Title: ”Welcome to 3a!”– An ethnographic case study on language-focused teaching in a linguistically and culturally heterogenic classroom   The overall aim of this ethnographic case study is to study language-focused teaching in a multicultural Swedish school and a third grade composed of pupils with different linguistic and cultural backgrounds. The study focuses on the support of multilingual pupils offered by teachers and educators, on what didactic choices teachers make and what didactical methods are used during reading and writing lessons and on what language-focused teaching strategies the teachers and educators use. The results show that the school staff meet parents and pupils with openness, curious humility and advocate the use of dialogue for effective cooperation between school and home. Different vocational categories and educators with different linguistic and cultural backgrounds collaborate. They work solution-focused and language-oriented. The study shows didactical choices and methods used by teachers and educators and their reflections on the choices and methods. Working with words and texts is an important part of the lessons. Instructions, expressions of learning goals and delivery of working strategies are frequent. A variety of different methods is used, where many questions are asked and individual words or student responses are often repeated. The teachers work with clear frameworks and structure. The proximity and a good relationship with the pupils are valued. Professional cooperation is seen as a success factor and is a common feature of school life. The heterogeneity of the pupil group determines the choice of working methods. Building a Swedish vocabulary while developing knowledge is one of the most important objectives of teaching. The use of the Swedish language dominates the teaching A language-focused teaching strategy the teachers and educators use is the presentation of good examples. Strategies regarding writing, as well as behavioural instructions, were given.  Confirmation and praise were expressed and subject-related questions and clues were given. The class teacher clearly orchestrates the classroom, where subject content and concepts are put in context and parallels are drawn. The class teacher refers to previous lessons and other subjects as well as adjusts her language to the students' linguistic levels. Different forms of visual support are used regularly. Overall, this dissertation highlights: (a) Working at a culturally and linguistically heterogeneous school means a daily balancing act between socialisation and inclusion. Future democratic citizens must be trained, the Swedish school and the subject of language have to be developed, while taking into account the linguistic habits and cultural expectations of the home. Swedish school culture is to be conveyed without emptying the families of previous experiences. (b) Pupils in need of a higher linguistic or knowledge-based challenge need to stand back for the collective structural and linguistic needs for support. Pupils with the greatest need for linguistic compensatory bridges between home and school receive support through multilingual staff directly at school if they belong to one of the language groups represented at the school. (c) In spite of experienced, committed and cooperative staff, L1 education remains a difficult task to complete. L1 education seems to meet many practical organisational and status-related challenges. By employing multilingual staff, alternative solutions were found. L1 education is experienced by several pupils student as being something voluntary and unnecessary.

Over the past three decades, the development of religious education in Australia has been largely shaped by catechetical and curriculum approaches to teaching and learning. To date, little emphasis has been placed on the pedagogical dimension of religious education. The purpose of this research project is to explore the manner in which ‘brain-based’ learning theory contributes to pedagogical development in primary religious education. The project utilises an action research methodology combining concept mapping, the application of ‘brain-based’ teaching strategies and focus group dialogue with diocesan Religious Education Coordinators (RECs). The insights derived contribute to the formulation and validation of an appropriate pedagogical model for primary religious education, entitled the ‘DEEP Framework’. The model reflects an integration of insights from brain-based theory with nuances from the contemporary Australian religious education literature. The project identifies four key, interactive principles that are crucial to pedagogical development in religious education, namely: Discernment, Enrichment, Engagement and Participation. It also recognises a fifth principle, ‘an orientation towards wholeness’, as significant in combining the various pedagogical principles into a coherent whole. The DEEP framework enables teachers to more successfully select and evaluate appropriate, interconnecting teaching strategies within the religious education classroom. The framework underpins the pedagogical rationale of the recently developed Archdiocese of Hobart religious education program and forms the basis for the implementation of a coherent professional development program across the Archdiocese.

The use of Learning Management Systems (LMSs) in higher education institutions is not a new tendency. Although this is an innovative way of implementing e-learning in the educational process, there are a few problems concerning these systems. Educators tend to apply traditional classroom ideas and pedagogy in computer-supported e-learning environments, assuming that because these environments allow the interaction that we see in the classroom, traditional pedagogy can be used. Although most of the pedagogical principles that apply to the traditional classroom-delivery method also apply to e-learning, the e-environment supports such interactions in a different manner. Traditional pedagogical principles should be adapted to accommodate the e-learning environment and should form the very basis for inclusion of features in LMSs. These principles should be integrated into the LMS where every feature included is accompanied by explicit guidelines on how to use the feature in such a way that it will effect pedagogically sound instruction. The aim of this study is to determine how an LMS could be used in order to enhance self-directed learning. In order to reach this aim a brief history of SDL was given and a number of SDL models were discussed. These models were analyzed in order to compile a list of guidelines to foster SDL. The first set of guidelines didn’t focus on any specific learning environment and it was necessary to refine these guidelines for an online environment. To be able to refine the guidelines for an online environment, LMSs in general were discussed and a few models for SDL in an online environment were reviewed. The SDL guidelines were further refined for implementation in eFundiTM. eFundiTM is the LMS used at the North-West University, Potchefstroom campus, South Africa. The nature of the AGLE 121 module (a literacy module for all first year students) and the specific functionalities of eFundiTM were discussed and taken in consideration when the final set of guidelines was compiled. The researcher did an empirical study to gather valid and reliable data. A mixed methods inquiry approach was used to obtain reliable evidence. The population consisted of all the students that were enrolled for the AGLE modules over 2 years. These students were divided into 2 groups, the AGLE 121 in 2010 (237 students) and the AGLE 121 (287 students) in 2011. The questionnaire that was used for the quantitative research in this study was based on the Fisher, King and Taque (2001) SDL readiness scale for nursing education. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven participants from each group in order get a better understanding of the data collected from the quantitative research, and to elaborate further on the students’ development of SDL. Findings indicated that the students from the second year of the study did not necessarily improve their SDL-skills. Most of the results from the quantitative data showed small practical significant differences. However, the qualitative data indicated that the SDL skills of the students improved in two of the three factors after they used the newly developed eFundiTM site, in the second year of the study and therefore the researcher is of opinion that the intervention had a positive impact on the students’ SDL skills. / Thesis (MEd (Computer Science Education))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

The use of Learning Management Systems (LMSs) in higher education institutions is not a new tendency. Although this is an innovative way of implementing e-learning in the educational process, there are a few problems concerning these systems. Educators tend to apply traditional classroom ideas and pedagogy in computer-supported e-learning environments, assuming that because these environments allow the interaction that we see in the classroom, traditional pedagogy can be used. Although most of the pedagogical principles that apply to the traditional classroom-delivery method also apply to e-learning, the e-environment supports such interactions in a different manner. Traditional pedagogical principles should be adapted to accommodate the e-learning environment and should form the very basis for inclusion of features in LMSs. These principles should be integrated into the LMS where every feature included is accompanied by explicit guidelines on how to use the feature in such a way that it will effect pedagogically sound instruction. The aim of this study is to determine how an LMS could be used in order to enhance self-directed learning. In order to reach this aim a brief history of SDL was given and a number of SDL models were discussed. These models were analyzed in order to compile a list of guidelines to foster SDL. The first set of guidelines didn’t focus on any specific learning environment and it was necessary to refine these guidelines for an online environment. To be able to refine the guidelines for an online environment, LMSs in general were discussed and a few models for SDL in an online environment were reviewed. The SDL guidelines were further refined for implementation in eFundiTM. eFundiTM is the LMS used at the North-West University, Potchefstroom campus, South Africa. The nature of the AGLE 121 module (a literacy module for all first year students) and the specific functionalities of eFundiTM were discussed and taken in consideration when the final set of guidelines was compiled. The researcher did an empirical study to gather valid and reliable data. A mixed methods inquiry approach was used to obtain reliable evidence. The population consisted of all the students that were enrolled for the AGLE modules over 2 years. These students were divided into 2 groups, the AGLE 121 in 2010 (237 students) and the AGLE 121 (287 students) in 2011. The questionnaire that was used for the quantitative research in this study was based on the Fisher, King and Taque (2001) SDL readiness scale for nursing education. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven participants from each group in order get a better understanding of the data collected from the quantitative research, and to elaborate further on the students’ development of SDL. Findings indicated that the students from the second year of the study did not necessarily improve their SDL-skills. Most of the results from the quantitative data showed small practical significant differences. However, the qualitative data indicated that the SDL skills of the students improved in two of the three factors after they used the newly developed eFundiTM site, in the second year of the study and therefore the researcher is of opinion that the intervention had a positive impact on the students’ SDL skills. / Thesis (MEd (Computer Science Education))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

The current research utilised a modified cyclical model of tracking teachers' efficacy beliefs from their source through to their implementation in teaching strategies. Key inclusions to the model were four factors (personal efficacy, teaching efficacy, classroom management efficacy and outcome efficacy) of teacher efficacy and four contextual considerations (culture load, learning load, language load and cognitive load) in relation to teaching students who have ESL. Data were collected through three studies, ultilising both qualitative methodologies (focus groups, hypothetical teaching scenarios) and a quantitative methodology (researcher-generated survey). Results revealed a two-factor model of teacher efficacy (not a four-factor model) with the two factors being personal efficacy (general teaching abilities) and teaching efficacy (overcoming environmental factors such as home life). Culture load and language load were significant contextual considerations given to teaching students who have ESL. Results of the research suggested that specific teacher training needs to focus on how to adapt curriculum to meet the needs of a diverse group of learners, emphasising in particular why chosen strategies should be used. More training is needed which involves learning how to include parents and other community members as valuable resources in the learning processes of the classroom.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, 2009. / Title from screen (viewed on August 28, 2009). School of Nursing, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). Advisor(s): Pamela Ironside, Anna McDaniel. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 177-197).

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: At independence, Namibia chose English as its official language and therefore its language of learning and teaching (LOLT). Since then, government documents and other literature have revealed the poor performance of learners and falling of standards of teaching (Benjamin 2004:25). It seems that teachers are facing several challenges when using English as an LOLT in the classroom. This study therefore investigates the challenges faced by teachers in northern Namibia when using ELF as a LOLT, as well as how teachers overcome these challenges. In this regard, structured, one-on-one interviews were conducted with six Oshiwambo-speaking teachers at a specific homogenous secondary school in the Omusati region of northern Namibia. The findings of this study suggest that teachers believe that the learners’ sole advantage of using ELF as the LOLT is that it may benefit them if they further their studies abroad, as possessing knowledge of English would enable them to communicate with people from different countries. Another main finding, in terms of how teachers overcome the challenges posed by using ELF as the LOLT, is that teachers often resort to code-switching to ensure that their students understand the concepts they are being taught. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Met die onafhanklikheidswording het Namibië Engels as amptelike taal gekies en gevolglik ook as die taal van onderrig en leer (LOLT). Sedertdien het staatsdokumente en ander literatuur getoon hoe swak leerders presteer en dat daar ‘n daling in onderrigstandaarde is (Benjamin 2004: 25). Dit blyk dat onderwysers verskeie uitdagings met die gebruik van Engels as LOLT in die klaskamer in die gesig staar. Hierdie studie ondersoek dus hierdie uitdagings van onderwysers in die noorde van Namibië wanneer hulle Engels as ‘n lingua franca (ELF) as die LOLT moet gebruik, sowel as hoe onderwysers hierdie uitdagings oorkom. In hierdie opsig is gestrukureerde individuele onderhoude met ses Oshiwambosprekende onderwysers gevoer by ‘n spesifieke homogene sekondere skool in die Omusati omgewing in Noord-Namibië. Die bevindinge van hierdie studie dui aan dat onderwysers glo dat leerders wat ELF as LOLT gebruik net voordeel daaruit sal trek indien hulle hul studies in die buiteland sou voortsit omdat kennis van Engels hulle instaat sou stel om met mense van verskillende lande te kommunikeer. Nog ‘n belangrike bevinding is dat onderwysers heel dikwels van kodewisseling gebruikmaak om te verseker dat hulle studente die terme wat aangeleer word wel verstaan.

abstract: Teachers use different rates of positive feedback with students who are high-risk for emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) in comparison to the rates of positive feedback teachers' use with low-risk students. By addressing the differential treatment, it may alleviate some of the related negative effects students high-risk for EBD experience, such as poor educational and social outcomes. The study explored the extent of teachers' differential use of feedback toward students identified as high-risk and low-risk for EBD. The data were collected in 56 teachers' classrooms by measuring rates of feedback delivered to 1 high-risk and 1 low-risk student per classroom (112 students total). Results revealed that teachers used positive strategies infrequently with the students high- risk for EBD. Results further indicated that teachers were over reliant upon using negative feedback with high-risk students. Descriptive variables within the study, such as school-wide and teachers' self-evaluations of positive classroom strategies, schools' special education population, and suspension rates were further explored. Implications for professional practice and potential future lines of inquiry on the differential treatment of students at risk for EBD in educational settings are presented. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Special Education 2011

A quantitative, descriptive research study was conducted at a nursing college to investigate the nature of nursing learners' exposure to computer assisted instruction and computer-based learning, the perceived benefits of this exposure, and the problems that they had encountered. Learners, who had been exposed to computer assisted instruction and computer-based learning, participated. A self-administered, structured questionnaire was administered to collect data. The research results revealed that the learners had limited exposure to educational computer packages, and computer-based learning activities. They encountered numerous problems. Although the learners derived many benefits from computer assisted instruction, this did not result in effective learning. They indicated that they preferred computer assisted instruction more than traditional teaching methods. This study contributed towards recommendations on improving learners' access to the necessary facilities, equipment and educational computer software. The researcher also recommended strategies to ensure that computer assisted instruction is based on sound educational principles. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

Esta tese situa-se na área de IA (Inteligência Artificial) aplicada à educação incluindo características interdisciplinares tanto da própria IA como de IE (informática na Educação). Faz-se também necessário constarem, aspectos referentes à Ciência da Computação e Educação a fim de melhor situar a complexidade e a dimensão do trabalho desenvolvido. A utilização de técnicas de IA na elaboração e no desenvolvimento de ambientes de ensino-aprendizagem computadorizados tem se constituído em objeto de investigação por parte dos pesquisadores da área de Informática aplicada à Educação, devido as suas potencialidades. A utilização de agentes na modelagem e no projeto de STI permite-nos resgatar antigos problemas em aberto, como por exemplo a melhoria da interação entre tutor e aluno e a possibilidade de investigação dos processos mentais em nível mais estratificado. A arquitetura descrita nesta tese utiliza a metodologia que vem sendo aplicada ao projeto de STI, onde são contempladas diferentes formas de se trabalhar com um determinado conhecimento (estratégias de ensino e táticas associadas), levando-se em consideração o tipo de usuário que está interagindo com o sistema. A arquitetura, elaborada segundo uma abordagem construtivista, prevê que o tutor seja menos diretivo e menos controlador das ações do aluno. O controle é feito na forma de monitoração para que o tutor funcione como um parceiro, ou seja, como facilitador do trabalho do aluno. Contudo, devido às características da modalidade escolhida para construção do protótipo (jogo educacional), precisamos ter algumas atitudes no tutor que garantam que o sistema não entre em colapso. O que inviabilizaria o trabalho do aluno. Nestas situações críticas, o tutor vai se comportar de maneira mais diretiva. Cabe salientar que a abordagem construtivista não significa dar liberdade total ao aluno nem privá-lo de qualquer tipo de assistência. Portanto, o que deve ser destacado é o grau de interferência do tutor, i.e., o quanto ele interfere no trabalho do aluno e se ele permite ou não que o aluno siga um caminho alternativo àquele que ele tem como o ideal para resolver o problema (heurísticas do tutor sobre o problema e forma de solução). Além destes aspectos educacionais inerentes a todo o projeto de software educacional (necessários num trabalho desta natureza), esta tese está inserida no contexto da pesquisa em agentes cognitivos modelados através de seus estados mentais. É importante salientar que os estados mentais utilizados neste trabalho (crenças, desejos, intenções e expectativas) funcionam como uma metáfora dos estudos mentais humanos. Por exemplo, quando se coloca a crença de um aluno a respeito de "lago", na realidade está se colocando a crença que temos a respeito da crença que o aluno possui a respeito de "lago". O mesmo acontece com os outros estados mentais aqui utilizados. Os diálogos reais foram registrados através de observação direta e posteriormente analisados a fim de se identificar os estados mentais relacionados. Perguntas adicionais foram feitas no sentido de obterem-se mais elementos para auxiliar na inferência do conjunto de estados mentais que o aluno possui naquele momento em que estava jogando. Após a observação de vários alunos jogando, identificou-se um certo padrão nas suas atitudes quando executavam uma ação. Observações sucessivas permitiram delinear o conjunto de estados mentais associados à ação do aluno. Tal conjunto foi utilizado como base para elaboração da coreografia. Estes dados servem de entrada para a construção do modelo do aluno mediante a interação com o tutor. No presente trabalho, nós apresentamos a modelagem de um STI através do uso da tecnologia de agentes utilizando a arquitetura de SMA (Sistemas Multiagentes). O STI é concebido como um SMA híbrido composto por um ambiente reativo (SMAR - Sistema Multiagente Reativo) e um "kernel" cognitivo (SMAC - Sistema Multiagente Cognitivo). O SMAR e o SMAC interagem entre si de para ampliar as informações quantitativas e qualitativas oferecidas aos alunos que utilizam o sistema. Estas informações disponíveis é que irão permitir ao tutor selecionar estratégias de ensino mais adequadas a um determinado tipo de aluno. A principal contribuição desta tese está centrada no "kernel" cognitivo. Nós propomos uma arquitetura para o tutor que permitirá a monitoração de dois alunos trabalhando conjuntamente. Além disso, propomos uma forma de selecionar o comportamento do tutor para oferecer auxílio personalizado aos alunos considerando o perfil de cada um. Esta arquitetura pretende ser uma alternativa de solução para uma questão importante na área de STI: Como o tutor pode selecionar, entre várias estratégias de ensino, a mais adequada para cada perfil de aluno? O grupo de pesquisa no qual este trabalho está inserido (GIA/UFRGS, sob orientação da Prof.a. Rosa Maria Viccari) tem realizado algumas avaliações experimentais, usando STI tradicionais e STI projetados e modelados através de sistemas multiagentes As contribuições científicas listadas no texto deste trabalho possibilitaram que o grupo avançasse sua pesquisa na abordagem mentalística através da criação de uma arquitetura para o tutor e favorecesse a integração do trabalho desenvolvido por Móra et al. [MOR97; MOR98]. A utilização do modelo computacional de agentes criado por Móra et al. gerou a implementação do "kernel" cognitivo. Os desafios inerentes a implementação da arquitetura proposta para o tutor ampliaram as características do ambiente criado por Móra et al. e favorecem a junção de dois trabalhos de tese supervisionados pela mesma orientadora [MOR99]. Portanto, a nova arquitetura proporcionou ganhos tanto para tais pesquisas, como para o avanço das pesquisas desenvolvidas pelo nosso grupo. / The present thesis has been elaborated within the AI (Artificial Intelligence) applied to Education realm, and it brings specific contributions to the STI (Intelligent Tutoring System) area. The use of AI techniques has been investigated by researchers of Computer Science applied to Education, due to its potentialities to improve educational systems. The agents' techniques used in the design of STI allow us to solve old problems opened in the area. For instance, the improvement of the interaction between tutor and student, and the possibility of tracing the mental processes in a more stratified way. The architecture described in this thesis uses the methodology applied to the modern STI projects: multiple strategies for the tutor (i.e., teaching strategies and associated tactics). This approach considers different forms of working with a certain piece of knowledge, and is taken into consideration to create the user profile, as well as to monitor the student interaction with the system. The architecture, designed according to a constructivist approach, expects the tutor to be less directive, and less controller of the student's actions. The control is made by an observation of students' actions by the tutor. The tutor works either as a student's partner or as a facilitator. However, due to the characteristics of the modality chosen for construction of the prototype (educational game), we needed to take some attitudes in the tutor in order to avoid the system to collapse. What would make unfeasible the student's work. In these critical situations, the tutor will behave in more directive way. It fits to point out that the construtivist approach does not mean to give total freedom to the student or to deprive it of any kind of attendance. Therefore, what should be note here is the degree of the tutor's interference, i.e., how it interferes with the student's work using its own set of heuristics. Besides these educational aspects, inherent to a project of Educational software, this thesis is inserted in the context of the research in cognitive agents modelled through their mental states (Believe, Desire, Intention, and Expectation). It is important to point out that the mental states used in this work are as a metaphor of the human mental states. For example, when the student's has a believe regarding "lake", in fact we area talking about belief that we have regarding the belief that the student possesses regarding about "lake". The same happens here with the other mental states used. The real dialogues were registered through direct observation in real situation (students playing with the game). They were analysed in order to identify the mental states connected with the student's actions. Additional questions were asked to obtain more elements to aid us to inference the group of mental states possessed by the student when he/she was playing. Successive observations allowed us to delineate the group of mental states associated to the student's action. Such group was used as a base for the choreography. These data were used as input for the construction to the student's model during the interaction with the tutor. In this work, we have presented the design of an STI with the use of architecture of MAS (Multi-agent System Architecture). The ITS is conceived as a hybrid MAS composed by a RMAS (Reactive Multi-agent System) and a "cognitive kernel" using the CMAS (Cognitive Multi-agent System). The RMAS and the CMAS interact with each other to enlarge the quantitative and qualitative information offered to the students that uses the system. These available information allow the tutor to select teaching strategies more adapted to a certain student type. The main contribution of this thesis is centred in the "cognitive kernel". We propose an architecture for the tutor that will allow the two students to work together. Besides, we propose a way to select the tutor behaviour in order to aid the students considering their personal profile. This architecture intends to be an alternative solution for an important question in ITS research: How can the tutor select, among several teaching strategies, the one that is more suitable for each student profile? The research group in which this work is placed (GIA/UFRGS - Artificial Intelligence Group), under the supervision of Profa. Rosa Maria Viccari, has been doing executing some experimental evaluations, using traditional ITS and ITS modelled through multi-agents systems techniques. The scientific contributions listed in this work allow the group to achive some interesting results in the research of STI using a mental approach. The tutor architecture favoured the integration of the X-BDI (eXecutable Belief Desire, and Intention model)) developed by Móra et al. The use the X-BDI allowed us to implement the "cognitive kernel". The inherent challenges posed by the implementation of the architecture of the tutor refined the XBDI environment. It favours the junction of two thesis works supervised done under the same supervisor[MOR99]. Therefore, the new architecture provided many gains for both researches, as well as for the progress of the research developed by our group.