<p>Ett par av de trick som används i virtual reality för att få 3D-världen att verka mer levande är stereoskopi och ett dynamiskt perspektiv med head tracking. Tidigare undersökningar har visat att head tracking har större effekt på 3D-upplevelsen än stereo [1], i alla fall när bilderna visas på en vanlig datorskärm. Den här undersökningen har försökt att ta reda på om samma sak gäller då den virtuella världen projiceras på en horisontell bordsskiva. Intressant nog går resultaten från det genomförda experimentet tvärt emot all teori. Tyvärr kan inga konkreta slutsatser dras eftersom alltför många felkällor har uppmärksammats, men studien öppnar ändå upp för framtida forskning.</p>

<p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of community involvement on management of water tanks in the Arkavathi sub-basin in the state of Karnataka, South India. Water management was analysed from a socio-environmental perspective, with emphasis on village-level stakeholders’ roles and perceived responsibility. The efficiency of community participation was investigated by comparing two villages having undergone the same World Bank launched program to restore water bodies traditionally used to sustain the livelihood of the rural population. In one village there was a resistance towards how the implementation of the tank rejuvenation project had been performed, in the other there was no local involvement.</p><p>A minor field study was conducted by visiting the two villages. Qualitative interviews were held with village-level stakeholders of three age groups, to analyse changes over time in knowledge and attitudes. Additionally, ocular observation and photo documentation were made of the study areas. Some informal interviews were carried out with members of an external non-governmental organisation and locals in the study villages. The collected data were analysed by comparing the results for the two villages, as well as the results of the different age groups and genders.</p><p>There were significant differences in awareness and sense of responsibility, but not knowledge, between the two villages. In the village with a community involvement resisting the governmental scheme for tank renovation, this involvement had proved to be of some advantage to the local community. Contrary to the guidelines, the governmental implementation of the water management strategy did not include local stakeholders’ participation, nor were the tanks restored. Overall, the villagers considered the tank management to be the responsibility of external authorities. There were generally no significant differences between the age groups or men and women, though there were indications of a lower level of knowledge and awareness in women. Absence of effective institutions for water management on all levels as well as difficulties in mainatining efficient village level leadership for community participation are factors causing a major gap between planning and implementation.</p>

A quantitative description of wind-wave and wind-current momentum transfer in high wind conditions is currently unresolved, mainly due to the severe character of the problem. It is, however, necessary for accurate wave models, storm and hurricane forecasting, and atmosphere-ocean model coupling. In this research, strongly forced wind-wave conditions were simulated in a laboratory tank. On the air side, a static pressure probe mounted on a vertical wave follower measured wave-induced airflow pressure fluctuations in close proximity to the surface. Vertical profiles of wave-induced pressure fluctuations were resolved and wave phase dependent features, such as airflow separation, identified. Based on the pressure measurements, wind-wave momentum fluxes were obtained. The dependence of the spectral wave growth function on wind forcing, wave steepness, and wave crest sharpness was also investigated. The bulk air-sea momentum fluxes were estimated using the "total budget" experimental technique. It provided information on the contribution of a wind-wave flux induced by a single wave to the total air-sea momentum flux. The percentile contribution of wind-wave momentum flux into one wave was found to be dependent on the wave's steepness. An arbitrary change in steepness, however, was found to modify the wave field in such a way that it had little effect on the total wind stress. To complement wind stress measurements velocity profiles in the water were measured using Particle Image Velocimetry technique. Mean current, turbulent stress, turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent dissipation rate vertical profiles were studied as a function of wind speed. Together with wave spectrum evolution measurements they form a complete empirical description of momentum fluxes in the laboratory tank. The results provide a detailed empirical view on airflow pressure fluctuations over a wavy surface, on total wind stress, and on the velocity response in the water. A new wave growth parameterization with wind forcing range extended into storm conditions is the most significant stand alone result of this work. Combined with the near surface vertical profiles, these empirical data also serve as a test bed for coupled air-sea numerical models.

A 2D fully nonlinear Numerical Wave Tank (NWT) is developed based on the potential theory, mixed Eulerian-Lagrangian (MEL) time marching scheme, and boundary element method (BEM). Nonlinear Wave deformation and wave forces on stationary and freely floating bodies are calculated using the NWT. For verification, the computed mean, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd order wave forces on a single submerged cylinder are compared with those of Chaplin's experiment, Ogilvie's 2nd-order theory, and other nonlinear computation called high-order spectral method. Similar calculations for dual submerged cylinders are also conducted. The developed fully nonlinear NWT is also applied to the calculations of the nonlinear pressure and force of surface piercing barge type structures and these obtained results agree with experimental and theoretical results. Nonlinear waves generated by prescribed body motions, such as wedge type wave maker or land sliding in the coastal slope area, can also be simulated by the developed NWT. The generated waves are in agreement with published experimental and numerical results. Added mass and damping coefficients can also be calculated from the simulation in time domain. For the simulation of freely floating barge-type structure, only fully nonlinear time-stepping scheme can accurately produce nonlinear body motions with large floating body simulations. The acceleration potential method, which was developed by Tanizawa (1996), is known to be the most accurate, consistent and stable. Using acceleration potential method, in the present study, the series of motions and drift forces were calculated over a wide range of incident wave frequencies including resonance region. To guarantitatively compare the nonlinear contribution of free-surface and body-boundary conditions, the body-nonlinear-only case with linearized free-surface condition is separately simulated. All the floating body motions and forces are in agreement with experimental results. Finally, the NWT is extended to fully nonlinear wave-body-current interactions of freely floating bodies, which has not been published in the open literature until now.

Résumé Une meilleure intégration de la fougère aquatique Azolla dans les aliments de O. niloticus en vue de sa production en milieu rural a été recherchée en bassins et en étangs. Six aliments (29,2 % PB; 16,9 kJ g-1 EB, chacun) : A0, A10, A20, A30, A40 et A50 contenant respectivement 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 et 50 % de farine d’Azolla (FA) en remplacement partiel de la farine de poisson ont été testés. En bassins comme en étangs, une réduction de la croissance a été enregistrée lorsque la teneur en FA a dépassé 10 et 20 % respectivement. En étangs, les valeurs de production piscicoles (8220-5120 kg ha-1 an-1) et d’indice de profitabilité (0,42-0,89) sont similaires jusqu’à 20 % et 30 % de FA dans les aliments. L’élevage en étangs pourrait être plus avantageux en nourrissant les poissons avec A20 en étangs dont la surface est couverte à 45 % par un tapis d’Azolla. Dans les deux systèmes d’élevage, la composition des carcasses ne semble pas être affectée, excepté une réduction de la teneur en lipides totaux dans les poissons nourris avec A30, A40 et A50 en bassins et ceux nourris avec A50 en étangs. D’un point de vue environnemental, malgré que la teneur en phosphore des aliments soit passée de 1,13 % à 0,76 % en faisant varier leur teneur en Azolla de 0 % à 50 %, les compositions en phosphore (P) et azote (N) des poissons sont similaires, en bassins comme en étangs. En bassins, les quantités de P et de N rejetées par les poissons ont diminué avec l’augmentation de FA dans les aliments. De même, la quantité de P rejetée en étangs décroît, tandis que celle de l’azote est identique dans tous les traitements. La composition en acides gras des poissons élevés en bassins ressemble à celle des aliments, excepté une augmentation de la teneur en acide arachidonique (ARA) chez les poissons nourris à fort taux d’Azolla. Ceci pourrait être le fait d’une élongation et désaturation de l’acide linoléique. Les valeurs du ratio n-3/n-6 (0,08-0,17) qui en résultent sont faibles chez les poissons nourris avec A40 et A50. Le profil en acides gras des poissons d’étangs est par contre différent de celui des poissons de bassins et de la composition des aliments. Cette dissemblance est particulièrement prononcée chez les poissons nourris avec A30, A40 et A50 qui sont riches en acide éicosapentaénoique (EPA) et acide docosahexaénoique (DHA), principaux acides gras dans le plancton. Cette "signature" du plancton pourrait être due à une consommation supplémentaire de ces nourritures naturelles par ces poissons et expliquerait les valeurs élevées du ratio n-3/n-6 (0,35-0,53) dans les poissons nourris avec les aliments contenant 20 à 50 % de FA. Les paramètres de croissance et le profil en acides gras sont meilleurs en étangs qu’en bassins, et les nutriments rejétés en étangs sont relativement faibles, probablement à cause de la contribution de la nourriture naturelle. En conclusion, Azolla pourrait permettre de réduire le coût des aliments et le coût total de production des poissons, tout en garantissant un bon niveau trophique des étangs et une bonne qualité nutritionnelle des poissons produits. L’étude suggère d’utiliser la fougère jusqu’à 10 % dans les aliments en bassins et 20 à 30 % en étangs. Dans ce dernier système, une couverture des étangs de maximum 45 % de leur surface pourrait permettre de produire des poissons, en même temps qu’elle fournirait de l’Azolla à incorporer dans les aliments ou pour d’autres utilisations bénéfiques. Abstract An improved integration of the aquatic fern Azolla in diets for production of Nile tilapia O. niloticus in rural area was investigated in tanks and in ponds. Six diets (29.2% CP; 16.9 kJ g-1 GE, each) were tested, containing 0% (diet A0), 10% (diet A10), 20% (diet A20), 30% (diet A30), 40% (diet A40) and 50% (diet A50) of Azolla meal (AM) as fishmeal (FM) substitutes. The diet A0 served as a control. Growth parameters decreased, significantly when Azolla level exceeds 10% and 20% in diets, respectively in tanks and ponds. In ponds, the variation of annual fish production follows the trend in growth parameters, with values decreasing from 8220 to 5120 kg ha-1 year-1. Identical profitability index (range: 0.42-0.89) was obtained up to 30% Azolla. Feeding with A20 could be more advantageous by rearing fish in ponds covered with Azolla mat at a maximum of 45% of the water surface. In tanks and in ponds, fish carcass was not significantly affected, except for the total lipid content of fish fed 30, 40 and 50% Azolla in tanks, and those fed 50% Azolla in ponds. From an environmental point of view, phosphorus and nitrogen contents in experimental fish show similar values, both in tanks and ponds, although phosphorus content in diets varied from 1.13% to 0.76% when Azolla level increased from 0% to 50%. In tanks, phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) discharged as wastes by fish decreased with increasing Azolla level in diets. Also, P decreased significantly in ponds whereas identical values were found for nitrogen in all treatments. In tanks, fish fatty acids mirror the profile in diets, except for the high arachidonic acid content (ARA) in high AM-fed fish, probably as a result of elongation and desaturation of linoleic acid. This leads to a lower n-3/n-6 ratio (range: 0.08-0.17) in fish fed A40 and A50. Fatty acid composition of fish fed in ponds was different from that in fish fed in tanks, and from diets. The lower resemblance of fish composition was more pronounced in fish fed A30 to A50 in which large amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were found, reflecting closely the composition in plankton. The reason could be a supplemental consumption of plankton by those fish as a response to the deficiency in diets A30-A50. Then, the n-3/n-6 ratios (range: 0.35-0.53) were higher in fish fed A20 to A50. Growth and fatty acid composition were better in ponds, and nutrients loading into pond water were lower, probably due to the contribution of natural foods. In conclusion, Azolla use leads to reduced feed and total fish production costs, while ensuring a suitable pond trophic level and a good nutritional quality of the fish produced. The study suggests using Azolla in tanks up to 10% in diets, while up to 20-30% can be recommended in ponds. In the latter case, covering the ponds surface with Azolla mat at a maximum of 45% of its surface could lead to produce fish, while ensuring Azolla mass production for diets and other beneficial utilization.

Suite à une stimulation de macrophages au LPS, TANK est phosphorylé en C-terminal et polyubiquitiné de manière non dégradative en N-terminal. Ces deux phénomènes sont indépendants mais dépendent tout deux des kinases IKKe/TBK1. TANK comme ces deux kinases est indispensable à l'activations des facteurs transcriptionnels IRF3/7. Le signalosome COP9/CSN semble aussi intervenir dans la régulation de cette activation via l'interaction TANK/IKKe/CSN5.

This thesis examines the bioleaching of six different Canadian nickel sulphide ores at pH levels above what is generally considered optimum (~ 2). The majority of work discussed in this thesis was conducted with a low-grade metamorphosed ultramafic nickel sulphide ore from Manitoba, Canada (Ore 3), which is not currently exploitable with conventional technologies. The ore contains 21% magnesium and 0.3% nickel. Nickel is the only significant metal value, and is present primarily as pentlandite. A substantial fraction of the magnesium is present as the serpentine mineral lizardite, making processing difficult with conventional pyro- and biohydrometallurgical techniques. The work with this ore has two equally important objectives: to minimize magnesium mobilization and to obtain an acceptable level of nickel extraction. Batch stirred-tank bioleaching experiments were conducted with finely ground ore ( 147 µm) with temperature and pH control. The first phase of experimentation examined the effect of pH (2 to 6) at 30 °C, and the second phase examined all combinations of three pH levels (3, 4 and 5) and five temperatures (5, 15, 22.5, 30, and 45 °C).

This thesis examines the bioleaching of six different Canadian nickel sulphide ores at pH levels above what is generally considered optimum (~ 2). The majority of work discussed in this thesis was conducted with a low-grade metamorphosed ultramafic nickel sulphide ore from Manitoba, Canada (Ore 3), which is not currently exploitable with conventional technologies. The ore contains 21% magnesium and 0.3% nickel. Nickel is the only significant metal value, and is present primarily as pentlandite. A substantial fraction of the magnesium is present as the serpentine mineral lizardite, making processing difficult with conventional pyro- and biohydrometallurgical techniques. The work with this ore has two equally important objectives: to minimize magnesium mobilization and to obtain an acceptable level of nickel extraction. Batch stirred-tank bioleaching experiments were conducted with finely ground ore ( 147 µm) with temperature and pH control. The first phase of experimentation examined the effect of pH (2 to 6) at 30 °C, and the second phase examined all combinations of three pH levels (3, 4 and 5) and five temperatures (5, 15, 22.5, 30, and 45 °C).

Denna rapport behandlar en fullständig metod för att följa, associera och klassificera ekospår. Vid radarnivåmätning ska ekon som härstammar ifrån samma fysikaliska objekt följas över tiden och klassificeras. Dagens radarnivågivare löser problemet genom konfiguration. Tankens geometri samt vilka störande objekt som finns anges vid installation. Den framtagna metoden har delats upp i tre delmoment. Först binds individuella inmätta ekon samman till linjesegment. Dessa segment associeras samman till ekospår varefter dessa klassas fysikaliskt. Metoden kräver betydligt mindre konfiguration än den lösning som används för tillfället. / In this report a method for target tracking, association and classification of echo tracks in radar level gauges is discussed. In tank gauging echoes from the same physical object are called an echo track. The echoes must be tracked over time and classified. Currently radar level gauge units requires configuration to achieve classifications of echo tracks. At installation tank geometry and disturbing echoes has to be registered. The method has been divided into three parts. Firstly individual measured echoes are replaced by line segments. Association algorithms then create echo tracks from these segments. The third step is to classify these tracks physically. This method eliminates registering of disturbing echoes.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of community involvement on management of water tanks in the Arkavathi sub-basin in the state of Karnataka, South India. Water management was analysed from a socio-environmental perspective, with emphasis on village-level stakeholders’ roles and perceived responsibility. The efficiency of community participation was investigated by comparing two villages having undergone the same World Bank launched program to restore water bodies traditionally used to sustain the livelihood of the rural population. In one village there was a resistance towards how the implementation of the tank rejuvenation project had been performed, in the other there was no local involvement. A minor field study was conducted by visiting the two villages. Qualitative interviews were held with village-level stakeholders of three age groups, to analyse changes over time in knowledge and attitudes. Additionally, ocular observation and photo documentation were made of the study areas. Some informal interviews were carried out with members of an external non-governmental organisation and locals in the study villages. The collected data were analysed by comparing the results for the two villages, as well as the results of the different age groups and genders. There were significant differences in awareness and sense of responsibility, but not knowledge, between the two villages. In the village with a community involvement resisting the governmental scheme for tank renovation, this involvement had proved to be of some advantage to the local community. Contrary to the guidelines, the governmental implementation of the water management strategy did not include local stakeholders’ participation, nor were the tanks restored. Overall, the villagers considered the tank management to be the responsibility of external authorities. There were generally no significant differences between the age groups or men and women, though there were indications of a lower level of knowledge and awareness in women. Absence of effective institutions for water management on all levels as well as difficulties in mainatining efficient village level leadership for community participation are factors causing a major gap between planning and implementation.