Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1968. / Title from title screen (viewed May 13, 2009). Includes bibliographical references. Online version of print original.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1968. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Elevated water tanks are widely used to store water for drinking as well as for fire extinguishing purposes. After a severe earthquake, the need of water for drinking as well as fire control will increase dramatically. To ensure that water tanks remain functional after an earthquake, proper analysis method should be followed in order to calculate the response of a structure for earthquake. In this study, the lateral forces developed during earthquake are investigated from commercially available SAP2000 software and the results are compared with the 2006 edition of the ACI standard "Seismic Design of Liquid-Containing Concrete Structures and Commentary" (ACI 350.3-06). The elevated concrete tank is modeled for full, half-full and empty conditions. Linear modal time history analysis is performed using scaled ground motions. Three-directional ground motion records from five different earthquakes have been scaled to the design level and applied to the structure. Sloshing behavior of water inside the tank and the effect of vertical ground motion on the columns have been investigated. It is found that, vertical ground motions can increase the axial forces in columns by up to 20 %, and the ACI 350.3-06 design method is not always conservative. As seismic response depends on both the dynamic properties of the structure and the spectral characteristics of ground motions, more research is needed to understand and model the seismic response of elevated water tanks.

Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted in 2008, 2009, and 2010 to evaluate the efficacy of glyphosate combined with other broadleaf herbicides on herbicide-resistant and -susceptible weeds in Illinois. In the field, the addition of lactofen or fomesafen to glyphosate provided the greatest consistency and control of problematic target weeds including common waterhemp and giant ragweed. Applications of glyphosate tank-mixtures at EPOST provided 10% greater control of giant ragweed compared with the same treatments at POST. The addition of a tank-mix herbicide with glyphosate provided the greatest impact on weed control when applied to glyphosate-resistant common waterhemp with control increasing by 67% compared with glyphosate applied alone. The addition of a tank-mix herbicide with glyphosate had little impact on control of PPO-resistant and herbicide-susceptible common waterhemp. Generally, the addition of an adjuvant to herbicide mixtures with glyphosate did not influence weed control 14 DAT compared with no additional adjuvant. However, the addition of PO-HSOC and SO-HSOC to glyphosate tank-mixtures containing fomesafen and cloransulam increased annual morningglory control compared with no additional adjuvant. In the greenhouse, PPO-inhibiting herbicides (fomesafen, lactofen, flumiclorac, fluthiacet) applied with glyphosate resulted in additive and antagonistic responses depending on the PPO-inhibitor used and the common waterhemp biotype. Generally, glyphosate tank-mixtures applied to PPO-resistant and herbicide-susceptible common waterhemp biotypes resulted in a greater frequency of antagonism than that of a glyphosate-resistant biotype. The efficacy of glyphosate tank-mixtures was also influenced by environmental conditions shortly before and after the herbicide application. Glyphosate tank-mixtures usually resulted in greater efficacy on common waterhemp when applied at 24 C with 75% RH than at 32 C with 40% RH, regardless of tank-mix herbicide or common waterhemp biotype. Although this research supports an improvement in control of glyphosate-resistant common waterhemp with the addition of PPO-inhibiting herbicides to glyphosate, the overall herbicide efficacy was still somewhat variable with evidence for environmental conditions that may alter efficacy of the tank mixtures. Thus, the use of preemergence, soil residual herbicides are still justified to reduce reliance on these postemergence herbicide mixtures for weed control in soybean and ultimately deter further selection of common waterhemp populations resistant to glyphosate and PPO-inhibiting herbicides.

Este trabalho trata do desenvolvimento de um gerador e absorvedor dinâmico de ondas para ensaios com modelos de estruturas oceânicas em escala reduzida, em tanques que simulam as condições de operação encontradas no mar. Propõe-se um procedimento para o projeto de geradores absorvedores ativos de ondas do tipo placa basculante. O procedimento desenvolvido é aplicado ao projeto de um protótipo com quatro módulos geradores de ondas. O protótipo resultante foi instalado no laboratório do Departamento de Engenharia Naval e Oceânica a fim de ser utilizado pela Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo no estudo de algoritmos de geração e absorção de ondas. Para a medição de altura de onda, foi desenvolvido um sensor por ultra-som utilizando a técnica de pulso-eco e uma guia de ondas. O sensor, fixado junto ao batedor de ondas, é utilizado para a realimentação do controlador de absorção de ondas. Foram realizados ensaios para sua caracterização e comparação com um sensor capacitivo. Nesses ensaios, o sensor por ultra-som apresentou melhor linearidade e resposta dinâmica do que o sensor capacitivo, além de não necessitar de calibração antes de cada ensaio. Foram realizados ensaios com ondas regulares para a avaliação do desempenho do gerador de ondas e para o levantamento das funções de transferência do motor, da onda progressiva longe do atuador H/S e da onda próxima ao atuador H0/S que considera as ondas evanescentes. Os resultados experimentais apresentaram uma boa concordância com o modelo teórico. / This work aims at the development of a wave generator and dynamic absorber to perform tests with models of oceanic structures in reduced scale, in tanks that simulate operating conditions found in the sea. It is proposed a procedure to design absorbing wavemakers of the flap type. The developed procedure is then applied for the construction of an prototype with four wave generator modules. The prototype was installed in the laboratory of the Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering Departament, to be used by the Polytechnical School of University of São Paulo in the study of wave absorption algorithms. In order to measure wave heights, it was developed a wave height sensor based on ultrasound, applying the pulse-echo technique and a waveguide. This sensor, attached to the flap of the wave generator, is used as part of the feedback system of the wave absorption controller. Tests for its characterization and comparison with a capacitive sensor had been carried out. In those tests, the ultrasonic sensor had presented a better linearity and dynamic response then the capacitive sensor, moreover it does not need calibration before each test. Tests with regular waves had been carried out for the evaluation of the performance of the wave generator and the determination of the transfer functions of the servomotors, of the progressive wave far of the actuator H/S and the wave next to the actuator H0/S that considers the evanescentes waves. The experimental results had presented a good agreement with the theoretical model.

The world has become one small global village. This is a result of globalisation, the advancement in technology and many other contributing factors. Economic incidents and outlook in Europe, Asia and America have a direct and immediate impact on the developing countries and Africa in particular. Positive economic growth in Africa’s major trading partners has direct positive implications on Africa’s economy. Negative economic growth in Africa’s major trading partners has undesirable consequences on Africa’s economy. As a developing country with a diversified economy which mainly relies on exports and imports, South Africa’s economy is at the forefront of this economic risk. Globalisation has effectively resulted in the Republic of South African’s (RSA) export driven tank container industry being at direct economic and financial risk from global financial melt downs, volatile exchange rates, fluctuating steel prices, souring labour costs, and more importantly competitiveness risk. In the history of the industrial era, never has it been more important to have and maintain a competitive advantage. This is achieved through, inter alia, the development and successful implementation of a competitive strategy. A competitive advantage assists an organisation to financially survive, expand its operations, grow market share and achieve set corporate objectives and goals. A successful organisation has a massive social impact and economic contribution in a country. It is therefore no surprise that the field of competitive strategy has received vast academic interest. Amidst the ever changing world and markets, a competitive strategy needs to be fine-tuned, revised and reinvented. What has worked in the past will not ensure tomorrow success. The purpose of this research treatise is to investigate the factors that led to a sustained competitive advantage for a tank container manufacturer. This was achieved by applying various scientific methodologies. A case study approach was used as the most appropriate research methodology for this study. This approach entailed the use of a phenomenological paradigm. An extensive literature review on competitiveness and of strategy formulation and implementation was conducted, which has led to the development of research propositions. The study entailed a case study of a single tank container manufacturer in the RSA. The study contributes positively to the academic field of competitiveness and to the existing academic body of knowledge. It also makes a positive contribution to tank container manufacturing academic literature on competitiveness and organisational strategy formulation and strategy implementation.

Abstract Liquid containing tanks (LCTs) are used in water distribution systems and in the industry for storing water, toxic and flammable liquids and are expected to be functional after severe earthquakes. The failure of a large tank during seismic excitation has implications far beyond the economic value of the tanks and their contents. Then seismic design becomes a high necessity for this type of structure. However, tanks differ from buildings in two ways: first, during seismic excitation, the liquid inside the tank exerts a hydrodynamic force on tank walls, base, and roof in addition to the hydrostatic forces. Second, LCTs are generally required to remain watertight. Many current standards and guidelines such as ACI 350.3-06, ACI 371R-08, ASCE7, API650, EUROCODE8 and NZSEE 1986 code, cover seismic designs which are based primarily on theoretical analysis. This analysis is still not enough to fully describe the behavior of this structure under seismic oscillation noting that the theoretical analysis is based on a linear model and two dimensional spaces. So the focus of this study is to measure two important dynamic parameters which are the natural period and the maximum sloshing height of the water under harmonic motion by conducting an experimental investigation and computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation. Open-foam is the numerical tool chosen in this study. There is currently no study done with this tool to measure the behavior of the water inside a square tank neither under seismic motion nor harmonic oscillation.Finally, a comparison between the experimental, the analytical and the numerical results will be presented to confirm the level of validity of each method. Then a conclusion is made to summarize this research and to propose future works.

TCC (graduação) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Centro Tecnológico. Engenharia Civil. / Submitted by Robespierre Xavier da Silva Junior null (robespierre.xavier) on 2016-07-05T23:53:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TCC-Robespierre X. S. Jr.pdf: 3880652 bytes, checksum: bc7803e50aaaf83faa6d6bc1e22cb4ca (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LIA CAETANO BASTOS null (lia.c.bastos@ufsc.br) on 2016-07-18T20:38:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TCC-Robespierre X. S. Jr.pdf: 3880652 bytes, checksum: bc7803e50aaaf83faa6d6bc1e22cb4ca (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T20:38:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TCC-Robespierre X. S. Jr.pdf: 3880652 bytes, checksum: bc7803e50aaaf83faa6d6bc1e22cb4ca (MD5) / Este trabalho tem como princípio apresentar a análise de incerteza nas previsões meteorológicas e hidrológicas da ferramenta computacional SPEHC. Para tanto, inicia-se o presente estudo apresentando uma introdução que salienta quais modelos meteorológicos e hidrológico utilizados nos cálculos. Além dos modelos implementados, os estudos tiveram como foco realizar análises na sub-bacia do Rio do Peixe, que tem como exutório o município de Tangará. Os resultados encontrados foram dispostos em três partes distintas que são as seguintes: análise de incerteza meteorológica, calibração do modelo hidrológico e análise de incertezas hidrológicas. Os estudos de incerteza meteorológica tiveram como início determinar para a região do presente estudo a diferença nos valores acumulados de precipitação dos dados do TRMM (que são utilizados na calibração do modelo) e os valores observados nos sete pluviômetros espalhados na região da sub-bacia hidrográfica. Após este cálculo foi elaborada uma análise em um evento crítico de precipitação, sendo que os modelos meteorológico BRAMS e ETA não foram coerentemente representativos nas estimativas pluviométricas nesse período de estudo. A segunda parte dos resultados apresentou a calibração do modelo hidrológico PM Tank Model que é utilizado na ferramenta computacional SPEHC. Para tanto, optou-se por elaborar uma série de dez calibrações diferentes para a mesma região. Este fato foi proposto para servir de base nas análises de previsão hidrológica. Na última etapa deste estudo foram analisados os dados de previsão hidrológica e concluiu-se que todas as análises referentes a previsão de vazão são diretamente interligadas a qualidade dos dados de precipitação. Sendo assim, o estudo de previsão hidrológica se ateve a analisar qualitativamente os resultados encontrados e identificando padrões assumidos nos referidos gráficos. Por fim, o presente estudo concluiu que as previsões hidrológicas são dependentes das previsões meteorológicas e portanto todas as incertezas atreladas a estas são repassadas a modelagem de vazão. / This paper has the principle analyzing uncertainties in weather and hydrological forecasts on software SPEHC. Therefore, begins this study presenting an introduction about meteorological and hydrological models used in the calculations. In addition to the models implemented, studies have focused on performing analysis on the Fish River sub-basin, where the discharge measure is in the city of Tangará. The results were arranged in three distinct parts which are as follows: weather uncertainty analysis, calibration of the hydrological model and analysis of hydrological uncertainties. The weather uncertainty studies beginning to determine for this study region the difference in cumulative values of precipitation from TRMM (used in model calibration) and the values observed in the seven rain gauges in the sub-basin area. After this, was prepared an analysis in a critical event of precipitation, and the weather models BRAMS and ETA were not consistently representative in rainfall estimates in this study. The second part of the results are the calibration of the PM Tank Model that is used on SPEHC. Therefore, it was decided to prepare a series of ten different calibrations for the same region. This fact has been proposed as the principle for the hydrological forecasting analyzes. In the last part of this study, the hydrological forecast were analyzed and it was concluded that all the analyzes regarding the flow prediction is directly linked to the quality of the precipitation. Therefore the hydrological forecast study only analyze the qualitatively results founded and identifying patterns assumed in these graphics. This study concluded that hydrological forecasts are dependent on weather forecasts and all the uncertainties linked to these are passed on modeling flow.

As the world is moving towards a more sustainable energy perspective, construction equipment sees the requirement to change its current way of operation with fossil fuels to reduce its environmental impact. In order to pursue the electrification of construction equipment a dense power source is essential, where hydrogen powered fuel cells have the potential to be a sufficient energy source. This thesis work is carried out in order to find the least CO2 emissive pathway for hydrogen to various construction sites. This is done by collecting state of the art data for production, processing and storage technologies. With the assembled data an optimization model was developed using mixed integer linear programming. The technologies found that showed promising adaptability for construction equipment in the state of art regarding production were steam methane reforming (SMR), proton exchange membrane electrolyser (PEMEC) and alkaline electrolyser. They showed promising characteristics due to their high level of maturity and possibility for reducing the environmental impact compared to the current operation. To investigate the hydrogen pathway and its possibilities, four scenarios were created for four types of construction sites. The scenarios have different settings for distance, grid connection and share of renewables, where the operations have various energy profiles that is to be satisfied. The optimal hydrogen pathway to reduce the CO2 emissions according to the model, were either PEMEC on-site or gaseous delivery of SMR CCS produced hydrogen. The share of renewables in the energy mix showed to be an important factor to determine which of the hydrogen pathways that were chosen for the different scenarios. Moreover, in the long run PEMEC was considered to be a more sustainable solution due to SMR using natural gas as feedstock. It was therefore concluded that for a high share of renewables PEMEC was the optimal solution, where for a low share of renewables SMR CCS produced hydrogen was optimal as the energy mix would result in a more emissive operation when using PEMEC.

The aim of the thesis to explain the functionality of seasonal accumulation with an in-depth view on rock bed accumulator. The computational model is based on the project located in Attenkirchen, Germany. After the technical analysis of the model is carried out an economical review can be realized. To conclude the thesis an evaluation is made comparing an accumulation system with a more traditional one.