Grammar constitutes one of the core components of a language. It is thus problematic that a gap can be found between steering documents and teacher practices in Sweden. The steering documents provide minimal guidance for teachers regarding grammar instruction, which leads to teachers instead relying on their own beliefs to determine their practices. This qualitative study uses semi-structured interviews to examine to what degree the beliefs and practices in relation to English grammar instruction of four teachers in the southern part of Sweden align with three theoretical approaches to grammar teaching from the reviewed research: focus on formS (FonFs), focus on meaning and focus on form (FonF). The results are characterized by individuality in both teachers’ beliefs and practices, but can also be seen to be fundamentally similar in that, for each teacher, the steering documents provide minimal guidance, and factors such as context and the centrality of the learner in grammar instruction are important. All teachers show tendencies toward the three theoretical approaches, but their actual alignment shifts and varies depending on context. We conclude that the absence of direction from the steering documents has the potential to result in disparate and fractured grammar instruction that can negatively impact the learner. This is therefore an important area that should be further researched to ensure that teachers receive sufficient guidance for providing English grammar instruction.

This study investigated the success and failure beliefs, instructional practices, and personal learning preferences of outdoor adventure education (OAE) instructors, and explored factors that influenced these beliefs, practices, and preferences. While statistical analysis did not show significant differences among the various demographic categories on success beliefs, instructional practices, or personal learning preferences, there were significant differences in the magnitude of reported failure beliefs. Results from this study showed that OAE instructors' age, their professional experience, their employer, and the activities they teach affect their failure beliefs. Furthermore, OAE instructors indicated that success instructional techniques, like implementing scaffolding, should be used at the onset of a course or when a new skill is being introduced, while failure techniques should be employed as students gain experience or as a perception check to assess competence. The implications of these findings for OAE instructors is discussed.

The Florida Department of Education's Next Generation Sunshine State Standards were adopted in 2008 as a means of increasing the rigor of mathematics learning and teaching mathematics to depth. In this study teachers' beliefs about developmentally appropriate tasks were examined through a web-based survey. Participants' responses to the survey were compared to the Florida Department of Education's Next Generation Sunshine State Standards. These standards were created in accordance to the 2006 National Council of Teachers of Mathematics Curriculum Focal Points in Mathematics Prekindergarten through Grade 8. This study included 25 teachers from a large metropolitan school district in Florida. Results demonstrate that a difference does exist between teachers' beliefs regarding when certain tasks should appear in the curriculum and what is advocated by the Next Generation Sunshine State Standards. Teachers' demographic information such as years of experience, employment by Title 1 school, and number of different grades taught, were not found to be significant predictors of their responses to prompts regarding developmentally appropriate tasks.

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