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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Transformations between Camera Images and Map Coordinates with Applications

Börjesson, Nils January 2005 (has links)
<p>The quality of cameras is currently increasing very fast meanwhile the price of them is decreasing. The possibilities of using a camera as a measurement and navigation instrument are thus getting bigger all the time. This thesis studies the transformation relations between a camera image and the scene in space that is projected to it. A theoretical derivation of the transform will be presented, and methods and algorithms for applications based on the transform will be developed.</p><p>The above mentioned transform is called the camera matrix, which contains information about the camera attitude, the camera position, and the internal structure of the camera. Useful information for several different applications can be extracted from the camera image with the help of the camera matrix.</p><p>In one of the applications, treated in this Master´s thesis, the camera attitude is estimated when the camera is calibrated and its position is known. Another application is that of absolute target positioning, where a point in a digital map is searched from its position in a camera image. Better accuracy in the measurements can though be obtained with relative target positioning i.e., estimation of distance and angle between two points in the digital map by picking them out in the image. This is because that the errors of the</p><p>absolute target positioning for each of the two points are dependent and thus partly will cancel each other out when their relative position and angle is measured.</p>
2

Transformations between Camera Images and Map Coordinates with Applications

Börjesson, Nils January 2005 (has links)
The quality of cameras is currently increasing very fast meanwhile the price of them is decreasing. The possibilities of using a camera as a measurement and navigation instrument are thus getting bigger all the time. This thesis studies the transformation relations between a camera image and the scene in space that is projected to it. A theoretical derivation of the transform will be presented, and methods and algorithms for applications based on the transform will be developed. The above mentioned transform is called the camera matrix, which contains information about the camera attitude, the camera position, and the internal structure of the camera. Useful information for several different applications can be extracted from the camera image with the help of the camera matrix. In one of the applications, treated in this Master´s thesis, the camera attitude is estimated when the camera is calibrated and its position is known. Another application is that of absolute target positioning, where a point in a digital map is searched from its position in a camera image. Better accuracy in the measurements can though be obtained with relative target positioning i.e., estimation of distance and angle between two points in the digital map by picking them out in the image. This is because that the errors of the absolute target positioning for each of the two points are dependent and thus partly will cancel each other out when their relative position and angle is measured.
3

Positioning in wireless networks:non-cooperative and cooperative algorithms

Destino, G. (Giuseppe) 06 November 2012 (has links)
Abstract In the last few years, location-awareness has emerged as a key technology for the future development of mobile, ad hoc and sensor networks. Thanks to location information, several network optimization strategies as well as services can be developed. However, the problem of determining accurate location, i.e. positioning, is still a challenge and robust algorithms are yet to be developed. In this thesis, we focus on the development of distance-based non-cooperative and cooperative algorithms, which is derived based on a non-parametric non- Bayesian framework, specifically with a Weighted Least Square (WLS) optimization. From a theoretic perspective, we study the WLS problem and establish the optimality through the relationship with a Maximum Likelihood (ML) estimator. We investigate the fundamental limits and derive the consistency conditions by creating a connection between Euclidean geometry and inference theory. Furthermore, we derive the closed-form expression of a distance-model based Cramér-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB), as well as the formulas, that characterize information coupling in the Fisher information matrix. Non-cooperative positioning is addressed as follows. We propose a novel framework, namely the Distance Contraction, to develop robust non-cooperative positioning techniques. We prove that distance contraction can mitigate the global minimum problem and structured distance contraction yields nearly optimal performance in severe channel conditions. Based on these results, we show how classic algorithms such as the Weighted Centroid (WC) and the Non-Linear Least Square (NLS) can be modified to cope with biased ranging. For cooperative positioning, we derive a novel, low complexity and nearly optimal global optimization algorithm, namely the Range-Global Distance Continuation method, to use in centralized and distributed positioning schemes. We propose an effective weighting strategy to cope with biased measurements, which consists of a dispersion weight that captures the effect of noise while maximizing the diversity of the information, and a geometric-based penalty weight, that penalizes the assumption of bias-free measurements. Finally, we show the results of a positioning test where we employ the proposed algorithms and utilize commercial Ultra-Wideband (UWB) devices. / Tiivistelmä Viime vuosina paikkatietoisuudesta on tullut eräs merkittävä avainteknologia mobiili- ja sensoriverkkojen tulevaisuuden kehitykselle. Paikkatieto mahdollistaa useiden verkko-optimointistrategioiden sekä palveluiden kehittämisen. Kuitenkin tarkan paikkatiedon määrittäminen, esimerkiksi kohteen koordinaattien, on edelleen vaativa tehtävä ja robustit algoritmit vaativat kehittämistä. Tässä väitöskirjassa keskitytään etäisyyspohjaisten, yhteistoiminnallisten sekä ei-yhteistoiminnallisten, algoritmien kehittämiseen. Algoritmit pohjautuvat parametrittömään ei-bayesilaiseen viitekehykseen, erityisesti painotetun pienimmän neliösumman (WLS) optimointimenetelmään. Väitöskirjassa tutkitaan WLS ongelmaa teoreettisesti ja osoitetaan sen optimaalisuus todeksi tarkastelemalla sen suhdetta suurimman todennäköisyyden (ML) estimaattoriin. Lisäksi tässä työssä tutkitaan perustavanlaatuisia raja-arvoja sekä johdetaan yhtäpitävyysehdot luomalla yhteys euklidisen geometrian ja inferenssiteorian välille. Väitöskirjassa myös johdetaan suljettu ilmaisu etäisyyspohjaiselle Cramér-Rao -alarajalle (CRLB) sekä esitetään yhtälöt, jotka karakterisoivat informaation liittämisen Fisherin informaatiomatriisiin. Väitöskirjassa ehdotetaan uutta viitekehystä, nimeltään etäisyyden supistaminen, robustin ei-yhteistoiminnallisen paikannustekniikan perustaksi. Tässä työssä todistetaan, että etäisyyden supistaminen pienentää globaali minimi -ongelmaa ja jäsennetty etäisyyden supistaminen johtaa lähes optimaaliseen suorituskykyyn vaikeissa radiokanavan olosuhteissa. Näiden tulosten pohjalta väitöskirjassa esitetään, kuinka klassiset algoritmit, kuten painotetun keskipisteen (WC) sekä epälineaarinen pienimmän neliösumman (NLS) menetelmät, voidaan muokata ottamaan huomioon etäisyysmittauksen harha. Yhteistoiminnalliseksi paikannusmenetelmäksi johdetaan uusi, lähes optimaalinen algoritmi, joka on kompleksisuudeltaan matala. Algoritmi on etäisyyspohjainen globaalin optimoinnin menetelmä ja sitä käytetään keskitetyissä ja hajautetuissa paikannusjärjestelmissä. Lisäksi tässä työssä ehdotetaan tehokasta painotusstrategiaa ottamaan huomioon mittausharha. Strategia pitää sisällään dispersiopainon, joka tallentaa häiriön aiheuttaman vaikutuksen maksimoiden samalla informaation hajonnan, sekä geometrisen sakkokertoimen, joka rankaisee harhattomuuden ennakko-oletuksesta. Lopuksi väitöskirjassa esitetään tulokset kokeellisista mittauksista, joissa ehdotettuja algoritmeja käytettiin kaupallisissa erittäin laajakaistaisissa (UWB) laitteissa.

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