There are two goals in the study: one is to understand the police function and the establishment of Taiwan modern police system from the viewpoint of history; the other is to understand the background of Taiwan police system during Japanese colonial era and to discuss its advantages and disadvantages so that we can understand the general situation of Taiwan police system after the World War ¢º and examine its development. With the establishment of Taiwan police system, the study is to compare the establishment and development of Taiwan police system during Japanese colonial era with those during Kuomintang authoritarian era by studying the development traces of Taiwan¡¦s political and social changes. Also, the study adopts literature research and comparison analysis, which extensively collects relevant information about Taiwan¡¦s police system during Japanese colonial era and during Kuomintang authoritarian era. The study mainly compares Taiwan¡¦s police system during Japanese colonial era and Kuomintang authoritarian era, which features police organization, personnel, education and training, duty exercise, function as well as the relations between the police and the military. The study discovers that the role of the police is to enforce the internal pacification no matter when they were in Japanese colonial era or in Kuomintang authoritarian era. Moreover, speaking of the relations between the police and the military, Taiwan police played an important role of keeping law and order in Japanese colonial era and their duties were different from the military. By contrast, the multiple commands influenced the police administration caused by the mechanism of ¡§the military leading the police¡¨ under the martial law system during Kuomintang authoritarian era, which made the police become inferior role. The police not only became political tool, but their complicated duties also caused confusion between the police and the military.

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We are investigating how to program robots so that they learn tasks from practice. One method, task-level learning, provides advantages over simply perfecting models of the robot's lower level systems. Task-level learning can compensate for the structural modeling errors of the robot's lower level control systems and can speed up the learning process by reducing the degrees of freedom of the models to be learned. We demonstrate two general learning procedures---fixed-model learning and refined-model learning---on a ball-throwing robot system.

Despite the wide literature concerning attentional resources and memory, there is still a debate concerning the cognitive processes involved during multiple tasks. The single attentional resource theory suggests that each individual has a general single pool of attentional resources that can be shared amongst the different concomitant tasks. Dual task demand would result in a decrement in performance as the resources required exceed those available. In contrast the multiple attentional resource theory claims that each individual can draw from different pools of attention and that resources are not sharable: combining two tasks does not necessarily result in a dramatic decrement in performance. From this second theory arises the co-ordination hypothesis which suggests that the central executive may co-ordinate and implement the use of different pools of attention when an individual has to perform two tasks at the same time. In this thesis some aspects and predictions of these theoretical hypotheses are examined. The dual task effect is investigated under the manipulation of cognitive effort (Experiments 1, 3 and 4), practice (Experiment 2) and the combination of different processes (Experiment 6). Moreover, it has been reported in the literature that patients affected by Alzheimer Disease show a dramatic cost of concurrence, but there is still a debate as to whether the performance impairment is due to an impoverishment of the single attentional resource or, alternatively, to an impairment in the co-ordination function. The findings of this thesis provide some support in favour of a co-ordination impairment (Experiments 1,2,3 and 4). Finally the age effect (testing two groups of healthy adults, young and elderly) has been considered to establish whether there is a qualitative or quantitative difference between healthy elderly and Alzheimer patients (Experiments 1,2,3 and 4).

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