Diploma thesis is concerned about personal income tax allowance, especially focused on child tax credit. Purpose if this diploma thesis is to analyze legislation of tax allowances in the Czech Republic and analyze the possible impacts of increasing tax allowance in the Czech Republic as well. First part of this thesis is concerned about tax legislation with regards to child tax credit within OECD countries. Second part of this thesis is concerned about tax allowance legislation in the Czech Republic and its changes for the year 2015. Third part of this thesis is focused on practical calculation in case of increasing child tax credit for the year 2015 and in case of intended increase of child tax credit for year 2016 within employees of a small company.

The mining industry is a major contributor towards the South African economy. There are several types of corporate transactions that could typically be found in the mining industry and these include merger transactions. Mergers could lead to a number of tax consequences which could include capital gains tax, the recoupment of capital allowances and dividends tax. Merger transactions do not necessarily lead to an immediate increase in profits. Therefore, the tax authorities provide for relief in respect of merger transactions. The relief takes place in the form of tax roll-overs that effectively postpone tax consequences until such time as a true economic profit is realised in the future. Taxpayers typically wish to minimise the amount of tax which they pay. Therefore, they may abuse the relief provided to avoid paying tax. In an attempt to protect the state’s revenue and to prevent tax avoidance, the tax authorities introduce anti-avoidance provisions into the tax legislation. The roll-over relief provided in respect of merger transactions, as well as the provisions dealing with mining capital allowances contain a number of provisions to combat opportunities for tax avoidance. The study explains the principles of tax avoidance and anti-avoidance in the mining industry in South Africa, and indicates the need for tax relief in the context of merger transactions in the mining industry in South Africa. The study further illustrates how tax relief presents opportunities for tax avoidance and how anti-avoidance legislation restricts these opportunities. The study also shows that there is a cycle in which an onerous tax leads to a need for relief which in turn leads to opportunities for tax avoidance which in turn leads to anti-avoidance provisions. The research conducted as part of this study shows that this cycle is an international trend that often affects the manner in which merger transactions are structured. AFRIKAANS : Die mynbedryf in Suid-Afrika lewer 'n aansienlike bydrae tot die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie. Samesmeltings is een van verskeie tipe korporatiewe transaksies wat in die mynbedryf in Suid-Afrika aangetref word. Samesmeltings gee ook aanleiding tot verskeie belastingimplikasies, soos Kapitaalwinsbelasting, die verhaling van belastingtoelaes en die belasting op dividende. Samesmeltings lei nie noodwendig tot 'n onmiddellike verhoging in ekonomiese voordele nie. Die belastingowerhede maak voorsiening vir belastingverligting ten opsigte van hierdie gebeure. Die verligting word gewoonlik verskaf in die vorm van die uitstel van belastingverpligtinge tot ‘n datum wanneer ‘n ekonomiese wins in die toekoms gerealiseer word. Belastingbetalers streef gewoonlik na 'n vermindering in hul belastinglas, en mag dus die verligting wat voorsien word probeer misbruik. Die belastingowerhede daarenteen maak voorsiening vir wetgewing om hierdie pogings van die belastingbetalers om belasting te vermy, teen te werk en so die inkomste van die staat te beskerm. Die uitstel wat aan samesmeltingsooreenkomste verleen word asook die voorsiening van mynboukapitaaltoelaes bevat verskeie voorsorg maatreëls om pogings tot belastingvermyding teen te werk. Die studie ontleed die beginsels van belastingvermyding en teen-vermyding wetgewing in die mynbedryf in Suid-Afrika, en wys op die behoefte vir verligting ten opsigte van samesmeltings in die mynbedryf in Suid-Afrika. Die studie toon verder ook hoe die verligting lei tot geleenthede vir belastingvermyding en hoe teen-vermyding wetgewing dit kan teenwerk. Die studie toon ook dat daar ‘n siklus bestaan, waarin die behoefte vir verligting as gevolg van n oormatige belastinglas tot geleenthede vir belastingvermyding lei, en wat op sy beurt lei tot wetgewing om die belastingvermyding te ontmoedig. Die navorsing wat as deel van hierdie studie uitgevoer is dui daarop dat hierdie siklus ‘n internasionale neiging is wat dikwels die struktuur van samesmeltingsooreenkomste affekteer. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Taxation / unrestricted

Submitted by Haroudo Xavier Filho (haroudo.xavierfo@ufpe.br) on 2016-03-01T16:57:56Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) 2015, Desoneração da folha de pagamentos -final- Carlos Eduardo - final.pdf: 1472443 bytes, checksum: 40ab31bfa833ed1d099a25ceb24fc326 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-01T16:57:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) 2015, Desoneração da folha de pagamentos -final- Carlos Eduardo - final.pdf: 1472443 bytes, checksum: 40ab31bfa833ed1d099a25ceb24fc326 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-13 / CAPES / Neste trabalho, apresentaremos políticas tributárias com o intuito de avaliar o impacto de longo prazo da desoneração da folha de pagamentos sobre consumo agregado, o estoque de capital, produto e o bem-estar entre gerações. Para isso, utilizaremos o modelo de gerações sobrepostas (Overlapping Generations Models) com vida finita, probabilidade de morte e previdência social. A inovação dessa pesquisa frente a literatura, foi a simulação com alíquota zero sobre a contribuição patronal, a incorporação da despesa da previdência e do fator previdenciário. Com essas modificações, temos um modelo próximo da economia brasileira. Os resultados apontaram que a desoneração da folha de pagamentos provocou aumentos no produto, capital e consumo de longo prazo, sem grandes sacrifícios para a economia no curto prazo. / In this work, we present tax policies in order to assess the impact of long-term relief payroll on aggregate consumption, the stock of capital, product and welfare between generations. For this, we use the model of overlapping generations with finite life, risk of death and social security. The innovation of this research literature forward was the simulation with zero tax rate on the employer's contribution, the incorporation of the social security expense and the social security factor. With these changes, we have a model close to the Brazilian economy. The results showed that the relief payroll caused increases in product, capital and long-term consumption without major sacrifice for the economy in the short term.

The main aim of thesis is to analyse the development of the collection of tax on corporate income in the Czech Republic between years 2006 and 2014. The partial aim of my work is to analyse the evolution of use of deductions and tax reliefs in the Czech Republic for the mentioned period. The theoretical part of my work will focus on the description of the corporate income tax, description of deduction, and description of deductions which Czech legislation allows. In Chapter 1.4 is description of tax relief. Practical part of my work contains an analysis how dependent tax revenues from corporate income tax rate, gross value added or gross domestic product. In Chapter 2.2 is tested if gross added value or gross domestic product affects the application of deductions, which are divided into different groups - in sum, type of legal form or NACE. In Chapter 2.3 is a similar analysis for tax relief.

The master´s thesis contains a theoretical definition of investment incentives in selected countries, specifically these countries are the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. In addition, the calculations of IVEP, a.s investment incentives are compared, when an investment event is being carried out in the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. Finally, the advantage of an investment event in selected countries is evaluated.

This dissertation follows a three-essay format. Each essay evaluates a different fiscal institution from a public administration perspective. In the first essay I examine whether state-funded property tax exemptions are effective in reducing the property taxes. This class of exemption is characterized by a grant from state to local governments that is intended to replace property tax revenue and lower property tax payments. Two separate theories of local fiscal behavior predict that that price effects and fiscal illusion will reduce the effectiveness of this type of tax relief. I test these predictions using panel regression analysis on county-level data from Georgia. I find that only two thirds of the revenue allocated to this program is actually used for tax relief. In the second essay I test a model of the property tax in which the levy is set to balance the difference between budgeted expenditures and expected receipts from all other revenue sources. This model demonstrates how the property tax can be used to offset unexpected changes to other revenues given a change in personal income. This model is contrasted with an alternative model in which expenditures are budgeted after expected total revenues have been determined. I will estimate both models for local governments in Georgia and test which more accurately describes local fiscal performance. I will also use both to predict changes to the property tax over a period of time and measure which model generated the more accurate forecast. Unlike the first two papers, which are quantitative analyses of fiscal data, this chapter is a case study of the contract city model of governance as implemented in the newly incorporated city of Sandy Springs, Georgia. I investigate whether the scope of outsourcing in contract cities creates additional challenges for city officials that manage contractor performance. I evaluate the incentive structures in the contract agreements that influence the principal-agent relationship using a textual analysis research method. I find that certain combinations of municipal functions in a single public-private partnership creates the potential for negative synergies to arise which would increase the difficulty of monitoring and managing the private partner.

The thesis deals with financial products, which the state supports, whether by the state concessions or tax contributions restricts or even specifies the exact amount of the interest rate on a loan supporting the acquisition of own housing. The thesis is focus on the stimulus, which state uses. How citizens use the aid they receive from the state. The development of these incentives in the past, and an easy overview of what remains for the changes planned. In the practical part is shown, what brings financial products with support to households and what is the impact on their family budget. In a brief overview is included, as people use different products in recent years.

State tax revenues are the main component of financial flows to the state budget, and therefore subject to taxation almost all human activity, including the insurance sector. The most important connection between taxes and insurance branch represents income taxes levied by insurance companies. But their activities are also subject to other taxes, all of them together influence the activities and decisions of insurance companies in the area of funding in order to reduce the levied tax. Taxes impact on decisions of citizens which they try to influence in favor of the products and services beneficial to their lives and the state. Among them also include the private life insurance. The impact of taxation on insurance companies, factors affecting the amount of tax levied by insurance companies and compare the tax liability between insurance companies, next the way of tax savings and tax relief for inhabitants connected with insurance products processed this work.

This diploma thesis deals with the trends in the statutory and implicit tax rates of corporations in the Czech Republic. The main goal of this study is determine the causes of differences between implicit and nominal tax rates of corporations in the Czech Republic from 1993 till present. The first descriptive part is devoted to the development of corporate income tax. Furthermore, the study focuses on the classification of the tax burden through the effective corporate tax burden. Another part is devoted to the trends and comparison of implicit and statutory tax rates in the Czech Republic and the European Union and the analysis of the main legislative changes since 1993. The final chapter deals with the comparison of 1996, when the difference between implicit and statutory tax rate was the most significant, with the current year 2012. The aim of the diploma thesis is to find out abnormalities that cause distortion between the rates.

South African resident companies engaged in the exploration for and production of oil and gas outside of South Africa are subject to double taxation. This thesis evaluates whether South African resident companies engaged in the exploration for and production of oil and gas outside of South Africa receive full relief from double taxation in South Africa. The thesis provides a qualitative examination of the fundamental legal designs used for the allocation of the right to mine oil and gas and the fiscal regimes applied to the taxation of oil and gas mining at the source. The thesis explores the basis for taxation of foreign oil and gas income in South Africa and the remedies for double taxation in terms of the domestic tax legislation. Assuming that a tax treaty exists between South Africa and the host government, qualification for double taxation relief and classification of income in terms of a double taxation agreement (DTA) are evaluated. It is anticipated that a South African resident Oil and Gas company will choose the most favourable method and form of double tax relief when filing its corporate tax return in South Africa based on the commercial impact thereof. To aid in this decision, the thesis contrasts the quantum of the double tax relief under the domestic tax legislation with that available under the DTA. Using an adaptation of the IMF's FARI methodology, a quantitative analysis of the economic impact for a South African resident Oil and Gas company mining in Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana and, Nigeria is examined. The thesis concludes that there are circumstances where South African resident Oil and Gas companies are unable to achieve full double tax relief under the domestic tax legislation and make recommendations (where applicable) for amendments to the domestic tax legislation to achieve a form of full double tax relief as close as possible to the single tax principle.