I denna studie undersöks om styrdokument och läromedel korrelerar i sättet att se på grammatik i kursen Svenska 2 på gymnasiet, med utgångspunkt i begreppen funktionell respektive formell grammatikundervisning. Svenskämnets syfte, kunskapskrav och kommentarsmaterial tillsammans med grammatikavsnitten i läromedlen Svenska rum 2 och Svenska impulser 2 undersöks genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten är en begreppsdefinition av funktionell och formell grammatik som innefattar sex olika kriterier för varje begrepp. I resultatet framkommer att styrdokumenten ger uttryck för ett mer funktionellt perspektiv på grammatik, medan läromedlet Svenska rum 2 ger uttryck för ett formellt perspektiv på grammatik. Läromedlet Svenska impulser 2 har både ett funktionellt och formellt perspektiv på grammatik. Det finns en formell grund men läromedlet innehåller flera funktionella ansatser, därför har läromedlets grammatikavsnitt tolkats som mer funktionell än formell. Slutsatsen som kan dras är således att Svenska impulser 2 kan anses korrelera med styrdokumenten, trots att de funktionella aspekterna skulle kunna utvecklas ytterligare. Styrdokumenten kan dock inte anses korrelera med grammatikavsnittet i Svenska rum 2 efter begreppet funktionell grammatik. / This essay aims to examine whether or not the syllabi and teaching materials correlate in their views on grammar in the upper secondary school course Swedish 2, in regards to functional and formal grammar teaching. The aim of the subject, knowledge requirements and commentary materials, as well as the grammar sections of the teaching materials Svenska rum 2 and Svenska impulser 2, are examined through a qualitative text analysis. The theoretical assumption for the study is based on a definition of the concepts of functional and formal grammar, where each concept is defined by six different criteria. The results show that the syllabus favor a more functional perspective on grammar, whereas the teaching material Svenska rum 2 favors a more formal perspective on grammar. The teaching material Svenska impulser 2 expresses both a functional and a formal perspective on grammar. Its basis is a formal perspective on grammar, but the material includes several functional approaches to grammar and has therefore been interpreted as more functional than formal. This study concludes that Svenska impulser 2 can be considered to correlate with the syllabus, even though the functional aspects could be developed further. However, the syllabus cannot be considered to correlate with the grammar sections in Svenska rum 2 in regards to the concept of functional grammar.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo discutir o ensino de gramÃtica na escola, especificamente propondo abordagens para o ensino-aprendizagem da transitividade nas aulas de lÃngua portuguesa no Ensino Fundamental. Em alguns compÃndios da lÃngua portuguesa, o assunto à tratado como regÃncia, em outros, como transitividade e, ainda, como predicaÃÃo verbal. Com base nas contribuiÃÃes apontadas por Neves (2002, 2006) e Nogueira (2005, 2010), entre outros autores, pesquisamos o assunto sob a Ãtica da linguÃstica funcional, para verificar se as teorias funcionalistas podem inspirar uma contribuiÃÃo para o entendimento de certos pontos discutidos e ainda obscuros sobre os conceitos e classificaÃÃes propostos pela gramÃtica tradicional. O trabalho parte de uma pesquisa bibliogrÃfica para elaboraÃÃo e posterior aplicaÃÃo de uma proposta de sequÃncia de atividades numa abordagem funcionalista. Essa pesquisa realizou-se a partir de comparaÃÃes feitas entre as gramÃticas tradicionais, gramÃticas escolares da atualidade, livros didÃticos adotados atualmente nas escolas, assim como o que dizem os documentos oficiais sobre o ensino de gramÃtica. AlÃm disso, abordamos o tema transitividade no funcionalismo linguÃstico e apontamos as contribuiÃÃes de teorias funcionalistas para o ensino da transitividade verbal. Foi possÃvel confirmar a hipÃtese de que o ensino-aprendizagem da transitividade verbal, entendida a partir da construÃÃo da predicaÃÃo segundo uma orientaÃÃo funcionalista, isto Ã, relacionando esse conteÃdo programÃtico com a produÃÃo e interpretaÃÃo de sentidos do texto, contribui para a ampliaÃÃo da competÃncia discursiva dos alunos do oitavo ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola pÃblica de CrateÃs-CE. / This work has the objective to discuss the grammar teaching in school, specifically addressing how the teaching and learning of transitivity have been taken to the Portuguese language classes in primary education in public schools. The importance of the subject is given by the fact that the same finding divergence from the field of study in which it is inserted. In some textbooks of the Portuguese language, it is treated as regency, in others as transitivity as well as verbal predication. These differences have led us to research the subject from the perspective of functional linguistics to see if this approach had contribution in ways that could settle certain points discussed and still unclear on the concepts and classifications proposed by traditional grammar. The work is of bibliographical, but with the presentation of a proposal for activities sequence in a functionalist approach and took place from comparisons made between traditional grammars school of today grammars, textbooks adopted today in schools, as well as what they say the official documents of the grammar school. In addition, we address the issue in the linguistic functionalism vision and aim the contributions of functionalist theories for teaching verbal transitivity.

The principal aim of this study was to investigate what grammar is taught by Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) in both Swedish compulsory school (years 6-9) and upper secondary school (gymnasiet), how it is taught and why. Further questions investigated what research TESOL base their teaching on, what their attitudes are in relation to the relevant curriculum, and what research into grammar teaching (e.g. approaches and methods) has revealed. The study also examined the Swedish National Agency of Education’s views on grammar teaching. Six interviews were conducted with five teachers of English to speakers of other languages working in Swedish schools, and one Czech teacher of English to speakers of other languages working at an international school. The findings were evaluated against research into grammar teaching. Although the Swedish National Agency of Education recommends that school years 6-9 should include an explicit focus on grammar, it does not specify exactly what should be taught. At upper secondary level, teaching grammar is not mentioned at all in the main syllabus. As the only reference to it is buried in the accompanying detailed explanatory notes, teachers tend to interpret the English syllabus differently. Consequently, the syllabus does not encourage equal educational opportunities. Despite the Agency’s vague recommendations, five out of the six teachers in this study do teach grammar and believe it to be a key to language learning. However, the methods used by the five Swedish teachers in this study do not appear to be research informed, and three of them rely heavily on the textbook producers’ choice of grammatical items to focus on. On the other hand, the teacher in the international school clearly uses methods that are research informed. One of the problems appears to be that the teachers in Sweden do not have easy access to current research findings that are comprehensive and non-conflicting, neither during their time at university nor in their working life.

The aim of this thesis was to study English teachers' approaches, methods and beliefs that link to teaching grammar to students in Sweden. The research has revolved around how frequently grammar is taught, what approaches are used and what methods are favored by English teachers in Swedish secondary and upper secondary schools. The respondents were 51 teachers recruited through a convenient sampling in the Facebook group “Nätverk för lärare i engelska”. The study used a mixed method with a survey as the data collection instrument. The results show that English teachers in secondary schools and upper secondary schools in Sweden occasionally use grammar teaching. On a four-grade scale ranging from Very Occasionally to Very Often the mean response was 2.36. In terms of preferred approach, the results indicated that a planned approach was preferred by a small margin. These results are in contradiction to previous research on English grammar teaching in Sweden which shows that teachers prefer an incidental approach to grammar teaching. The present study indicates that teachers favored interactive methods of grammar teaching. The two most favored methods were the Task-Based method where students complete tasks in pairs or groups, and the Communicative Language Teaching where students learn through discussions. Analyzing teachers’ beliefs on grammar teaching, the present study focused on the open-ended questions in the survey. The responses indicated that context to grammar teaching is extremely vital according to the teachers who responded to the survey. As previously mentioned, the present study contradicts previous studies in terms of preferred approach to grammar teaching. However, the present study coincides with previous research in terms of preferred methods both in international research but also in Sweden specifically, which is that teachers prefer interactive methods of grammar teaching that involve inductive learning.

The aim of this study is to investigate the similarities/differences in the views on and practices of grammar teaching of a Swedish teacher of English (FL – Foreign Language) and a UK teacher of English (L1 – First Language). Furthermore, the study tries to explain how the differences found in the comparison can be connected to each country’s different steering documents and to the different teaching conditions involved in teaching English to L1 learners compared to FL learners. The two participating teachers were both interviewed and observed. The results of this study show that the teachers’ grammar practices are very similar since they include explicit formal instruction both inductively and deductively, but with a focus on the latter. These are typical ‘Focus on FormS’ related practices even though both teachers want to achieve a ‘Focus on Form’ directed practice. Furthermore, both teachers use metalanguage in their teaching. The main difference between the teachers’ grammar approaches are the aims that they have with their teaching. The UK teacher aims at plain accuracy in her pupils’ written production whereas the Swedish teacher aims at developing all-round communicative abilities among her pupils. This is explained with the different accuracy-focus which each country’s steering documents hold.

<p>This paper sets out to examine to what extent French grammar teaching contributes to the students’ practical, oral skills. Are the students familiar with the grammatical system without knowing how to apply it orally in practice? The paper contains a theoretical background and an empirical survey. One quantitative and one qualitative method have been applied in the survey. 52 questionnaires have been completed and 6 High School students’ interviews have been carried out. Only 15 % of the surveyed students state that they completely approve with the statement that they can apply their grammatical knowledge in oral production. This shows that the teaching of grammar seems to contribute to the students’ oral skills to a relatively small extent. The result also suggests that there is a larger emphasis on theoretical explanations than on practice in grammar teaching. One of the problems seems to be that the practicing of grammar mainly is in written form. To reach the aims for communicative skills set in the syllabi for modern languages a functional method is suggested, which emphasises on meaning and includes oral practice of grammar.</p> / <p>Detta examensarbete syftar till att undersöka i hur stor utsträckning grammatikundervisningen i franska bidrar till elevernas muntliga, praktiska, förmåga. Är eleverna förtrogna med det grammatiska systemet i franska utan att kunna tillämpa det muntligt i praktiken? Uppsatsen innehåller en teoretisk bakgrund samt en empirisk undersökning. En kvantitativ och en kvalitativ metod har tillämpats i den empiriska undersökningen. 52 enkäter har besvarats och 6 djupintervjuer med gymnasieelever i franska har genomförts. Enkätresultaten visade att endast 15 % av de tillfrågade instämde helt i påståendet att de kunde tillämpa grammatiska kunskaper i muntlig produktion. Grammatikundervisningen verkar således bidra till elevernas muntliga förmåga i relativt liten grad. Resultaten talar också för att teoretiska förklaringar ges större utrymme än praktiken i grammatikundervisningen. Ett problem tycks vara att praktiken av grammatiken huvudsakligen sker skriftligt. För att uppnå den kommunikativa förmåga kursplanerna i moderna språk eftersträvar föreslås en funktionell metod där meningsskapande står i fokus och den muntliga praktiken av grammatiken inte förbises.</p>

This study looks at how six teachers work with English grammar with and without the use of ICT. The aim is to investigate how teachers use ICT in English grammar and compare it with a more traditional approach. The primary source of the case study is interviews conducted with five secondary teachers and one primary teacher in southern Sweden. The teachers work in three different schools with different approaches to ICT. One school has been using ICT for three years, the second school has recently started using it and the third school does not use ICT in English grammar teaching at all. The teachers’ experiences and thoughts on grammar teaching and on ICT are presented and discussed. The results show that only one of the teachers has a sound understanding of how to integrate ICT in English grammar teaching. All interviewed teachers are positive towards the use of ICT but most of them are not aware of the resources available or how to organise the teaching to make use of ICT in the best way. More and more Swedish schools provide laptops for all their pupils but it is clear that the teachers need more training to use ICT in English grammar teaching successfully.

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<p>Vårt syfte med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur undervisningen i grammatik bedrivs hos verksamma gymnasielärare och om den påverkas av lärarnas inställning till, och erfarenheter av grammatik. Vi har valt en kvalitativ metod där vi har intervjuat sju gymnasielärare i svenska. Undersökningen visar att lärarna anser att grammatik är viktigt och intressant samt kan också konstatera att arbetssättet i grammatik varierar. En del väljer att integrera grammatikundervisningen i andra moment, ex. skrivträning, medan andra har enskilda grammatikmoment. Undersökningen visar också att lärarnas erfarenheter av grammatik påverkar det egna intresset för grammatik, och därmed också inställningen till grammatikundervisning, som i sin tur i olika utsträckning också påverkar undervisningssättet. En intressant avvikande iakttagelse är att en av lärarna som brann för högskolegrammatiken och har ett stort personligt intresse för grammatik, väljer att inte undervisa i det idag.</p><p> </p><p>  </p> / <p>The purpose of this essay is to examine how grammar teaching is conducted by teachers in upper secondary school and if it is affected by their attitude towards, and experience of grammar. We have chosen in-depth interviews as our method of investigation in which we have interviewed seven upper secondary school teachers. The investigation shows that the teachers find grammar important and interesting, and also that their teaching methods vary. Some chose to integrate the grammar teaching, for example in the writing process while others prefer teaching grammar separately. Furthermore the investigation shows that teachers’ experience of grammar affects their interest in grammar, and therefore also in various extents has an effect on the way they conduct their teaching. An interesting deviation is that one of the teachers who really was excited about the university grammar during the teacher education, and has a great personal interest in it, chooses not to teach grammar at all.</p><p> </p>

<p>When speaking a language, whether it is our first or second language, grammatical mistakes will be made. The aim of this essay is to look into what kinds of mistakes some Swedish learners of English make when speaking English and to analyze why these mistakes are made. The essay also aims at looking into what grammar teaching can look like in Sweden and how some teachers look upon their students’ oral proficiency.</p><p>The method used for this study was a qualitative one, namely interviews. Twelve students, eight in grade seven and four in grade nine, and two teachers were interviewed. During the interviews with the students a dictaphone was used. When interviewing the teachers notes were taken, and these have been the foundation of the analysis.</p><p>The results showed that many of the mistakes made by the students seemed to originate in transfer from their first language. Preposition mistakes, for instance, were made in 20% of the cases and they mainly originated in interference with their first language.</p><p>Verbs turned out to be the area where most mistakes were made, followed by prepositions and pronouns. 50% of the mistakes made by students in grade nine were verb mistakes, whereas the students in grade seven made verb mistakes in 33% of the cases.</p><p>This study further shows that the teachers had a good grasp of what their students know, and do not know, but there were some mistakes the learners made which the teachers did not mention. Finally, the study showed that spoken language is in focus within the classroom. Students are allowed to make mistakes, even though the interviewed teachers find grammar important.</p>