Hydraulic tanks have a variety of different tasks. The have to store the volume of oil needed for asymmetric actors in the system as well as to supply the system with preconditioned oil. This includes the deaeration as air contamination is affecting the overall system performance. The separation of the air in the tank is being realized mainly by passive methods, improving the guidance of the air and oil flow. The use of CFD models to improve the design of hydraulic tank is recently often discussed. In this paper, a design method for hydraulic tanks using CFD is presented and discussed. First the different requirements on a hydraulic tank are described as well as the motivation changing the tank designs. Additionally, a quick overview on different calculation models for the behavior of air in oil as well as the capabilities of CFD to reproduce them is given. After this the methodology of tank design applying CFD is presented. The method is then used in an example.

This paper introduces the comprehensive approach of ARGO-HYTOS in developing and optimizing hydraulic tanks. Starting with a detailed analysis of the application, the tank design was optimized and an innovative deaerator was developed. In a first step, various Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) -based analyzing methods are presented, which are used to support the optimization process of tank development with regard to complex flow conditions and unexpected influences. The main topic of this paper is the introduction of an innovative labyrinth deaerator, causing coalescence of air bubbles, slower subsequent flow conditions and finally a better deaeration. A further focus is on a customized deaeration test rig, which is used to validate improved components and tank designs on the one hand and to learn more about the complex deaeration effects on the other hand. With this comprehensive optimization approach and the innovative, compact and patented labyrinth deaerator, the size of the tank and the amount of oil can be reduced to a minimum, without impairing air separation, but on the contrary, even improving the air separation behavior.

Examensarbetet utfördes på Volvo Construction Equipments anläggning i Hallsberg. Projektet utgick på att studera materialhanteringen i tankmonteringen. VCE monterar idag cirka 50 hydraul- och bränsletankar om dagen och har uppemot 20 olika typer av tankar för Volvos hjullastare och ramstyrda dumprar. Tankarna monteras i ett rum med renhetsklassning vilket utgör svårigheter i hur bland annat material får hanteras och förvaras i rummet. Idag förvaras materialet för dessa tankar i monteringslokalen i de fyra monteringsstationerna. Monteringsstationerna har begränsat med plats för material och behöver återfyllas ifrån mellanlagret utanför lokalen. Kundavvikelser på grund av fel monterade tankar är ett problem och kan ha koppling till materialet. I Volvo CE:s ständiga utvecklingsarbete med effektivitet och kvalitetssäkring i fokus ifrågasätts dagens läge inom materialhantering och kvalitetssäkring. Volvo CE misstänker att läget idag inte är optimalt och önskar en utredning på hur materialhanteringen kan effektiviseras för framtida produkter med hänsyn till renhetssklassningen samt hur monteringsfel kan minimeras med eventuella hjälpmedel.  Efter observationer samt samtal med montörer och ansvariga kunde en nulägesbeskrivning skapas i syfte få en överblick över problemområdet och inhämta kunskap om projektets avgränsningar. Utifrån observationer och intervjuer ur ett Lean-perspektiv samt med Lean-verktyg utformades en nulägesanalys. Slöserier identifierades med 7+1 metoden, tankmonteringen visade brister i 5S arbetet. Rotorsaksanalyser på 7+1 slöserierna och bristerna i 5S utfördes och förbättringsmöjligheter visades.  Kittning som med i materialförsörjningen presenterades som förbättringsförslag där materialhanteringen skulle minimeras för montörerna vilket skulle leda till ökat fokus och ökad kvalitet på monteringen. Kittning eliminerar även behovet till att förvara material i monteringslokalen. VCE rekommenderas att i det fortsatta arbetet studera följande: •    Hur kittning kan implementeras på olika nivåer i tankmonteringen•    Poka Yoke. Hur risken för felplock eller felmontering kan minimeras med hjälp om konstruktioner eller färgkodningar•    Digitalisering av monteringslokalen. Datorer vid varje bås med ständigt uppdaterade monteringsrutiner kan minimera risken för fel. / This thesis was carried out at Volvo Construction Equipment's facility in Hallsberg. The project was based on studying material handling in the tank assembly. VCE currently assembles about 50 hydraulic and fuel tanks a day and has up to 20 different types of tanks for Volvo wheel loaders and dump trucks. The tanks are mounted in a room with purity rating which poses difficulties in how materials may be handled and stored in the room, among other things. Today, the material is stored for these tanks in the assembly room of the four assembly stations. The assembly stations have limited space for materials and need to be refilled from the supermarket outside the premises. Customer returns due to faulty assembled tanks are a problem and may be related to the material handling. Volvo CE's continuous development work with efficiency and quality assurance in focus calls into question the current situation in material management and quality assurance. Volvo CE suspects that the situation today is not optimal and asks for an investigation into how material handling can be made more efficient for future products considering the cleanliness-controlled environment and how assembly errors can be minimized with any aids. After observations as well as conversations with fitters and managers, a present-mode description could be created in order to get an overview of the problem area and gain knowledge of the project's boundaries. Based on observations and interviews from a Lean perspective and lean tools, a current situation analysis was designed. Wastes were identified using the 7+1 method, the tank assembly showed shortcomings in the 5S work. Root cause analyses of 7+1 waste and the shortcomings of 5S were carried out and opportunities for improvement were demonstrated. . Kitting presented as an improvement proposal in which material handling would be minimized for fitters, which would lead to increased focus and increased quality of assembly. Kitting also eliminates the need to store materials in the assembly room. VCE is recommended to study the following: •    How Kitting can be implemented at different levels in the tank assembly•    Poka Yoke. How the risk of error picking or faulty assemblies can be minimized by using new designs or color codings.•    Digitization of the assembly room. Computers at each booth with constantly updated assembly routines can minimize the risk of errors.

The pace of development in aviation technology is increasing, and there is a constantneed for new concepts to keep up. An innovative concept is desired to reach the netzero emission and sustainability target visualized in Flight path 2050. Introducing digital models and virtualization into aviation fields reduces time consumption onmanual modelling and increases design accuracy. Digital mock-up models also helpin minimizing costs due to errors in the later stage of development or manufacturing. The Institute of Systems Architecture in Aeronautics at German AerospaceCenter (DLR) works in digitizing cabin design environments with extensive implementation of the Knowledge-Based Engineering (KBE) approach. The virtual cabindesign system tool also known as Fuselage Geometry Assembler (FUGA) providesa digital model of the cabin of both single and twin aisle configurations of commercial aircraft. The information of aircraft characteristics is provided to FUGA using Common Parametric Aircraft Configuration Schema (CPACS). CPACS coupled with FUGA provides the user with a consistent model of aircraft and cabindesign, when viewed through a virtual platform provides an immersive experienceto be inside an aircraft cabin before physical production. The multidisciplinary capability of FUGA provides experts from different disciplines to perform analysis such as vibration analysis on the cabin environment. For ease of usage and better visualization of information from FUGA, a web-based application through Flask is hosted for FUGA. This enables the user to access the FUGA tool without the needof installing the tool on their devices. With the world now moving towards a greener approach, an alternative propulsion system may require a different fuel tank configuration. Retro-fit of liquid hydrogen fuel tank into an existing aircraft’s fuselage is done using FUGA tool and aircraft performance analysis is conducted and the outcomes are studied. The enhanced and advanced model of twin-aisle configuration, now on par with single-aisle configuration is used for hydrogen tank sensitivity analysis. The comparative study of different aisle configurations retro-fitted with liquidhydrogen fuel tank is further conducted for arriving at an optimal design point fora balance in range and passenger capacity.

Boilover is a violent ejection of certain liquid hydrocarbons due to prolonged burning during a storage tank fire. It happens due to vaporization of the water sub-layer that commonly resides at the base of a storage tank, resulting in the ejection of hot fuel from the tank, enormous fire enlargement, formation of a fireball and an extensive ground fire. Boilover is a very dangerous accidental phenomenon, which can lead to serious injuries especially to emergency responders. The boilover can occur several hours after the fuel in a storage tank caught fire. The delayed boilover occurrence is an unknown strong parameter when managing the emergency response operations. Modelling and simulation of the boilover phenomenon will allow the prediction of the important characteristics features of such an event and enable corresponding safety measures to be prepared. Of particular importance is the time from ignition to the occurrence of boilover. In order to establish a tool for the prediction of the boilover events, it is essential to understand what happens within the fuel during a fire. Such understanding is important in order to recognize and determine the mechanisms for the hot zone formation and growth which are essentials, especially for predicting the onset time of boilover. Accordingly, boilover experiments and tests were planned and carried out at field scale by the Large Atmospheric Storage Tank FIRE (LASTFIRE) project with the intentions to evaluate the nature and consequences of a boilover, and to establish a common mechanism that would explain the boilover occurrence. Undertaking field scale experiments, however, is difficult to carry out so often due to high costs and high safety concerns. In order to obtain more detailed measurements and visual records of the behaviour of the liquids in the pool, a novel laboratory scale rig has been designed, built and commissioned at Loughborough University. The vessels used in the field scale tests and the laboratory scale rig were instrumented with a network of thermocouples, in order to monitor the distribution in temperature throughout the liquid and its variation with time. The temperature distribution variation as a function of time enabled the recognition of the phases of the evolution of the hot zone and hence the mechanism of boilover. The rig has allowed well defined and repeatable experiments to be performed and hence enable to study and assess boilover in a reproducible manner. In addition, visualisation of the fuel behaviour during the experiments could be obtained to better understand the formation and growth of hot zone, the boiling of water layer and hence the boilover occurrence. A number of small and larger scale experiments had been completed to obtain a wide spectrum of results, evaluating the effect of tank diameters, fuel depth, and water depth on the rate and extent of the boilover. The analysis of the results had elucidated further the processes of the hot zone formation and its growth, and hence mechanisms involved in the boilover occurrence. The important observation was that there are three stages observed in the mechanism of boilover incidence. At the start of the fire there is a stage when the hot zone is formed. This is followed by a period when the bottom of the hot zone moves downwards at a pseudo constant rate in which the distillation process (vaporisation of the fuel s lighter ends) is taking place. The final stage involved the heating up of the lowest fuel layer consisting of components with very high boiling points and occurrence of boilover. Based on the observations of the mechanisms involved in the hot zone formation and its growth, predictive calculations were developed which focus on the provision of an estimate on the time to boilover upon the establishment of a full surface fire and an estimate of the amount of fuel remaining in the tank prior to the occurrence of the boilover. A predictive tool was developed in order to provide predictions on the important parameters associated with a boilover event i.e. the time to boilover, the amount of fuel remaining in the tank prior to boilover and hence the quantity of fuel that would be ejected during boilover and the consequences of a boilover i.e. fire enlargement, fireball effects and the ground area affected by the expulsion of oil during a boilover event. The predictive tool developed is capable of providing good estimates of onset time to boilover and predicts consequences of the boilover. The tool predicting the time to boilover of the LASTFIRE field scale test and the laboratory scales tests was shown to produce predictions that correlated with the observed time to boilover. Apart from the time to boilover, the predictive calculation is also able to provide an estimate of fuel amount remained in the tank at the instance of boilover occurrence. Consequently, the tool is capable of predicting the quantity of burning fuel being ejected and hence the area affected by the extensive ground fire surrounding the tank. The predictive results are conservatives but yet show good agreement with observed time to boilover in real boilover incidents. Certain considerations in the development of safe and effective fire fighting strategies in handling fire scenario with a potential of boilover occurrence, can be assessed using the predictive tool developed.

When designed, installed, and maintained properly, septic systems provide a cost-effective and environmentally-sound method to treat domestic wastewater. However, poor installation, unsuitable site conditions, and infrequent maintenance can lead to system failure and the discharge of partially-treated effluent to local waterways. As many as 1%, or 4,000 systems, fail each year in the Atlanta area. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to evaluate what social and physical factors are significant to the location of on-site sewage management system failures in Cherokee County, Georgia. A regression analysis of the septic system failure rate, which was estimated with repair permit records from the local Board of Health, with Census demographics, soil, and septic system information found that the percent of soils in the “A” hydrologic group, unemployment rate, percent African-American population, population density, household size, percent of homes built between 1980 and 1989, percent built between 1970 and 1979, percent built between 1940 and 1949, and the average lot size of the parcels issued a repair permit were statistically-significant (p < 0.05) indicators of the failure rate at the Census block group level. The inclusion of socioeconomic, environmental, and physical characteristics suggests that the most effective response to reduce failures will incorporate actions to address these significant elements collectively. Despite restrictions on the ability of the Georgia Department of Public Health to regulate maintenance, many policy options are available to proactively identify areas with the greatest likelihood of failure and reduce the incidence of failure in those areas. Greater collaboration between stakeholders, including the county Board of Health and utility providers, improved record-keeping, and education and incentive programs provide the best opportunities to improve the management of septic systems in local jurisdictions.

I takt med en ökande befolkning ökar användningen av energi. Samtidigt som energianvändandet ökar, avvecklas kärnkraftverken och därmed ökar kolkraftverkens användning vilket leder till utsläpp av främst koldioxid. Många industrier släpper ut mängder av överskottsvärme i naturen utan att den återanvänds. Ett sätt att ta tillvara på överskottsvärme, som annars går till spillo, är att lagra den. Om värme kan lagras och användas vid en annan tidpunkt kan den ersätta andra energikällor och onödiga utsläpp kan förhindras. Det finns idag tre olika metoder att lagra värmeenergi. Dessa är sensibelt värme, latent värme och kemisk värme. Inom varje metod finns olika system som beskrivs vidare i denna rapport. Bharat Forge Kilsta Kilsta är ett smidesföretag i Karlskoga. Deras smidesugn avger stora mängder värme som dels går till lokaluppvärmning men en del av värmen går till spillo. Skulle överskottsvärmen, som nu går till spillo, kunna lagras på ett effektivt sätt skulle både miljömässiga och kostnadsmässiga besparingar kunna göras. Syftet med rapporten är att redogöra och jämföra olika värmelagringsmetoder i en litteraturstudie för att se vilken typ som passar för industriell överskottsvärme i fallet med Bharat Forge Kilsta. Målet är att översiktligt redovisa olika lagringsmetoder samt olika system inom dessa med avseende på lagringskapacitet och kostnad. Utifrån simulering och reglering av bergrumslager och ackumulatortankar kan en passande metod, med avseende på energidistribution och energieffektivitet samt kostnad, för det specifika fallet väljas. Den mest utvecklade och kommersiellt använda metoden är sensibelt värme, den latenta och kemiska värmelagringen är fortfarande i forskning- och utvecklingsstadiet då de är mer kostsamma. Val av lagringsmetod avgörs utifrån lagringskapacitet, lagringstemperatur, kostnad, geografisk placering samt lagringslängd. Sensibelt värme passar bäst till långtidslagring, vid lägre temperaturer och där lagringskapaciteten måste vara stor till ett lågt pris. Latent och kemisk värme passar bäst för högre temperaturer då värmeförlusterna är små och energidensiteten är hög, kostnaden för dessa är dock hög och de tillämpas enbart i liten skala än så länge. Ur litteraturstudien kunde vissa system uteslutas, de system som skulle passa en industri som Bharat Forge Kilsta var bergrum och ackumulatortank. Resultatet visade att bergrummen har störst värmeförluster jämfört med den totala energin, däremot är lagringskapaciteten större. För att garanterat tillgodose värmebehovet vid extremdagar är det mest lämpligt att använda bergrummen. Kostnadsmässigt är de befintliga tankarna bäst lämpade, däremot klarar de enbart tillgodose värmebehovet i sex timmar vid extrembelastning. Om de befintliga tankarna används som system och 200 m3 tanken tilläggsisoleras kan omkring 100 000 kr per år sparas, räknat med att förlusterna skulle ersätta inköpt fjärrvärme och att skillnaden i värmeförluster enbart sker vinterhalvåret. Återbetalningstiden var kortast för de befintliga takarna, 1,4 år medan en ny ackumulatortank hade längst återbetalningstid, 3,2 år. / When the population increases also the energy use will rise. At the same time the nuclear power plants is decommissioned and the use of coal-fired power plants increases, which leads to large amount of mainly carbon dioxide emissions. Many industries get a lot of excess heat that is released in the nature instead of being reused. One way to reuse excess heat could be to store the heat in a suitable storage for later use. If the excess heat can be stored and be used at a different time it can replace other energy sources and decrease the emissions. Today there is three ways to storage heat, they are sensible heat, latent heat, and chemical heat. In each method there are different systems, these will be described further in this report. Bharat Fore is a large forging company in Karlskoga, Sweden. From their furnace a lot of heat is emitted, some of the heat is used to heat the buildings, but still a lot of excess heat goes to waste.  The aim of this report is to compare different heat storage systems and see which one is best suited to industrial excess heat. The goal is to investigate if there is any heat storage method that is effective and cost-saving that fits a larger industry. The purpose of this work is to do a literature study to account and compare different heat storage methods to find the best suitable system for the case with Bharat Forge Kilsta. The goal is to present different storage methods and the different system for each method with respect of cost and storage capacity. From simulation and regulation find the best fitting method for the real case with respect of cost, efficient and storage capacity. The most developed and commercially used method is the sensible heat. Latent heat and chemicals are very costly and still in the research and development stage. Geographic location, using area and operating temperature is parameters that need to be considered when choosing heat storage system. Sensible heat is best suited for long-term storage, at lower temperatures and when the storage capacity needs to be large to a small cost. Latent and chemical heat is best suited for higher temperatures because the heat losses are small and the energy density is high and they are only applied in small scale for now. The result of the literature study showed that storage tanks and cavern storage is most fitting for the case with Bharat Forge Kilsta. The cavern has much larger heat loss compared to the total energy, however the storage capacity is much larger. To guarantee that the heat requirements when there are extreme days it is most appropriate to use the cavern as heat storage. From a coast view it is most fitting to use the already existing tanks, however they could only cater the heat requirement for six hours of heat peak when the production is not running. If the existing tanks is used as heat storage, and the 200 m3 tank will be additional insulated, if the heat loss, in the winter, is replaced with purchased district heating as much as 100 000 SEK per year could be spared. The payback time is shortest for the existing tanks, 1.4 years and almost 3.2 years for the new storage tank.

This paper presents the mathematical modeling and the design of an optimal pressure tracking controller for an often used setup in pneumatic applications. Two pneumatic chambers are connected with a pneumatic tube. The pressure in the second chamber is to be controlled using two switching valves connected to the first chamber and based on the pressure measurement in the first chamber. The optimal control problem is formulated and solved using the MPC framework. The designed controller shows good tracking quality, while fulfilling hard constraints, like maintaining the pressure below a given upper bound.

Name of thesis: Usage of floating for regeneration Goals of thesis: Assess which aspects have influence on final enjoyment of the Floating procedure by comparison of survey results of two client's groups. Determine what impact has the facility environment, staff approach and the manner and form of providing the services on client's mental condition, inducing pleasant relaxation atmosphere and the overall enjoyment from the procedure. Discover insufficiencies and try to eliminate them, to help to create optimal environmental conditions for the Floating procedure. Mothod: This thesis has the character of qualitative empiric research. For the reseach has been used the exploring method with the technic of non-standardized questionnaires with closed as well as open qeustions. Examined population is a group of twenty people, 10 persons as a first time visitors and 10 persons regularly visiting the facility. Results: The research has verfied various aspects which have the impact on mental condition and enjoyment of the people. It has been determined that on the enjoyment of this procedure have a great impact personnel and professional approach of the staff, manner and form of providing the services and the overall environment where is the procedure located. We have ascertained difference between...

- 1 - Abstract: Name of thesis: Usage of floating for regeneration Goals of thesis: Assess which aspects have influence on final enjoyment of the floating procedure by comparison of survey results of two client's groups. Determine what impact has the facility environment, staff approach and the manner and form of providing the services on client's mental condition, inducing pleasant relaxation atmosphere and the overall enjoyment from the procedure. Discover insufficiencies and try to eliminate them, to help to create optimal environmental conditions for the floating procedure. Method: This thesis has the character of qualitative empiric research. For the reseach has been used the exploring method with the technic of non-standardized questionnaires with closed as well as open qeustions. Examined population is a group of twenty people, 10 persons as a first time visitors and 10 persons regularly visiting the facility. Results: The research has verfied various aspects which have the impact on mental condition and enjoyment of the people. It has been determined that on the enjoyment of this procedure have a great impact personnel and professional approach of the staff, manner and form of providing the services and the overall environment where is the procedure located. We have ascertained difference between...