This Report presents a variety of grammar teaching options for secondary school foreign language teachers in the U.S. Grammar teaching forms a large, and, in my opinion, important part of the foreign language curriculum in U.S. secondary schools. This Report presents grammar teaching methods in the form of a “grammar teaching toolbox” to encourage a variety-based teaching approach and allow teachers to enrich their pedagogical repertoires. All methods discussed in this Report involve explicit discussion of form and take place at the presentation or input/intake stage of grammar teaching. Sample lesson plans and helpful references for each methodology are presented. The first chapters of the Report present a discussion of the intended context, a brief history of grammar teaching, an analysis of the central issues in the debate over form-focused instruction and an outline for incorporating grammar into the contemporary communicative classroom. / text

本個案研究旨在深入研究一位國中英文教師在文法教學信念與實際教學之間的差異之處。本研究以Green (1971) 所提出的core belief和peripheral belief為基本架構，採用質性之資料收集及分析方式，以期對教師的教學信念、教學行為及兩者之間的不一致做出較詳盡的描繪及討論。參與本研究的教師為一位新北市公立國中的資深英文教師，對文法教學及英語教育有自己的一套理解及看法，備受同校老師的尊重。資料收集方式以課堂錄音觀察、半結構式訪談為主，教師的教學資料、自編的段考考卷、校內英文老師的領域會議紀錄為輔。 研究結果顯示，此教師的文法教學信念和行為的確有些許落差，主要反映在課外英語學習資源的使用、文法教學所佔的比重、以及文法術語的使用頻率上。造成此落差的原因主要是教師的core beliefs和peripheral beliefs內容的不一致，導致在教學現場上大部分的時間都用來完成core beliefs，因此peripheral beliefs的實施時間便受到壓縮了。此外研究者還發現，這位老師的core beliefs主要以較傳統、較常見的知識傳輸模式為主，而peripheral beliefs則是和英語教學理念較有直接相關，這部分呼應了Phipps and Borg (2009)所提出的假設，且此一現象是在教師信念的文獻中較少被提到的。根據這些發現，本研究提出對教師文法教學信念及實踐之差異的看法及未來研究的建議，以期對台灣的英語文法教學能有更多建設性的研究貢獻。 / The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate the tensions between an English teacher’s grammar teaching beliefs and practices. The participant was an experienced junior high school English teacher who had her own principles in grammar teaching and English education. Green’s (1971) distinction of core beliefs and peripheral beliefs was adopted as the framework to analyze the participant’s grammar teaching beliefs. Data were collected from multiple sources such as semi-structured interviews, classroom observations, stimulated recall interviews, and documents such as the teacher’s teaching notes and test paper. By using initial coding and second level coding, these data were carefully examined to obtain the most salient themes of the participant’s grammar teaching tensions. The findings revealed three most significant tensions between the participant’s grammar teaching beliefs and practices: tension on the use of extracurricular teaching resources, on the proportion of grammar instruction, and on the use of grammatical terminology. The participant’s tensions were mainly due to the inharmonious relationship between core beliefs and peripheral beliefs. The former were more related to teaching philosophy in general, and the latter were more related to English teaching itself. In other words, the tensions between participant’s beliefs and practices were actually the gaps between knowledge transmission perspective and ideal English teaching principles. Based on the findings of this study, some suggestions and pedagogical implications were raised for future research as well as English education field in Taiwan.

The primary aim of this study is to determine the level of syntactic development in English of South African matriculants. The ESL standard in South Africa has been criticised, but no objective data are available. This study provides relevant data, based on an index, and indicates shortcomings in learners' syntactic competence. Poor school-leaving standards in English are a cause of great concern in South Africa, and complaints about school leavers' standard of English have increased over the last few years. Yet, apart from generally being labelled as "poor", little is known about the actual level of development reached by ESL learners. Comments are often based on subjective impressions. This study focuses on syntactic development in writing and aims to determine the level of syntactic development of Grade 12 ESL learners in an objective way. Interlanguage, the concept of 'stages of development’ and fossilization are discussed. The need for an index that can measure language development objectively is considered. General means of measuring syntactic development are evaluated and an index formula is established by means of statistical analyses. This formula is based on the T-unit and assigns numerical values to levels of development. The index formula is used to determine the level of syntactic development of a group of Grade 12 ESL learners. The compositions that were analysed were obtained from six provinces in South Africa. Index values are calculated for Higher and Standard Grade, for the group as a whole, and each of the six provinces. An Error Analysis is conducted and error frequencies are reported. Problem areas in syntax are identified. The implications of the findings are considered and recommendations are briefly made for the teaching and learning of grammar. / Thesis (M.A. (English))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Code-switching is a phenomenon that exists in bilingual societies where people have the opportunity to use two or more languages to communicate. Being able to speak more than one language, bilinguals can code-switch and use their languages as resources to find better ways to convey meaning. Code-switching occurs in English classrooms in upper secondary school every day. Therefore, the aim for this paper was to investigate when and why teachers in upper secondary school code-switch when teaching L2 English. It has also looked into what language the students preferred in different classroom situations. Five teachers were interviewed and 96 students taking English 5 and 6 responded to a questionnaire. The results showed that the teachers generally tried to code-switch as little as possible but that they did code-switch in some of those situations where the students preferred either a combination of Swedish and English or only Swedish. Two of these situations were grammar instructions, where a majority of the students preferred a combination of English and Swedish, and one-to-one situations, where a majority of the students preferred Swedish. A clear majority of the students (87%) wanted their teacher to make them speak more English.

The primary aim of this study is to determine the level of syntactic development in English of South African matriculants. The ESL standard in South Africa has been criticised, but no objective data are available. This study provides relevant data, based on an index, and indicates shortcomings in learners' syntactic competence. Poor school-leaving standards in English are a cause of great concern in South Africa, and complaints about school leavers' standard of English have increased over the last few years. Yet, apart from generally being labelled as "poor", little is known about the actual level of development reached by ESL learners. Comments are often based on subjective impressions. This study focuses on syntactic development in writing and aims to determine the level of syntactic development of Grade 12 ESL learners in an objective way. Interlanguage, the concept of 'stages of development’ and fossilization are discussed. The need for an index that can measure language development objectively is considered. General means of measuring syntactic development are evaluated and an index formula is established by means of statistical analyses. This formula is based on the T-unit and assigns numerical values to levels of development. The index formula is used to determine the level of syntactic development of a group of Grade 12 ESL learners. The compositions that were analysed were obtained from six provinces in South Africa. Index values are calculated for Higher and Standard Grade, for the group as a whole, and each of the six provinces. An Error Analysis is conducted and error frequencies are reported. Problem areas in syntax are identified. The implications of the findings are considered and recommendations are briefly made for the teaching and learning of grammar. / Thesis (M.A. (English))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the impact of authentic materials on the development of grammar knowledge, retention and opinions of ninth grade students as an English language learner, in comparison with traditional materials and textbooks or coursebooks. To compare experimental and control groups in terms of achievement, retention and perceptions about the implementation units, a pretest-posttest control group design was carried out. For the purpose of this study, two authentic material-based grammar units were designed and developed and implemented to experimental group students. Three instruments / tests, opinionnaires and unit feedback forms were used. Seventeen (15 and two) teachers and 54 students at TED Ankara College Foundation High School participated in the study. As for the data analysis, the quantifiable data in the pre, post and retention tests were analysed by using descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. To indicate the differences between the experimental and control groups in consideration with achievement and retention, independent samples t-test was conducted. Additionally, opinionnaires and unit feedback forms were analysed to obtain information about the students&amp / #8217 / and teachers&amp / #8217 / opinions about grammar teaching in general and according to the treatment. The results indicated that most of the students were more successful in developing and retaining grammar knowledge while using authentic materials in class.

The purpose of this study is to illustrate how some teachers teach the concept of language structure in grades 4–6 and clarify if language structure is taught as a separate moment in teaching or as a part of the teaching of writing. The study is carried out through qualitative inteviews with five Swedish teachers in four different schools. The results of this study show that the interpretation of the concept of language structure ends up in the concept of grammar. The teachers choose to teach language structure both as separate moment as well as a part of the teaching of writing. Language structure is regularly taught as a separate moment with focus on the form of the language and then the deductive method is used, where the teacher leads the activity. The inductive method, where pupils learn from each other with the teacher as a support, is rarely used, although research shows that it is more advantageous. On the other hand, when teaching focuses on language as a process, while writing texts, the inductive method is regularly used by some of the teachers.

SAMPAIO, Francisco de Oliveira. Uma abordagem funcionalista para o ensino da transitividade verbal no Ensino Fundamental. 2015. 107f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras – Mestrado Profissional em Letras (PROFLETRAS), Fortaleza (CE), 2015. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-12-23T11:58:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_fosampaio.pdf: 1428705 bytes, checksum: b1ee9d64b6d1e246b3fb7349bb710e0e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-12-23T12:10:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_fosampaio.pdf: 1428705 bytes, checksum: b1ee9d64b6d1e246b3fb7349bb710e0e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-23T12:10:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_fosampaio.pdf: 1428705 bytes, checksum: b1ee9d64b6d1e246b3fb7349bb710e0e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / This work has the objective to discuss the grammar teaching in school, specifically addressing how the teaching and learning of transitivity have been taken to the Portuguese language classes in primary education in public schools. The importance of the subject is given by the fact that the same finding divergence from the field of study in which it is inserted. In some textbooks of the Portuguese language, it is treated as regency, in others as transitivity as well as verbal predication. These differences have led us to research the subject from the perspective of functional linguistics to see if this approach had contribution in ways that could settle certain points discussed and still unclear on the concepts and classifications proposed by traditional grammar. The work is of bibliographical, but with the presentation of a proposal for activities sequence in a functionalist approach and took place from comparisons made between traditional grammars school of today grammars, textbooks adopted today in schools, as well as what they say the official documents of the grammar school. In addition, we address the issue in the linguistic functionalism vision and aim the contributions of functionalist theories for teaching verbal transitivity. / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo discutir o ensino de gramática na escola, especificamente propondo abordagens para o ensino-aprendizagem da transitividade nas aulas de língua portuguesa no Ensino Fundamental. Em alguns compêndios da língua portuguesa, o assunto é tratado como regência, em outros, como transitividade e, ainda, como predicação verbal. Com base nas contribuições apontadas por Neves (2002, 2006) e Nogueira (2005, 2010), entre outros autores, pesquisamos o assunto sob a ótica da linguística funcional, para verificar se as teorias funcionalistas podem inspirar uma contribuição para o entendimento de certos pontos discutidos e ainda obscuros sobre os conceitos e classificações propostos pela gramática tradicional. O trabalho parte de uma pesquisa bibliográfica para elaboração e posterior aplicação de uma proposta de sequência de atividades numa abordagem funcionalista. Essa pesquisa realizou-se a partir de comparações feitas entre as gramáticas tradicionais, gramáticas escolares da atualidade, livros didáticos adotados atualmente nas escolas, assim como o que dizem os documentos oficiais sobre o ensino de gramática. Além disso, abordamos o tema transitividade no funcionalismo linguístico e apontamos as contribuições de teorias funcionalistas para o ensino da transitividade verbal. Foi possível confirmar a hipótese de que o ensino-aprendizagem da transitividade verbal, entendida a partir da construção da predicação segundo uma orientação funcionalista, isto é, relacionando esse conteúdo programático com a produção e interpretação de sentidos do texto, contribui para a ampliação da competência discursiva dos alunos do oitavo ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola pública de Crateús-CE.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta tese desenvolve estudo do ensino de Redação com análise de textos discentes, cujo marco regulatório para a produção das aulas são as Competências e Habilidades inscritas nos PCN. Objetiva-se a correção de redações por meio digital que (1) identifica os problemas do texto produzido pelo redator, (2) fornece instruções para correção do problema apontado, (3) propõe retextualização para nova correção e (4) utiliza os desvios apontados como orientadores das aulas de Gramática. O trabalho final tem por objetivo principal ensinar a redigir no registro padrão por meio da correção comentada de textos produzidos por clientes, que podem ser alunos ou não, uma vez que o trabalho ocorre pela Internet (à distância), com ferramentas do MS Word. A instrução gramatical incidente sobre problemas detectados no texto é subsidiada por instruções semióticas de cunho didático-pedagógico. Testado em turmas regulares do Ensino Médio, em Cursos Preparatórios para processos seletivos, este projeto constatou sua eficácia, pois os redatores (1) compreenderam o quê e por que erraram, (2) assimilaram os mecanismos linguísticos de correção/adequação e (3) praticaram a substituição de estruturas, orientados por princípios da Teoria da Iconicidade Verbal (SIMÕES, [1994], 2009). Assim, os sujeitos foram-se apropriando das regras de estruturação da língua, por meio das quais se tornou possível a produção de textos eficientes, adequados à situação de comunicação. Paralelamente foram-se formando leitores críticos. A negociação de textos, a técnica de correção digital, mediada pela Internet e por isso realizada à distância (mesmo quando combinada com aulas presenciais)e a forma da instrução semiótico-gramatical é o que se pretende demonstrar nesta tese / This thesis develops a study of teaching of Writing with analysis of texts students whose regulatory framework for the production of the classes are the Skills and Abilities listed in the PCN . The goal is to fix essays by digital means that (1) identifies the problems of the text produced by the editor , (2) provides instructions to correct the problem identified , (3) proposing new fixes for retextualization and (4) using the indicated deviations as guiding lessons in grammar . The final work is primarily engaged in teaching writing default log annotated by the correction of texts written by customers who may be students or not , since the work takes place online (distance) with MS Word tools. The incident grammar instruction on problems detected in the text is subsidized by semiotic instructions didactic- pedagogic nature. Tested in regular high school classes in Preparatory Courses for selection processes , this project found its effectiveness because the editors (1) understand what went wrong and why , (2) assimilated the linguistic mechanisms of correction / adjustment and (3) practiced replacement structures , guided by principles of Theory of iconicity Verbal ( SIMÕES [1994 ] , 2009) . Thus, the subjects were themselves appropriating the structuring rules of the language , through which it became possible to produce , appropriate to the efficient communication texts . Were parallel - forming critical readers . The negotiating texts , the technique of digital correction mediated by the Internet and therefore performed remotely (even when combined with regular classes) and the form of semiotic-grammatical instruction is what we intend to demonstrate this thesis

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta tese desenvolve estudo do ensino de Redação com análise de textos discentes, cujo marco regulatório para a produção das aulas são as Competências e Habilidades inscritas nos PCN. Objetiva-se a correção de redações por meio digital que (1) identifica os problemas do texto produzido pelo redator, (2) fornece instruções para correção do problema apontado, (3) propõe retextualização para nova correção e (4) utiliza os desvios apontados como orientadores das aulas de Gramática. O trabalho final tem por objetivo principal ensinar a redigir no registro padrão por meio da correção comentada de textos produzidos por clientes, que podem ser alunos ou não, uma vez que o trabalho ocorre pela Internet (à distância), com ferramentas do MS Word. A instrução gramatical incidente sobre problemas detectados no texto é subsidiada por instruções semióticas de cunho didático-pedagógico. Testado em turmas regulares do Ensino Médio, em Cursos Preparatórios para processos seletivos, este projeto constatou sua eficácia, pois os redatores (1) compreenderam o quê e por que erraram, (2) assimilaram os mecanismos linguísticos de correção/adequação e (3) praticaram a substituição de estruturas, orientados por princípios da Teoria da Iconicidade Verbal (SIMÕES, [1994], 2009). Assim, os sujeitos foram-se apropriando das regras de estruturação da língua, por meio das quais se tornou possível a produção de textos eficientes, adequados à situação de comunicação. Paralelamente foram-se formando leitores críticos. A negociação de textos, a técnica de correção digital, mediada pela Internet e por isso realizada à distância (mesmo quando combinada com aulas presenciais)e a forma da instrução semiótico-gramatical é o que se pretende demonstrar nesta tese / This thesis develops a study of teaching of Writing with analysis of texts students whose regulatory framework for the production of the classes are the Skills and Abilities listed in the PCN . The goal is to fix essays by digital means that (1) identifies the problems of the text produced by the editor , (2) provides instructions to correct the problem identified , (3) proposing new fixes for retextualization and (4) using the indicated deviations as guiding lessons in grammar . The final work is primarily engaged in teaching writing default log annotated by the correction of texts written by customers who may be students or not , since the work takes place online (distance) with MS Word tools. The incident grammar instruction on problems detected in the text is subsidized by semiotic instructions didactic- pedagogic nature. Tested in regular high school classes in Preparatory Courses for selection processes , this project found its effectiveness because the editors (1) understand what went wrong and why , (2) assimilated the linguistic mechanisms of correction / adjustment and (3) practiced replacement structures , guided by principles of Theory of iconicity Verbal ( SIMÕES [1994 ] , 2009) . Thus, the subjects were themselves appropriating the structuring rules of the language , through which it became possible to produce , appropriate to the efficient communication texts . Were parallel - forming critical readers . The negotiating texts , the technique of digital correction mediated by the Internet and therefore performed remotely (even when combined with regular classes) and the form of semiotic-grammatical instruction is what we intend to demonstrate this thesis