Salt is one of the most important materials to human beings. To the state, the salt tax is one of the most steady incomes in finance. The state may control the salt industry because of the necessary to his people , or finance. This research, starting from the relative autonomy of the state, tries to discuss the purpose of the state to control the salt industry, and at the same time, the state will take different salt systems for different purposes. Specifically, the state has its own purposes, and to reach them, the state will decide it`s salt system. This research will take three salt systems- the state monopolized system,taxation system,and non-tax system, and take three factors- political business relationship,production and marketing ways,the development of salt industry to realize the the state`s purposes and how the salt system works. This research discovered that the financial factor was usually the first purpose of the state. In the state monopolized system, durivg the Japanse period, the independence of Taiwan`s finance is the purpose of the state after 1915. In taxation system, the state took salt industry as public enterprise. In order to root in Taiwan, the state authorises the resource in Taiwan through public enterprise. The salt tax is one of the most steady incomes in the state finance. In the state monopolized system, the state did not control the production of salt products, but bought all kinds of salt products in forces. The state was not a producer, but a distributor. Therefore , the political business relationship was given and taken. This relationship did not change in taxation system, because the state was both producer and distributor, till non-tax system begun. In non-tax system, the political business relationship turns to competitive relation, for the state can not control the salt industry anymore, and the relative autonomy of the the state disappeared. The salt industry had a considerable progress during the periods of the state monopolized system and taxation system, because the salt industry had to coordinate the state policy to produce difference salt products. In non-tax system period , because of the opening of the salt products market , the salt industry turns to technical denseness industry. Finally, the salt industry was controlled by the state for finance purpose and coordinated the state`s policy.

none

ABSTRACT Effective January 1, 1998, Republic of China¡¦s income tax turned from an independent duty to a 2-in-1 system. The move was mainly to eliminate repeated taxation created when it was an independent duty. The move also allowed business tax paid by companies be allocated to shareholders at the same time when distributing bonuses as a deductible item from the combined income tax to be filed by shareholders as individuals, making all business income be levied only once. The new tax system may be good, fair and reasonable, only the poorly prepared maximum deductible amount set by the government to shareholders and the 10% business income tax imposed on pending yield of companies made the new system unreasonable in many ways or kept the system itself from successful implementation. Excessively complicated computing triggered disputes and discontent among taxpayers, making the government taxation even a more difficult task. It is expected that this study, with its discussions and recommendations on the regulations concerning shareholders¡¦ deductible tax rate and 10% business income tax imposed on pending yield of companies in Republic of China¡¦s 2-in-1 tax system, could serve as reference in future amendments waged by the government. As of shareholders¡¦ deductible items, the different times of effectiveness of shareholders¡¦ deductible could create vacuum in leasing plans for businesses, we would like to suggest final accounting estimates of payable or paid income tax into balance of shareholders¡¦ deductible accounts. Owing to the maximum deductible amount set for shareholders, when a company having the income tax paid for the year is different from its financial income or when asked to make up income tax of past years or income tax for pending yield, discrepancy in the definition of income tax given in financial accounting rules and income tax laws would result in deficits in computing shareholders¡¦ deductible rates, making successful allocation less probable. On the contrary, companies eligible for preferential treatments in terms of deductible taxes for investments are exempted from said maximum amount. Further, businesses, either of sole capital or association, having not to establish any shareholders¡¦ deductible account per income tax, are exempted from the maximum amount as well. Besides, it is stipulated in the income tax law that, when a company allocates its yield to directors, controllers as remuneration and bonuses, deductible items must be excluded and totally eliminated. These are all considered to be unreasonable practices as they mean counter -elimination of traditional industry in the Republic of China, making it necessary to review, improve or even revoke the stipulation in the income tax law concerning shareholders¡¦ maximum deductible amount and allocation. In terms of the 10% business income tax imposed on pending yield of companies, the major dispute arisen from the tax reform focuses on the definition of company¡¦s pending yield as specified in the income tax law. Pending yield computed per Art. 66-9 of the income tax law is different from the pending yield given in the financial accounting rules and business accounting law on one hand, on the other, is differs from the text of other provisions of the income tax law. The narrow sense and missing in company¡¦s pending yield defined in the article would allow a company produce pending yield and the 10% business income tax imposed on pending yield could trigger helical effect of additional tax. Further, other issues such as pending yield for stock interests a company is assigned to, the problematic tax deduction for deductible shares of overseas Chinese and foreign shareholders for pending yield, listing of deduction loss reserve for overseas investment when computing pending yield overseas investments conducted by companies as approved by competent authorities, failure to listing pending yield as deduction by a company adjusting or negotiating on adjustment of revenue with tax offices are all unreasonable issues created by the 10% business income tax. Besides, statistics indicate that the 10% business income tax imposed on pending yield of companies does not mean help when it comes to state tax income, it only triggers entangled administrative tasks and disputes. This suggests that the 10% business income tax imposed on pending yield of companies needs discussion or revocation. Finally, we like to discuss the medium and small companies in the Republic of China because of organization scale or cost factor that keep them from establishing sound accounting systems and internal controls that eventually would result in false registered capital, misappropriation of company loans, tax evasion by illegal issuance or access to invoices, the lack of books or even 2 books. The written review system implemented by the government is only created by the lack of manpower and as a way to simplify the procedure. The system allows that businesses having revenues of not exceeding a specific amount and with income subject to allowable adjustments and net yield rates at specific levels be exempted from submitting books, as approval would only be granted on written documents Besides, difference between the revenue subject to allowed adjustment and the revenue registered on books would be listed as deduction as pending yield. Such a system will never invite medium and small businesses establish sound accounting systems and internal controls and become an unfair system to businesses having books and filing their tax and, consequently, needs further discussion and improvements. Key word¡GIntegrated income tax system , Shareholder deductible tax , Undistributed surplus earnings

The small business Capital Gains Tax (CGT) concessions were introduced by the Federal Treasurer on 21 September 1999. The provisions are based on the landmark Review of Business Taxation. The Federal Government's intention was to remove impediments to efficient asset management, improve capital mobility, reduce complexity and compliance costs and generally, make Australia's CGT regime internationally competitive. Division 152 contains four separate small business concessions. In order to qualify for the four CGT concessions, the small business must satisfy stringent tests (basic conditions). It is possible that the small business will receive significant concessional treatment if these basic conditions are satisfied. Commentary by academics and tax practitioners indicate that the small business CGT concessions are excessively complex. There is concern that the provisions are not achieving their desired outcomes. This thesis involves a critical evaluation of Division 152 against the traditional criteria for a good tax system, using a legal research methodology designed by Wade. Within Wade's framework, the research includes a comparative analysis of the Australian and United Kingdom legislative provisions for small business CGT concessions. This comparison is undertaken with a view to highlighting strengths and weaknesses in the respective legislation to better meet the goals of equity, efficiency and simplicity. The culmination of this thesis will be the proposal of policy recommendations to Subdivision 152-A. This thesis states the law available as at 30 April 2006. In the light of this, an appendix is inserted to cover changes since this date.

Este trabalho analisa as razões do recorrente fracasso das reformas tributárias no Brasil. Foram estudadas três tentativas de reforma - uma no governo FHC e duas no governo Lula. Apesar de o sistema tributário brasileiro ser muito mal avaliado, todas estas tentativas de reforma falharam. A hipótese central do trabalho é que este fracasso não pode ser explicado pelas estruturas políticas ou federativas, mas pela estratégia dos governos. A ampla insatisfação com os tributos no Brasil induz o governo a propor reformas abrangentes, que alteram muitos aspectos da intrincada estrutura tributária. Estas propostas acabam gerando conflitos multidimensionais, ou seja, o aparecimento de muitas clivagens políticas simultâneas. Também se compara a reforma tributária a outras duas grandes reformas do período: a reforma do judiciário e a reforma administrativa. / This thesis analyzes the reasons for the persistent failure of the tax reforms in Brazil. I studied three attempts at reform one in Cardosos and two in Lulas administration. Although the Brazilian tax system is rated very poor, all these attempts have failed. The central hypothesis of this study is that failure can not be explained by political or federal sistem, but by the strategy of governments. Widespread dissatisfaction with taxes in Brazil induces the government to propose sweeping reforms that alter many aspects of the intricate tax structure. These proposals generated multidimensional conflicts: the emergence of many political cleavages simultaneously. I also compare the tax reform with two other reforms of the period: the reform of judiciary and administrative reform.

O ambiente ecológico do Planeta sofre incontáveis alterações, primordialmente, pela ação humana diante da transformação, consumo e descarte dos bens naturais. Tais atitudes resultam em significativa relevância na degradação ambiental e requerem imposição estatal a fim de controlar e/ou impedir maior devastação. Dentre as formas pelas quais o Estado pode combater o processo de poluição, encontram-se os chamados instrumentos econômicos. É exemplo deste mecanismo estatal o tributo ecológico, que desperta interesse em face de seu forte poder de indução comportamental. Embora, nesse aspecto, a utilização da tributação não seja ferramenta inédita, pode-se afirmar que foi com a substituição do Estado Liberal para o Estado Intervencionista que o uso da tributação com escopo de ajuste comportamental se enfatizou. Como o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro ainda não apresenta um verdadeiro tributo ecológico, da forma prevista e defendida pela OCDE Organização para Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico, o tema mostra-se atual e relevante, notadamente, pela experiência internacional que tem demonstrado a capacidade de alcançar resultados significativos no combate à poluição do meio ambiente natural por meio do tributo ecológico. Assim, a proposta do trabalho consiste em abordar a compatibilidade de um tributo ecológico com o sistema tributário nacional. Nesta seara, são abordados os temas relativos aos contornos da extrafiscalidade e da indução tributária, as formas de intervenção do Estado na economia e os seus limites, o desenvolvimento econômico, a proteção ambiental e as externalidades e, ainda, a relação entre a ordem tributária, a ordem econômica e a defesa do meio ambiente, presentes no texto constitucional, em especial, no que se refere aos princípios da legalidade, da igualdade, da livre concorrência e da defesa do meio ambiente. Igualmente, é objeto da pesquisa a análise da legislação estrangeira, por meio do direito comparado para investigação da mais adequada espécie tributária para fins de proteção ambiental. Em sede de conclusão, analisa-se acerca da compatibilidade ou não de um tributo ambiental com o sistema tributário nacional. Para melhor desenvolver o estudo, este último tópico é dividido em duas vertentes: uma teórica acerca do sistema tributário nacional - e uma análise pragmática acerca da sua exequibilidade. Assim, experimentam-se as espécies tributárias existentes no vigente sistema tributário a fim de verificar o veículo mais adequado a ser utilizado como um possível tributo ecológico. / Earths ecological environment undergoes countless changes, mainly brought about by human action on the processing, use and disposal of natural resources. Such attitudes result into a significant outstanding of the environmental degradation, requiring state ruling in order to control and/or prevent greater devastation. The so called economical instruments are among the ways through which the government is able to fight the polluting process. The ecological tax, which arouses interest on account of its strong environmental induction power, is one of the examples of such instruments. Although, under this aspect, the utilization of taxation is not an unheard of tool, one may assert it was through the substitution of the liberal government by the interventionist one that the use of environmental adjustment-scoped taxation, got to be emphasized. Since the Brazilian legal arrangement has yet to put forth an actual ecological tax, as it was foreseen and defended by OCDE Economical Development and Cooperation Organization, the matter shows to be current and relevant, notably, by the international experience which has demonstrated its ability on reaching significant results in the fight against the natural environments pollution by means of the ecological tax. Thus, the present study aims to address compatibility of an ecological tax with the National taxing system. In this scope it examines all issues pertaining the outlines of tax induction and extra fiscal measures forms of state intervention in the economy and its boundaries, economical development, environmental protection and their externalities. And yet, the relation among tax policy , economic policy and environmental protection as presented in the constitution, especially on what refers to legal, equity, free competition and environmental protection principles. Likewise, this research aims to analyze the foreign legislation, by means of comparing the right for investigating the most suitable tax for environmental protection purposes. In conclusion we analyze the compatibility, or not, of an environmental tax with the national tax system. So as to better develop this study, this latter issue is divided into two parts, a theoretical one about the national tax system a pragmatic one and about their feasibility. Thus, experience whether existing taxes on the current tax system in order to ascertain the most suitable one for being used as a possible ecological tax.

The diploma thesis provides the reader with a comprehensive view of the U.S. tax system and other vital information about U.S. taxation. The thesis deals with analysis of the tax system in the United States, which can be characterized as very sophisticated and complex. The basic tax theory in the context of the U.S. environment are stated in the first part of thesis. The paper also includes information about taxes that are levied on U.S. federal, state and municipal level. The thesis deals with the anti-crisis measures introduced and proposed in the United States in fiscal matters. The significant part is focused on the possibility of implementation of tax issues to the Czech tax law. The thesis contains also proposals for improvement of the Czech tax law, particularly the improvement of tax payment discipline and enhancing legal certainty. The possible procedural elements, the access and quality of information, the reducing the tax burden, the tax structure and education in taxation could also improve the Czech tax system.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to reveal whether the Czech tax system can be considered less stable in comparison with systems of selected five other OECD countries . The examined data cover a period from the year 2000 to 2014. To examine the first hypothesis of this study, stating that the Czech tax system is more unstable than tax systems of Austria, Germany, Ireland, Switzerland and the UK, an "index of changes" has been defined to analyze these changes. Changes are analyzed in relation to personal income tax, corporate income tax and value added tax. The second hypothesis deals with the relationship between the resulting stability of the tax system and statistics of Doing Business evaluating openness of the aforementioned countries towards investments. The result of this study is that the Czech tax system is less stable in comparison with selected countries. It has also not been proven that there is a correlation between stability of the tax system and assessment of the openness to new investments.

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo principal determinar el impacto tributario de la bancarización en las Mipymes del sector comercial del Emporio Comercial de Gamarra en el distrito de La Victoria 2018. El emporio se ha convertido en la zona comercial más grande e importante del país, donde a diario se mueven miles de soles, de ahí la importancia de conocer el impacto tributario que tiene la bancarización en las Mipymes de dicho emporio. El presente trabajo de investigación contiene cinco capítulos y se detallan a continuación: Capítulo I, Marco Teórico, se desarrollaron los principales conceptos, antecedentes y se definieron las palabras claves relacionadas al tema principal del presente trabajo de investigación; en el Capítulo II, Plan de Investigación, se formuló el problema principal, los problemas secundarios y el objetivo e hipótesis generales y específicas; en el Capítulo III, Metodología del Trabajo, se definió el diseño de la investigación, la población y el tamaño de la muestra para las investigaciones cualitativa y cuantitativa; en el Capítulo IV, Desarrollo, se realizaron las investigaciones a través de las entrevistas a profundidad, las encuestas mediante un cuestionario y el desarrollo del caso práctico; finalmente en el Capítulo V, Análisis de Resultados, se desarrolló el análisis de los resultados de las investigaciones y del caso práctico, se realizó la medición de fiabilidad con el Alfa de Cronbach, se validó la hipótesis general y las específicas con las tablas cruzadas y el Chi Cuadrado, se brindan conclusiones y recomendaciones finales del presente trabajo de investigación. / The main objective of this research is to establish the tax impact of banking in the MSMEs (Small and Medium Enterprises) of the commercial sector of the Emporio Comercial de Gamarra (Gamarra Commercial Emporium) in the district of La Victoria 2018. This place has become the largest and most important commercial area of ​​the country, where thousands of Soles circulate daily, hence the importance of knowing the tax impact of banking in MSMEs in that place. This research paper contains five chapters which are detailed below: Chapter I, Theoretical Framework, the main concepts, background and key words related to the main topic of this research paper were defined; in Chapter II, Research Plan, the main problem, the secondary problems and the general and specific objective and hypothesis were formulated; in Chapter III, Work Methodology, the research design, population and sample size for qualitative and quantitative research were defined; In Chapter IV, Development, investigations were conducted through in-depth interviews, surveys through a questionnaire and the development of the case study; Finally, in Chapter V, Analysis of Results, the analysis of the results of the investigations and of the case study was developed, the measurement of reliability was carried out with the scores of Cronbach's Alpha, the general hypothesis and the specific ones with the crossed tables and the Chi Square test were validated, as well as the conclusions and final recommendations of this research paper are provided. / Tesis

The South African tax system currently provides for wealth transfer taxation by virtue of estate duty in terms of the Estate Duty Act and donations tax in terms of Part V of the Income Tax Act, which are primarily levied on the transferor. At the outset, this study investigates the conceptual justification for this type of taxation in the South African context, especially in view of the fact that some countries have recently abolished their wealth transfer taxes. It is concluded that the arguments against wealth transfer taxation are not compelling enough to justify its abolition from the South African tax system. It is also submitted that the levying of capital gains tax on the death of a wealth holder cannot act as a substitute measure to tax wealth transfers in the South African system. It is, however, explained that the levying of both taxes reflects a scenario of double taxation on a deceased estate and that the equity criterion supports the taxation of wealth transfers in the hands of the recipient. The possibility of merely including inheritances and gifts in the “gross income” of a beneficiary is explored, but is submitted that such a move would be politically and administratively unlikely. After having come to the conclusion that wealth transfer taxation is indeed justifiable for the South African tax system, two key issues are explored in the study. The first issue relates to the lack of integration that exists between the taxation of inter vivos transfers (under the donations tax regime) and the taxation of transfers on death (under the estate duty regime). After having compared the systems in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Ireland, it is concluded that it is conducive to equity, neutrality and tax administration that the rules relating to the jurisdictional basis, double taxation relief, tax rates and valuation rules apply (in general) equally to inter vivos transfers and transfers on death. It is evident, however, that it remains necessary to distinguish between the two types of transfers, because this creates a flexible platform to accommodate special circumstances and differences. A number of measures to improve integration under the current regimes are recommended, but it is suggested that, ideally, the Estate Duty Act and Part V of the income Tax Act should be replaced by a single integrated statute. The second issue deals with the question whether or not the well-established estate duty and donations tax regimes should be replaced by a recipient-based system, especially in view of its theoretical appeal. After having shown that a recipient-based wealth transfer tax offers more appropriate solutions to some of the problem areas common to wealth transfer taxation in general (such as the accommodation of third-party life insurance benefits, limited interests and a special regime for discretionary trusts), it is concluded that the current regimes should be replace by a recipient-based wealth transfer tax, which may even be accommodated as a separate schedule to the existing income Tax Act in much the same way as capital gains tax. / Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Mercantile Law / unrestricted