Wärmespeicher tragen bei optimierter Integration in Wärme- und Kälteversorgungsanlagen zur Einsparung von installierter Erzeugerleistung, Brennstoffeinsatz und Betriebskosten bei. Leider treten in Wärmespeichern oft noch beachtliche Verluste auf und das Potenzial zur Kosten- und Energieeinsparung wird nicht vollständig ausgeschöpft. Dabei spielen nicht nur Wärmeverluste an die Umgebung, sondern vor allem auch innere Verluste im Speicher eine Rolle. Schwerpunkte der vorliegenden Arbeit sind die Beschreibung der einzelnen Verluste an Wasserwärmespeichern, die Ermittlung ihrer Ausmaße abhängig von der konstruktiven Gestaltung und der Betriebsweise des Speichers sowie die Auswirkungen der Verluste auf einen vorgelagerten Wärmeerzeuger und den Einsatz von Primärenergie. Die Ergebnisse basieren auf umfangreichen Speichermodellierungen mit dem CFD-Code Fluent sowie experimentellen Untersuchungen an drei Testspeichern. Der quantitative Vergleich der Verluste für ausgewählte Beispiele zeigt bestehende Defizite sowie die Potenziale für die Verbesserung der Konstruktion neuer Wasserwärmespeicher auf. / If hot water storage tanks are optimally integrated in heat or cold supply systems, they contribute to a reduction of required capacity, fuel and operation costs. Unfortunately, even today remarkable heat losses and internal losses occur in hot water storage tanks. The potential for cost and energy reductions is not completely utilized yet. Here, not only heat losses to the ambience, but also internal losses play a decisive role. Main focus of the presented work is the description of the single losses at hot water storage tanks and the determination of the correlation between the losses, the tank design and the mode of operation. Furthermore the effects of the losses in the tank on the efficiency of different types of heat generators and the input of primary energy into the system have been examined. The results are based on extended numerical modeling with the CFD-code Fluent as well as experimental test with three storage tanks. The quantitative comparison of the losses for selected examples shows the current shortcomings but even the potential for an optimized hot water storage tank design.

<p>The objective with this thesis is to build a Black-Box model of the tank pressurization system in JAS 39 Gripen. This model is intended to be used in an existing diagnosis system for the security control in the tank pressurization system. The tank pressurization system is a MIMO system. This makes the identification process more complicated when the best model is to be chosen. In this master's thesis the identification procedure for a MIMO system can be followed. Testing of the diagnosis system with the created Black-Box model shows that the model seems to be good enough. The diagnosis system takes the right decisions in the performed simulations. This shows that system identification might be a good alternative to physical modelling for a real-time model. The disadvantage with the Black-Box model is that it is less accurate in steady-state than the physical model used before is. The advantage is that it is faster than the physical model. The diagnosis system and the model developed in this thesis are not directly applicable on the real system today. The model has to be redesigned on the real system, this is also the case for the diagnosis system. The diagnosis system also has to be redesigned, so general flight cases, not only the security control can be supervised. However, experiences and choices like input and output signals, and choice of sample interval can be reused from this thesis when a new model might be developed.</p>

An introduction is given to the background theory and scientific literature of the major subject areas of interest in this thesis, namely the chemistry of free radical and anionic polymerisation, molecular weight control in each type of polymerisation, polymerisation reactors, computer simulation of polymerisation processes and polymer characterisation by gel permeation chromatography. A novel computer model has been devised, based on the analysis of the polymerisation process in terms of the reaction extent of each reactant and the use of generation functions to describe the concentration of living and dead polymeric species, for the free radical, solution polymerisation of methylmethacrylate in a CSTR. Both heat and mass balance expressions have been described. Conversion, Mn and Mw were monitored. To test the model a reactor was designed and constructed. A detailed description of the reactor and the experimental conditions used for the validation of the model are given. The results of these studies are presented and excellent agreement is shown between model predictions and experiments up to 30% conversion for Mn w and % conversion. A similar study is described for the anionic polymerisation of styrene in tetrahydrofuran as solvent, in a CSTR. In this work the computer model becomes 'stiff' when realistic rate constants are introduced in the kinetic expressions. Experimental difficulties were encountered in obtaining reproducible results in the anionic work. A new approach of using 'scavengers' as protecting agents for the living chains is described. A scavenger was successfully employed in the preparation of block copolymers using a tubular reactor. Block copolymerisation, in addition to providing a means of checking the number of the 'living' chains inside the reactor, is of interest in its own right. All the experimental findings are discussed in relation to the currently accepted views found in the scientific literature.

I prodotti fitosanitari sono considerati uno dei principali strumenti di difesa contro le più rilevanti avversità che colpiscono la produzione agricola. Per garantire che il loro utilizzo sia realmente basato su principi di sostenibilità, nel 2009 l’Unione Europea ha introdotto la cosiddetta direttiva sull’Uso Sostenibile dei Pesticidi (EU 128/2009/EC) dove lo sviluppo di appropriati indicatori di rischio insieme all’implementazione di una corretta attività di formazione e sensibilizzazione sono da considerare fondamentali per ridurre l’esposizione. Per contribuire in questa direzione, in questo studio sono stati prodotti: a) un toolbox di pratici indicatori di rischio indiretti per essere utilizzati da parte delle autorità nazionali per monitorare le performance; b) un nuovo strumento e-learning (OpenTEA) di formazione e sensibilizzazione per raccogliere e condividere i più efficienti e consistenti materiali a disposizione. Questi contributi sono stati sviluppati utilizzando un approccio pragmatico basato sia su una consultazione degli stakeholders sia su un’analisi completa del rischio (usando dei modelli previsionali di esposizione e svolgendo un’indagine sistematica “sul campo”). Tutto è stato reso possibile grazie al coinvolgimento nelle attività nel centro di ricerca OPERA, un “think tank” che attraverso il suo approccio innovativo basato su costruire reti con gli stakeholders e ponti tra scienza e politica, permette il raggiungimento di soluzioni pragmatiche condivise. / Pesticides are considered one of the principle tools of defence against the most relevant adversity affecting the agricultural production. To ensure that their use is really based on sustainability principle, in 2009 the European Union introduced the so called Directive on Sustainable Use of Pesticides (EU 128/2009/EC) where the establishment of appropriate risk indicators to monitor the performances together with the implementation of appropriate training and awareness raising to improve behaviours are considered fundamentals. To contribute in this direction, in this study were produced: a) a toolbox of practical indirect risk indicators to be used by EU Member States to monitor the performances; b) a new e-learning tool (OpenTEA) for training and awareness raising to collect and share the most efficient and scientifically sound training and communication material. These contributions were developed using a pragmatic approach focusing either on a complete stakeholder consultation process either on a comprehensive analysis of risk (looking at some exposure models and performing a systematic surveys “on the field”). All the process was possible getting involved in the OPERA research centre, a “think tank” that through its innovative approach based on building network among stakeholders and bridges between science and policy, allow the achievement of pragmatic and agreed solutions.

This thesis has been performed at BAE Systems Hägglunds, which is located in Örnsköldsvik. Hägglunds has a wide background of engineering, where they have manufactured all from airplanes to lifting cranes. Currently they only produce track vehicles at Hägglunds, where they manufacture the CV90 and BVS10 models. This thesis concerns the BVS10 which is an all-terrain-vehicle. The main purpose with the BVS10 is to enable transportation of material and personnel thru tough terrain. It isn’t designed for hard combat because of its lack of armor in favour of mobilityThe background of this work is that the BVS10 in recent years has been used more and more in close combat. It has also driven over many IED’s in Afghanistan. Because of this a change in the design of the BVS10 had to be carried out, which led to more armor. This resulted in that the total weight increased from 10.5 tons to 15 tons. This caused unacceptable reduction in lifetime of the torsion springs and the vehicle had to be sent back for repair. BAE Systems then decided to put a lot of effort in decreasing the weight of the vehicle by using light weight material in some components.This work is about the development of a concept for the skidbeam where steel is replaced by a composite material. Due to lack of knowledge about fiber composite and their manufacturing processes, a pre-study was made. After the pre-study the concept work on the beam was initiated, but this was only the beginning. When the material in the beam was switched to composite it was required to redesign the components that’s attached to the beam in order to function correctly.Due to limitations in the geometry it was impossible to use glass fiber as the material. Glass fiber is much cheaper than carbon fiber but the strength and E-modulus is lower. Instead it was decided to use carbon fiber combined with epoxy, which is the most common use for structural applications. To minimize the weight of the beam it was decided to use adhesive bonding as much as possible.The concept work was carried out by a single person but it quickly became clear that cooperation with composite manufacturers was needed in order to come up with a good solution to the problem. A large number of Swedish companies were contacted. Nordic Aircraft was one of the most cooperative companies that also had good knowledge of prepreg materials. The prepreg manufacturing method was chosen for its high quality of the final products, and because they are relatively easy to handle.After much discussion and simulations, a final concept was developed whish Nordic Aircraft later on used to calculate a quotation. The concept was met with approval by BAE Systems. Nordic Aircraft claimed to have the knowledge and the experience to manufacture the beam. / Det här examensarbetet har utförts på BAE Systems Hägglunds beläget i Örnsköldsvik. Hägglunds har bred erfarenhet av ingenjörsarbete och de har tillverkat allt ifrån flygplan till lyftkranar. I nuläget produceras endast bandvagnsfordon hos Hägglunds, de tillverkar modellerna CV90 och BVS10. Detta arbete handlar om BVS10 som är ett allterrängsfordon. BVS10 huvudsyfte är att den ska kunna transportera materiel och personal genom svår terräng. Den är inte avsedd som attackfordon, då dess bepansring är lätt till förmån för mobilitet.Arbetets bakgrund är att den på senare år allt mer har använts i ”close combat” och därmed blivit mycket beskjuten. Den har även fått utstå IED:s (improvised explosive device) i Afghanistan. P.g.a. dessa faktorer krävdes det en förändring av fordonet och den blev allt mer bepansrad. Detta medförde att totalvikten ökade från 10.5ton till ca 15ton, vilket ledde till att fjäderbussningarna slets ut snabbare och behövdes bytas allt oftare. Därmed beslöt man att försöka sänka fordonets totala vikt med hjälp av att byta material i vissa komponenter.Det här arbetet handlar om att ta fram ett koncept till att byta ut stål mot kompositmaterial i skidbalken. Eftersom kunskapen om kompositer var begränsad gjordes en förstudie på detta, men också hur tillverkningsmetoderna för kompositer ser ut. Efter förstudien påbörjades konceptarbetet för balken men detta var endast början. Då materialet i balken byttes ut var komponenterna runt balken tvungna att designas om för att fungera.P.g.a. begränsningar i geometrin var det inte möjligt att använda glasfiber som material. Glasfiber är mycket billigare än kolfiber men har också lägre e-modul och styrka. Istället valdes kolfiber i kombination med epoxy, vilket är den mest använda kompositen för strukturella delar. För att begränsa viktökning på balken valdes limning så mycket som möjligt.Konceptlösningarna utfördes till en början individuellt, men man insåg snabbt att det krävdes samarbete med komposittillverkare för att komma fram till en bra lösning. Ett stort antal företag i Sverige kontaktades. Nordic Aircraft var ett av de mest samarbetsvilliga företagen som också hade bra kunskap om prepreg material. Prepreg som tillverkningsmetod valdes för dess höga kvalité på slutprodukterna och att de är relativt enkla att handskas med.Efter mycket diskussion och simuleringar var ett koncept framtaget för beräkningar av priset. Konceptet gillades hos BAE Systems och Nordic Aircraft ansåg sig ha kunskapen att tillverka detaljen. Nordic Aircraft gjorde en grov offert baserad på de krav som BAE Systems hade.

Mechanization signaled the end of the cavalry but the renaissance of heavy cavalry doctrine. The tank heralded the return of breakthrough operations and maneuver warfare. Initially, the western cavalries refused doctrinal revision and chose instead to fight bitter rear guard actions against Fullerist zealots. / The Canadian Cavalry, prompted by Blitzkrieg's triumphs, effortlessly evolved into a tank force---virtually overnight. Canadian doctrine, however, was ersatz. Denied its own vast training areas, the RCAC was sandwiched into southern England and saddled with British warfighting techniques developed in the Western Desert. In Normandy, Canadian operational art was driven by Generals Simonds and Crerar, both gunners, who had neither the skill nor experience to conduct armoured warfare. Hampered by General Montgomery's inability to reproduce a strategic offensive comparable to that demonstrated on the Russian front, Allied armoured forces were squandered in mismanaged frontal attacks. / In the United States, the attempts to protect the horse forced a praetorian's revolt that ended with General Chaffee garroting the US Cavalry, eliminating it from future battlefields. The doctrinal dominance of the American Armored Force was subsequently threatened by a cabal under artillery General Leslie McNair who imposed the Tank Destroyer philosophy. Internecine squabbles and economic nationalism prevented America from producing a tank capable of meeting German panzers on even terms. Though failing technically, the US Armored force succeeded doctrinally via the Louisiana maneuvers and produced a balanced Armored Division. General Bradley's 12th Army Group arrived in France with a purposeful dogma that had been further refined at the Combat Command, Divisional, and Corps level in North Africa and Sicily. / American armour maneuvered during Operation Cobra but it did not fight massed panzers; this was soon redressed in Lorraine where American armoured doctrine reached tactical maturity. Canadian armour fought tank battles throughout Operations Spring, Totalize and Tractable, but it did not maneuver. American and Canadian armour's best opportunity for strategic victory occurred in Normandy. The Canadians, despite better tanks and favourable terrain, failed operationally and received no second chance.

A fundamental stage in rocky-shore seaweed life history is the recruitment process involving external fertilisation and then settlement of the propagules on a suitable substrate. The ultimate step in this settlement stage is the crossing of the viscous sub-layer and attachment to the substrate. Given the extreme conditions met in the intertidal zone, propagules can be dislodged at any time before they secure a strong enough anchoring. Flow conditions and propagule properties are key to this process. The settlement process under turbulent conditions was recreated within a stirred benthic chamber for five different species. Whereas propagule properties (size, density) vary with species, and propagules are adapted to the different conditions in the intertidal, they exhibit the same settlement behaviour. They nevertheless exhibit different settling velocities and settlement thresholds. Several methods of characterisation of the tank flow from particle tracking velocimetry and acoustic Doppler velocimetry data are reviewed, as well as an analytical model. Turbulent settling was found to be independent of the well-mixed tank bulk flow and to depend only on the boundary-layer mechanics. A model of settlement threshold is presented from which propagule mucilage adhesiveness estimates are derived, leading to good correlations between adult plant exposure and the stickiness of its propagules and to the conclusion that settlement can only occur in calm conditions. To extend the work, computational fluid dynamic techniques are developed by extending the Gerris Flow Solver. A 2-D approach to tank modelling and a pilot study of expansion to 3-D is described. This extends the perspective given by the experiments, notably through output of the hydrodynamical forces experienced by the propagules. Finally, in the view of realizing direct numerical simulations of propagule behaviour in the viscous sub-layer, a new and unique 2-D/3-D fully conservative solid/fluid interaction model is developed and tested with success.

Föreliggande arbete tar sin utgångspunkt i Försvarsmaktens befintliga förmåga att verka med pansarvärnsrobotar. Med syfte att undersöka om det eventuellt finns ett tomrum att fylla för pansarbrytande robotsystem och att jämföra befintligt system mot föregående och ge förslag på önskvärda förmågor. Ur historik, äldre studier, teknisk data från föregående system och intervjuer dras slutsatser som ligger till grund för värderingar av det existerande behovet. Resultatet visar att pansarvärnsrobot 57 har god möjlighet till att lösa given uppgift om systemet tillförs i större omfattning inom skytteförbanden. Miljön styr taktiken, taktiken styr nyttan vilket i sin tur genererar effekt med systemet. En uppgradering av 57-systemet bedöms värt att beakta för försvarsmakten inom ramen för vilka behov som existerar. / Present work is based on the Armed Forces' existing ability to operate with anti-tank missiles. With the objective to investigate whether there is a void to fill for armor piercing missile systems and to compare the existing system with previous and suggest desirable abilities. From history, older studies and technical data from the previous system and interviews are conclusions drawn and underlying the values of the existing need. The results show that anti-tank missile 57 has good potential to solve the given task if the system is applied on a larger scale within infantry units. The environment decide tactic, the tactic control benefits, which in turn generates effect with the system. An upgrade of the 57-system is deemed worth consideration for the armed forces in the context of the needs that exist.

L(+)-Lactic acid is a commonly occurring organic acid, which is valuable due to its wide use in food and food-related industries, and its potential for the production of biodegradable and biocompatible polylactate polymers. The aim of this study was to optimize and scale-up a biotechnological process of L(+)-lactic acid production by suspended cells of R. arrhizus DAR 36017 with waste potato starch as the substrate. Commonly used inorganic and organic nitrogen sources, including ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate, urea, yeast extract and peptone, were assessed in conjunction with various ratios of carbon to nitrogen (C:N). Fermentation media with a low C:N ratio enhanced the production of lactic acid, biomass and ethanol, while a high C:N ratio led to production of more fumaric acid as a by-product. The use of organic nitrogen sources (yeast extract, peptone and urea) resulted in a significant reduction of lactic acid yields by 15% - 34% with a decrease of C:N from 168 to 28. The use of inorganic nitrogen sources (ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate) led to a high lactic acid yield of 84% - 91% at a C:N below 168. Therefore, ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate were considered to be better nitrogen sources for lactic acid production. Small pellets are the favoured morphological form for many fermentation processes by filamentous fungi. However, to control filamentous Rhizopus sp in the pellet form in a submerged fermentation system is difficult due to its filamentous characteristics. An acidadapted preculture technique was developed to induce the formation of the pellet form in bioreactors. Using the acid-adapted precultures, the fungal biomass can be controlled in small dispersed pellets as a dominant morphological form. With these small pellets, a lactic acid yield of 86-89%, corresponding to a concentration of 86-89g/L, was obtained in a laboratory scale process using a stirred tank reactor (STR) and a bubble column reactor (BCR). A batch bioprocess for lactic acid production was successfully scaled-up from shake flasks to laboratory scale bioreactors. Results from a simulated scale-up process revealed that the concentration and productivity of lactic acid decreased with the increase of the scale-up steps because of increased pellet size. This suggested that a one-step scale-up process using the acid-adapted preculture may be feasible in an industrial-scale bioreactor system. A comprehensive investigation of the impact of cultivation parameters on the morphology of R. arrhizus and lactic acid production was carried out in the BCR. The results showed that the fungal morphology was significantly influenced by carbon sources, pH, starch concentrations, sparger designs and aeration rates. The favoured morphology for lactic acid production was freely dispersed small pellets, which could be retained as a dominant morphology under operation conditions at pH 5.0 – 6.0, starch concentrations of 60 – 120 g/L and aeration rates of 0.2 – 0.8 vvm, using a sintered stainless steel disc sparger. The optimal cultivation conditions at pH 6.0 and aeration rate of 0.4 vvm resulted in the formation of the freely dispersed small pellets and production of 103.8 g/L lactic acid, with a yield of 87%, from 120 g/L liquefied potato starch in 48 h. This study shows a technically feasible and economically promising process for the production of lactic acid from waste potato starch. The use of waste potato starch instead of pure glucose or starch as substrate can significantly reduce the production cost, making this technology environmentally and economically attractive. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1339122 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Chemical Engineering, 2008

Orientador: José Renato Zanini / Banca: Luis César Dias Drumond / Banca: Elias Nascentes Borges / Banca: Luiz Carlos Pavani / Banca: Leila Trevizan Braz / Resumo: A cultura da beterraba é bastante susceptível às deficiências hídricas, ocasionadas pela má distribuição das chuvas, visto que as hortaliças constituem um grupo de culturas que têm mais de 80% de água em sua composição. O experimento foi realizado na área do campo experimental do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciências e Tecnologia do Triângulo Mineiro - Câmpus Uberlândia (IFTM), situado a 18º45'53" Sul, 48º17'20" Oeste e altitude de 620 metros, com clima tipo Cwa (Köeppen). O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho quanto à produtividade e qualidade da beterraba cultivar Katrina', em função de quatro lâminas diárias de irrigação, e quatro doses de nitrogênio, aplicadas por fertirrigação, no município de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos, com parcelas subdivididas, compostas por lâminas de irrigação, correspondentes a 50, 75, 100 e 125% da evapotranspiração da cultura com base no tanque classe A, e doses de adubo nitrogenado, correspondentes a 50, 75, 100 e 125% da dose recomendada pelo cálculo da adubação, com base nas recomendações para o uso de corretivos e fertilizantes do Estado de Minas Gerais. Na cultura da beterraba não ocorreu efeito significativo para as lâminas de irrigação e para as doses de adubação, evidenciando que é uma espécie rústica, podendo ser cultivada sem grandes investimentos. O consumo de água pelo manejo de irrigação apresentou-se altamente interessante pelo fato de que não houve acréscimo de produção com o aumento das lâminas de irrigação, possibilitando o cultivo com lâminas menores, do que a lâmina correspondente a 100% da evapotranspiração da cultura com base no tanque classe A, proporcionando economia de água e menor impacto ao meio ambiente / Abstract: The culture of the beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is highly susceptive to hydric deficiency, caused by the rains' bad distribution, once the vegetables group of cultures has more than 80% of water in its composition. The experiment was carried out at the experimental field area, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciências e Tecnologia do Triângulo Mineiro, Câmpus Uberlândia (Federal Institute of Education, Sciences and Technology of the Triângulo Mineiro, Uberlândia Câmpus - IFTM, Brazil), latitude 18º45'53'' south, longitude 48º17'20'' west, altitude 620 meters, with a Cwa climate (Köeppen). This work aimed the 'Katrina' beet productivity and quality performance under four irrigation depths and four nitrogen levels applied by fertirrigation in Uberlândia city, Minas Gerais state. The experimental design was a split pot blocks, composed by 50, 75, 100, and 125% of the class-A tank beet evapotranspiration and 50, 75, 100, and 125% of the recommended nitrogen levels to beet, based on the Minas Gerais state recommendation. The beet culture did not present significant effect neither to the irrigation depths nor to the nitrogen levels, showing that it is a rustic specie and it can be cultivated with minimal investments. The water consumption by the management presented highly interesting because the increased water depth did not increased the production, generating cultivate beet in smaller water depths than the 100% class-A tank evapotranspiration depth, providing higher water economy as well smaller environmental impact / Doutor