automates the proposed negotiation methodology. The research is expected to improve negotiation methodologies for construction disputes, thereby saving significant amounts of time and resources. The proposed methodology may also assist decision makers in overcoming the challenges of conventional negotiation processes because the incorporation of the attitudes of the decision makers results in a more accurate identification of tradeoffs, greater recognition of the level of satisfaction of the decision makers, and enhanced generation of optimum solutions.

Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) operators are specially trained personnel that are required to carry equipment to perform high risk tasks. Given the need to carry this equipment, it is important to understand the potentially deleterious effect that the additional load may have on tactical performance. Furthermore, it is important to identify physical fitness characteristics that are associated with the potential decrement in performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of load carriage on tactical performance and identify fitness characteristics associated with any decrement in performance. Twelve male operators performed a simulated tactical test (STT) on a live firing range with (loaded condition) and without external equipment (unloaded condition) and completed a battery of physical fitness assessments. Time to complete the STT in the loaded condition increased by 7.8% compared to the unloaded condition. Nine of the 13 STT tasks were performed significantly slower in the loaded condition. VO2peak was negatively associated and fatigue index was positively associated with the overall STT delta time. These findings indicate that a higher aerobic capacity and lower anaerobic fatigability are related to a greater resilience to carrying a load while performing tactical tasks.