Employees' benefits from the income taxes point of view Employee benefit can be defined as a certain advantage given to the employee by his employer on top of his salary. It is a voluntary fulfillment of the employer to which he is not obliged according to any law. Benefits represent significant motivator for current employees as well as attraction for new applicants. Benefits can be provided either in monetary or non-monetary form. The form of the benefit is usually crucial for the determination of its tax treatment on both employer's and employee's side. On the employee's side it has to be determined whether the benefit is taxable or tax exempt. On the employer's side it has to be determined whether the relating costs are tax deductible or not. The Income Taxes Act states explicitly that certain non-monetary benefits are tax non- deductible (e.g. gifts, expenses in the form of possibility to use cultural, leisure, medical, educational or sports facilities). In other cases the tax deductibility may be limited (e.g. contributions to alimentation provided by third parties including meal vouchers). On the other hand, non-monetary form is often one of the conditions for tax exemption for the employee (e.g. education, alimentation, soft drinks or possibility to use sports or medical facilities). The exemption...

The tax exemptions granted to financial institutions like Subchapter S banks and credit unions cost billions of dollars to the government. The dissertation investigates the effect of tax exemption on competitiveness, performance and portfolio risk of credit unions and Subchapter S banks. The methodologies include difference in differences estimation, univariate and multivariate analysis. The first essay entitled “The tax exemption to Subchapter S banks: who gets the benefit?” investigates the effect of tax exemption to Subchapter S banks on stakeholders and on job creation. Specifically, we investigate the effect of adoption of Subchapter S status on the four stakeholders of the banks: the customers of the bank, the employees of the bank, the owners of the bank and the government. The results indicate that the tax exemptions to Subchapter S banks do not create new jobs, and that the owners of the bank are the sole beneficiary of the tax exemptions since there is a significant increase in bank’s return on equity after it adopts the Subchapter S status. The second essay entitled “A comparison of credit unions and Subchapter S banks: who shares higher tax benefits with customers?” examines whether credit unions are doing a better job of sharing the tax benefit with its customers. The results indicate that the credit union members do not receive the benefit in terms of lower loan rates, higher deposit rates or lower service charges. The findings also indicate that tax exemptions have been directed to support inefficient operations. The third essay entitled “Asset quality comparison between credit unions and Subchapter S banks” compares the asset quality of for-profit Subchapter S banks with not-for-profit credit unions. The results indicate that credit unions have better asset quality, but Subchapter S banks are superior in utilizing assets and generating higher net interest margin.

This master thesis deals with employee benefits in the current labour market, especially from the perspective of young employees. The first part is focused on the theory of motivation and employee benefits also with their tax impact on employee's income. Employee benefits in the current labour market, employee's satisfaction and employer's attitude to this issue are analyzed in the second part of this thesis.

Submitted by Suraya Marcondes Cabral Villar (surayamcabral@gmail.com) on 2015-01-07T18:45:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Formatação_Final_V3.pdf: 1026311 bytes, checksum: 06f0e4ea31ce41d62ca47f4b122ee76d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Luiza Holme (ana.holme@fgv.br) on 2015-01-07T18:50:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Formatação_Final_V3.pdf: 1026311 bytes, checksum: 06f0e4ea31ce41d62ca47f4b122ee76d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-07T20:09:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Formatação_Final_V3.pdf: 1026311 bytes, checksum: 06f0e4ea31ce41d62ca47f4b122ee76d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-08 / O Investimento Estrangeiro Direto (IED) tem desempenhado um papel importante no esforço do Brasil para tornar-se uma economia orientada para o mercado. De 1995 a 2012 o Brasil recebeu $ 511.5 bilhões de dólares em IED. Em 2012, o Brasil foi o segundo país em desenvolvimento que mais recebeu IED e o quarto no mundo (UNCTAD).Devido à concentração geográfica, os estados brasileiros que são consideravelmente menos desenvolvidos e mais pobres, são aqueles que mais precisam de investimentos e que no entanto, não têm sido receptores relevantes de IED. Em 2010, os estados com os maiores estoques de IED foram São Paulo, com 42,3 por cento do total ($ 99,9 bilhões de dólares), Rio de Janeiro com 13,3 por cento ($ 31,4 bilhões de dólares) e Minas Gerais com 10,6 por cento do total ($ 25,1 bilhões de dólares). Como pode ser observado, apenas três dos vinte e sete estados brasileiros receberam cerca de 66 por cento do total de IED destinado ao Brasil.Dada tal diferenciação na distribuição de IED entre os estados brasileiros, o presente estudo busca explicar se o benefício tributário também é determinante para o fluxo de IED, além das demais variáveis já consideradas como determinantes em outros estudos. Dada a limitação de dados, realizamos duas análises econométricas com dados em painel: 1. Usando seis variáveis chaves: tamanho do mercado consumidor, a qualidade da mão de obra, infraestrutura, custo da mão de obra, carga tributária e benefício tributário (por macro regiões), nos anos de 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2010; 2. Usando cinco variáveis: as mesmas do primeiro modelo, excluindo o custo da mão de obra (por falta de dados) e utilizando os dados de benefício tributário por estado, nos anos de 2010, 2011 e 2012. / FDI has played an important role in Brazil’s push towards a market oriented economy. From 1995 to 2012, Brazil has received $ 511.5 billion dollars in FDI. In 2012 Brazil was the second largest developing country recipient of FDI and the fourth worldwide (UNCTAD).Due to geographical concentration, Brazilian states which are considerably less developed and poorer, and as a result, in greater need of capital investment, have not played host to FDI in a significant way. In 2010, states with the largest stocks of FDI were São Paulo with 42.3 percent of the total ($ 99.9 billion dollars), Rio de Janeiro with 13,3 percent ($ 31.4 billion dollars) and Minas Gerais with 10,6 percent of the total ($ 25.1 billion dollars). As can be observed, only three of the twenty-seven Brazilian states received around 66 percent of the total FDI intended to Brazil.Given such differentiation in the distribution of FDI among Brazilian states, this study seeks to explain if tax benefit is also a determintant of FDI inflow, besides the other variables already considered as determinant. Given the limitation of data, we performed two econometric analysis with panel data: 1. using six key variables: size of the consumer market, quality of workforce, transportation infrastructure, cost of labor, tax burden and tax benefit (by macro regions), in the years 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2010; 2. using five key variables: the same as the first model, excluding the cost of labor (for lack of data) and using the tax benefit data by state, in the years 2010, 2011 and 2012.

South Africa has adopted a general anti-avoidance rule (GAAR) as one of the methods to combat the innovative tax avoidance schemes into which taxpayers may enter. Nevertheless, since its introduction it has undergone numerous amendments due to weaknesses highlighted by its failures in court. Yet, since its most recent amendment in 2006, the efficacy of the South African GAAR has not been established as it has not been tested in the courts. This study addresses this concern by employing a ‗structured pre-emptive analysis‘ to identify the weaknesses of the South African GAAR when compared to its New Zealand counterpart. This approach is essentially qualitative and combines the typical doctrinal or black letter law approach used in law with that of reform-oriented approaches. Firstly, the South African and New Zealand GAARs were analysed and compared using a doctrinal approach to gain an understanding of the interpretation and application of the two GAARs. This allowed for the identification of weaknesses in the South African GAAR, whilst also making suggestions for its improvement. Thereafter, the South African GAAR was applied to the facts of a case from New Zealand by making use of a reform-oriented methodological approach. In applying the South African GAAR to the facts of the case, a framework of the South African GAAR was used to enhance the reliability of the findings by reducing subjectivity and improving replicability. The findings from the doctrinal and reform-oriented approaches revealed the weaknesses in the current South African GAAR when compared to its New Zealand counterpart. These weaknesses may be addressed in three ways. Firstly, guidance should be provided in order to address uncertainties in the interpretation and application of the South African GAAR so as to prevent inconsistencies that may limit its efficacy. Secondly, the purpose requirement and tainted elements could be consolidated into one requirement, where the presence of one of the tainted elements informs the objective purpose of the arrangement. Thirdly, the purpose requirement should be amended so that it need not be the sole or main purpose, but rather should be one of the purposes, provided it was not merely incidental. It is acknowledged that while the South African and New Zealand GAARs are directed to achieve the same end, the proposals for amendment would arguably go some way towards improving the efficacy of the South African GAAR. / Mini Dissertation (MCom (Taxation))--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Taxation / MCom (Taxation) / Unrestricted

Resumé The theme of my diploma thesis is tax discounts and tax benefits in the context of personal income tax. The area of income taxes, including the income tax of natural persons, is a topic relevant for all economically active people. That is why I found it very interesting to make a deeper insight into this topic and deal with one partial issue of taxation of personal income providing the taxpayers with an important opportunity to lower their calculated tax obligation. This opportunity is represented by the above- mentioned tax discounts. In the introduction of my thesis I had to characterize, concisely and at large, the system of taxation of personal income in the Czech Republic with respect to current legal provisions in force, as found in the Act on Personal Income Tax, and outline the basic construction elements of the personal income tax. I also mentioned the non-taxable parts of tax base that had been a sort of a predecessor to tax discounts and had later also become the theoretical starting point for the current form of tax discounts. Another feature of my thesis that I could not leave behind are the material changes due to recent tax reform provided for by the adoption of the Act on Stabilization of Public Budgets that substantially changed the system of taxation of income of natural persons in...

Esta dissertação analisa os padrões de atuação dos representantes políticos brasileiros responsáveis pela concessão de benefícios tributários referentes ao PIS, à COFINS e à CSLL a setores e atividades econômicas do país durante os governos de Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1995-2002) e de Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2003-2010). O objetivo principal é contribuir com a literatura da ciência política brasileira que analisa a conexão eleitoral e o papel dos Poderes Executivo e Legislativo na formulação de políticas públicas. A hipótese central é que a formulação desta política está submetida à agenda da coalizão governista e não pode ser atribuída aos anseios individuais dos políticos brasileiros, devido ao padrão de concentração de poderes no interior do processo legislativo. Com ênfase qualitativa, adotaram-se os dispositivos legais que concedem e delimitam o acesso aos benefícios tributários como principal unidade de análise do conteúdo legislativo. As conclusões apontam para a não existência de uma conexão eleitoral baseada na atividade individual do representante político, já que outras variáveis - para além do sistema eleitoral - influenciam tanto o comportamento dos representantes brasileiros quanto a aquisição de benefícios por parte de setores e atividades da economia nacional. Ao invés de ser individualmente concretizada, nossa análise aponta no sentido de dizer que a relação entre Estado e grupos de interesse no Brasil é partidariamente construída. / This thesis analyzes the standard procedure of the political representatives in Brazil who are responsible for the granting of tax benefits related to PIS, COFINS and CSLL to economic sectors and activities in the country during the governments of Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1995-2002) and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2003-2010). The main objective is to contribute to the political science literature that examines the Brazilian electoral connection and the role of executive and legislative branches in formulating public policy. The central hypothesis is that the formulation of these policies is subject to the agenda of the governing coalition and can not be attributed to the individual desires of Brazilian politicians, due to the pattern of concentration of powers within the legislative process. With a mixed methods design, we have adopted the legal provisions that grant and restrict access to tax benefits as the main unit of analysis. The conclusions point to the absence of an electoral connection based on the individual activity of the political representative, since other variables beyond the electoral system influence the behavior of the Brazilian representatives as well as the acquisition of benefits by sectors and activities of the national economy. Instead of being individually built, our analysis indicates that the relationship between state and interest groups in Brazil is built on party behavior.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-04-05T12:24:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Stéfano Vieira Machado Ferreira.pdf: 1325379 bytes, checksum: 5eee9eb8df9f48fe94677b43a8d0634a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-05T12:24:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Stéfano Vieira Machado Ferreira.pdf: 1325379 bytes, checksum: 5eee9eb8df9f48fe94677b43a8d0634a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-02 / The purpose of the dissertation was to analyze the tax benefits from the normative perspective and within the context of the subsystem of the tax law. The method used was the logical and semantic constructivism. A work to explain the term “tax benefit” was made to eliminate the vices of language, ambiguity and vagueness. The starting point to see the phenomenon occurred in the S1 plan – group of prescriptive enunciates – and the definition of tax benefits was obtained as special enunciates-enunciates in relation to the enunciates-enunciates used to build the tax levy matrix rule – RMIT. In fact, a new enunciate-enunciate establishing already existing general or special provisions neither revokes nor modifies them. Thus, both of them shall be valid, effective and applicable. Special legal rules, therefore, shall have preference with respect to their application in relation to general rules. Irrespective of the different names given by the lawmaker to the tax benefits in the broad sense, such as exemptions, tax benefits, zero tax rate, reduction in the tax base, deferral, accelerated depreciation, drawback, presumed credit, the phenomenon is the same. From the perspective of the legal rule on tax benefit, it is possible to note that the tax levy matrix rule doesn’t apply to a given fact. Subsequently, we studied revocation of the tax rules on the tax benefits by the Legislative Branch, which focused more on the abstract and general rules. The phenomenon of revocation was analyzed based on the structure of deontic performers: revocation as locutionary act, revocation as illocutionary act and revocation as perlocutionary act. Finally, we analyzed the annulment of legal rules on tax benefits by the Judicial Branch, i.e., the control of regularity of the rules produced, at which point we conducted a more specific analysis of the individual and concrete rules, in view of the study of themes such as matter adjudged, vested right, perfected legal act, action for relief from judgment, continued relationship and action for review / A dissertação teve o objetivo de analisar os benefícios fiscais sob a perspectiva normativa e dentro do contexto do subsistema do direito tributário. O método utilizado foi o constructivismo lógico-semântico. Realizou-se um trabalho de elucidação da expressão “benefício fiscal” para se afastar dos vícios de linguagem, ambiguidade e vagueza. O ponto de partida para se enxergar o fenômeno se deu no plano S1 – conjunto de enunciados prescritivos – e chegou-se à definição de benefícios fiscais como enunciados-enunciados especiais em relaçãoaos enunciados-enunciados utilizados para construir a regra matriz de incidência tributária – RMIT. Isso porque enunciado-enunciado novo que estabeleça disposições gerais ou especiais já existentes não as revoga ou modifica. Assim, ambos serão válidos, vigentes e aplicáveis. A norma jurídica especial, dessa forma, terá preferência quanto à aplicação em relação à norma geral. Apesar dos nomes distintos conferidos pelo legislador aos benefícios fiscais em sentido amplo, tais como, isenções, incentivos fiscais, alíquota zero, redução de base de cálculo, diferimento, depreciação acelerada, drawback, crédito presumido, o fenômeno é o mesmo. Pelas lentes da norma jurídica do benefício fiscal se permite notar que sobre determinado fato não se aplica a regra-matriz de incidência tributária. Ato seguinte, estudou-se a revogação das normas jurídicas dos benefícios fiscais pelo Poder Legislativo, cujo enfoque se deu em maior medida nas normas abstratas e gerais. O fenômeno da revogação foi analisado pela estrutura dos performativos deônticos: revogação como ato locucionário, revogação como ato ilocucionário e revogação como ato perlocucionário. Por fim, analisou-se a anulação das normas jurídicas dos benefícios fiscais pelo Poder Judiciário, isto é, o controle de regularidade das normas produzidas, momento em que se adentrou na análise mais propriamente das norma individuais e concretas, haja vista o estudo de temas como, coisa julgada, direito adquirido, ato jurídico perfeito, ação rescisória, relação de trato continuado e ação revisional

This dissertation analyses changes in income redistribution through the lens of market-state (private-public) nexus. The main goal of the dissertation is to explore the impact of taxes and benefits on income redistribution among different population groups while aiming for social welfare in emerging welfare capitalism Lithuania. This dissertation analyses the changes in market income and primary income inequality among households and individuals. Changes in public opinion towards desirable income redistribution level and state’s role in distribution process during the last two decades are evaluated as well, stressing the demand for redistribution. Dissertation analyses the impact of taxes and benefits on disposable income inequality and consequences for different socio-economic groups. Relative importance, size and progressivity of redistributive instruments are evaluated. Changes in income redistribution are associated with the changes in tax-benefit legislation. Finally, considering the relative importance of taxes and benefits for income inequality, dissertation contributes to the on-going discussion on the kind of welfare regime forming in Lithuania. / Disertaciniame darbe, analizuojant gyventojų pajamų perskirstymo kaitą, akcentuojama analitinė valstybės – rinkos (viešo – privataus) skirtis. Pagrindinis disertacijos tikslas - ištirti mokesčiais ir socialinėmis išmokomis vykdomą pajamų perskirstymą besiformuojančiame gerovės kapitalizme Lietuvoje tarp skirtingų gyventojų grupių siekiant socialinės gerovės tikslų. Disertacijoje analizuojama, kaip keitėsi gyventojų rinkos pajamos ir jų nelygybė. Kartu parodoma ir gyventojų nuomonių dėl norimo pajamų pasiskirstymo ir didesnio ar mažesnio valstybės vaidmens kaita per du dešimtmečius, taip išryškinant poreikį pajamų perskirstymui. Darbe analizuojama, kaip valstybė socialinėmis išmokomis ir mokesčiais sumažina pirminę pajamų nelygybę ir koks yra poveikis skirtingoms gyventojų pajamų ir socialinėms ekonominėms gyventojų grupėms. Įvertinamas atskirų instrumentų dydis, progresyvumas ir kaita besiformuojančiame gerovės kapitalizme. Pajamų perskirstymo kaita siejama su mokesčių ir išmokų politikų pokyčiais. Galiausiai prisidedama prie mokslinės diskusijos, kokiam gerovės režimo tipui, pagal santykinį mokesčių ir išmokų vaidmenį perskirstant pajamas ir mažinant pirminių pajamų nelygybę, Lietuva galėtų būti priskirta.

Esta dissertação analisa os padrões de atuação dos representantes políticos brasileiros responsáveis pela concessão de benefícios tributários referentes ao PIS, à COFINS e à CSLL a setores e atividades econômicas do país durante os governos de Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1995-2002) e de Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2003-2010). O objetivo principal é contribuir com a literatura da ciência política brasileira que analisa a conexão eleitoral e o papel dos Poderes Executivo e Legislativo na formulação de políticas públicas. A hipótese central é que a formulação desta política está submetida à agenda da coalizão governista e não pode ser atribuída aos anseios individuais dos políticos brasileiros, devido ao padrão de concentração de poderes no interior do processo legislativo. Com ênfase qualitativa, adotaram-se os dispositivos legais que concedem e delimitam o acesso aos benefícios tributários como principal unidade de análise do conteúdo legislativo. As conclusões apontam para a não existência de uma conexão eleitoral baseada na atividade individual do representante político, já que outras variáveis - para além do sistema eleitoral - influenciam tanto o comportamento dos representantes brasileiros quanto a aquisição de benefícios por parte de setores e atividades da economia nacional. Ao invés de ser individualmente concretizada, nossa análise aponta no sentido de dizer que a relação entre Estado e grupos de interesse no Brasil é partidariamente construída. / This thesis analyzes the standard procedure of the political representatives in Brazil who are responsible for the granting of tax benefits related to PIS, COFINS and CSLL to economic sectors and activities in the country during the governments of Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1995-2002) and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2003-2010). The main objective is to contribute to the political science literature that examines the Brazilian electoral connection and the role of executive and legislative branches in formulating public policy. The central hypothesis is that the formulation of these policies is subject to the agenda of the governing coalition and can not be attributed to the individual desires of Brazilian politicians, due to the pattern of concentration of powers within the legislative process. With a mixed methods design, we have adopted the legal provisions that grant and restrict access to tax benefits as the main unit of analysis. The conclusions point to the absence of an electoral connection based on the individual activity of the political representative, since other variables beyond the electoral system influence the behavior of the Brazilian representatives as well as the acquisition of benefits by sectors and activities of the national economy. Instead of being individually built, our analysis indicates that the relationship between state and interest groups in Brazil is built on party behavior.