The ever increasing demands of Internet users caused by the introduction of new high bandwidth applications and online services as well as the growing number of users and devices connected to the Internet, bring many challenges for the operators, especially in the last mile section of the network. Next generation access architectures are expected to offer high sustainable bandwidth per user. They also need to support a much larger service areas to decrease number of current central offices and hence potentially save the network expenditures in the future. Obviously, it requires high capacity and low loss transmission and optical fiber technology is the only future proof candidates for broadband access. Although this technology has already been widely deployed in the core networks, it is hard to use the same expensive devices made for core segment to solve the last mile bottlenecks, due to the low number of users sharing the network resources (and deployment cost). Therefore, the next generation optical access (NGOA) networks need to be designed with consideration of cost efficiency in the first place.   Network reliability is also turning to be an important aspect for the NGOA networks as a consequence of long reach, high client count and new services requiring uninterrupted access. Consequently, new architectures not only need to be cost efficient but also they should fulfill the increasing reliability requirements.   Although several NGOA alternatives have been proposed in the literatures, there is not yet an agreement on a single architecture. As described earlier, network expenditure and reliability performance are the two main factors to be considered. Therefore, this thesis concentrates on finding a suitable alternative for future broadband access by evaluating the reliability performance and total cost of ownership for several NGOA candidates. In particular, in this thesis we analyze the tradeoff between the cost needed to deploy backup resources and the reliability performance improvement obtained by the provided survivability mechanism.   First, we identified the suitable NGOA candidates by comparing two main groups of optical access networks, namely passive optical networks (PONs) and active optical networks (AONs), in terms of cost, reliability performance and power consumption. The initial results have shown that wavelength division multiplexing PON (WDM PON) is the most promising alternative for the NGOA networks because of its high potential capacity, low cost and power consumption. So we continued our studies by investigating two WDM-based PON architectures regarding their cost and reliability performance. The study has also included a proposed fiber layout compatible with these two candidates aiming to minimize the required investment needed to offer protection. Our primary results confirmed that hybrid PON (HPON) is the best alternative for the NGOA networks. Therefore we further analyzed this candidate considering several variants of HPON. The most important components and sections of the HPON, which need to be protected to decrease the impact of each failure in the network have been identified. Based on these outcomes, two resilience architectures protecting the shared part of the HPON were proposed and their reliability performance parameters as well as cost of protection were evaluated. According to the results, using our proposed protection schemes a considerable improvement in reliability performance of the HPON variants can be provided at minor extra investment. We also introduced a cost efficient HPON architecture with different levels of protection for users with various reliability requirements, i.e. the protection of shared parts of the access network for all the connected users and end-to-end resilience scheme for some selected ones (e.g., business users). To gain an overall view on the cost efficiency of the proposed architecture, we evaluated the investment required for deploying these schemes considering several network upgrading paths towards a protected network. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis investigating the influence of network deployments time and the density of the users with higher availability requirements was presented.   In summary, we have shown that HPON is able to fulfill the main NGOA requirements such as high bandwidth per-user, large coverage and client count. The work carried out in the thesis has proved that HPON can also offer high reliability performance while keeping the network expenditures at an acceptable level. Moreover, low power consumption and high flexibility in resource allocation of this architecture, makes it a winning candidate for the NGOA networks. Therefore, HPON is a promising architecture to be deployed as NGOA network in the near future considering the fact that components are soon to be available in the market. / <p>QC 20130530</p> / FP7 EU project, Optical Access Seamless Evolution(OASE)

Tesis por compendio / [ES] La presente tesis doctoral abarcó el desarrollo de un ingrediente a partir del subproducto de la industria citrícola. Se buscó obtener un ingrediente en polvo, con alto contenido de fibra soluble, que pudiera utilizarse en la formulación de productos. El trabajo se dividió en cuatro etapas. Tras la obtención del ingrediente por diferentes metodologías, en las primeras etapas se analizó su composición química y propiedades tecno funcionales. Posteriormente se realizó un ensayo de estabilidad del ingrediente tras su almacenamiento a diferentes actividades de agua. Finalmente, se evaluó la incorporación del ingrediente, como fuente de fibra, en la formulación de un flan; se estudió el efecto de la información sobre el origen de la fibra agregada en la respuesta del consumidor y el efecto de la incorporación de dicha fibra sobre las propiedades sensoriales del producto. Se ensayaron cuatro tecnologías no contaminantes para la extracción de fibra soluble: agua caliente, extrusión + agua caliente, jet cooker y jet cooker + agua caliente. El sobrenadante de la extracción se secó en "spray dryer" obteniendo un ingrediente en polvo. El contenido de fibra alimentaria de alto y bajo peso molecular fue analizado, junto con el contenido de azúcares simples y de compuestos bioactivos. El contenido de fibra total varió entre 10 y 20 gramos por 100 gramos de producto entre los tratamientos ensayados, siendo el proceso de extrusión + agua caliente el que mayor contenido de fibra presentó. Además, este tratamiento fue el que presentó menor contenido de azúcares y mayor contenido de compuestos bioactivos. En la segunda etapa se analizaron la capacidad espumante y estabilidad de la espuma, retención de aceite, solubilidad en agua, higroscopicidad, microestructura, temperatura de transición vítrea, color y reología de las soluciones. Se observaron diferentes grados de aglomeración en los polvos, que se relacionaron con la baja temperatura de transición vítrea de los ingredientes, fruto de sus componentes de bajo peso molecular. Aunque todas las soluciones formaron espumas, la del ingrediente obtenido por extrusión + agua caliente fue la más estable, lo que pudo deberse a su mayor viscosidad. En la tercera etapa se almacenaron los ingredientes obtenidos a diferentes actividades de agua durante 15 semanas, y una vez transcurrido el tiempo se modeló su isoterma de sorción. Además, se estudió la transición vítrea, junto con el contenido de compuestos bioactivos, color y textura. Los polvos no fueron estables en su estado inicial, debido al alto contenido de humedad que presentaban. Se observó pardeamiento a medida que aumenta la actividad de agua En la última etapa se evaluó la incorporación del ingrediente en la formulación de un flan. Se estudió el efecto de la información en la respuesta del consumidor y el efecto de su incorporación en las propiedades sensoriales. Se realizó una encuesta en España y Uruguay tomando como variables de estudio la intención de compra, y las percepciones de saludable y amigable con el medio ambiente. Se evaluaron tres categorías de producto diferentes (un producto listo para consumo, un polvo para preparar el postre en casa y un flan casero), variando la información ofrecida (origen de la fibra y un logo haciendo referencia a la sostenibilidad). El comportamiento de ambas poblaciones fue diferente en las tres variables de estudio, Para evaluar la incorporación del ingrediente en la formulación de un flan "fuente de fibra" (3% de contenido de fibra), se ensayaron diferentes porcentajes de sustitución de inulina (muestra control) del postre por el ingrediente de naranja obtenido a partir de la extrusión + agua caliente. La sustitución de un 30% del contenido total de fibra por el nuevo ingrediente logró un producto similar al control, sin descriptores de sabor no agradables y con una mejora en el brillo y la textura. / [CA] La investigació de la present tesi doctoral va abastar el desenvolupament d'un ingredient a partir del subproducte de la indústria citrícola. Es va buscar obtindre un ingredient en pols, amb alt contingut de fibra soluble, que poguera utilitzar-se en la formulació d'altres productes. Per a això el treball es va dividir en quatre etapes. Després de l'obtenció de l'ingredient per les diferents metodologies, en les primeres etapes es van analitzar la seua composició química i propietats tecno funcionals. Posteriorment es va feir un assaig d'estabilitat de l'ingredient després del seu emmagatzematge a diferents activitats d'aigua. Finalment, es va avaluar la incorporació de l'ingredient, com a font de fibra, en la formulació d'un flam; es va presentar l'efecte de la informació sobre l'origen de la fibra agregada en la resposta del consumidor i l'efecte de la incorporació d'aquesta fibra sobre les propietats sensorials del producte. Es van assajar quatre tecnologies no contaminants per a l'extracció de fibra soluble: aigua calenta, extrusió+aigua calenta, jet cooker i jet cooker+aigua calenta. El sobrenedant de l'extracció es va assecar en "spray dryer" obtenint un ingredient en pols. El contingut de fibra alimentària d'alt i baix pes molecular va ser analitzat juntament amb el contingut de sucres simples i de compostos bioactius. El contingut de fibra total va variar entre 10 i 20 grams per 100 grams de producte entre els tractaments assajats, sent el procés d'extrusió+aigua calenta el que major contingut de fibra va presentar. A més, aquest tractament va ser el que va presentar menor contingut de sucres i major contingut de compostos bioactius. En la segona etapa es van analitzar la capacitat espumant i estabilitat de l'espuma, retenció d'oli, solubilitat en aigua, higroscopicitat, microestructura, temperatura de transició vítria, color i reologia de les solucions. Es van observar diferents graus d'aglomeració en les pólvores, que es van relacionar amb la baixa temperatura de transició vítria dels ingredients, fruit dels seus components de baix pes molecular. Tot i que totes les solucions van a formar espumes, la de l'ingredient obtingut per extrusió+aigua calenta va ser la més estable, la qual cosa va poder deure's a la seua major viscositat. En la tercera etapa es van emmagatzemar els ingredients obtinguts a diferents activitats d'aigua durant 15 setmanes, i una vegada transcorregut el temps es va modelar la seua isoterma de sorció. A més, es va estudiar la transició vítria, juntament amb el contingut de compostos bioactius, color i textura. Les pólvores no van ser estables en el seu estat inicial, a causa de l'alt contingut d'humitat que presentaven. Es va observar pardejament a mesura que augmenta l'activitat d'aigua. En l'última etapa es va avaluar la incorporació de l'ingredient en la formulació d'un flam. Es va estudiar l'efecte d'informació sobre l'ingredient en la resposta del consumidor i l'efecte de la seua incorporació en les propietats sensorials. Es va fer una enquesta a Espanya i l'Uruguai prenent com a variables d'estudi la intenció de compra, i la percepció de saludable i amigable amb el medi ambient. Es van avaluar tres categories de producte diferents (un producte llest per a consum, una pols per a preparar les postres a casa i un flam casolà), variant la informació oferida (origen de la fibra i un logo fent referència a la sostenibilitat). El comportament de totes dues poblacions va ser diferent en les tres variables d'estudi. Per a avaluar la incorporació de l'ingredient en la formulació d'un flam "font de fibra" (3% de contingut de fibra), es van assajar diferents percentatges de substitució d'inulina (mostra control) de les postres per l'ingredient de taronja obtingut a partir de l'extrusió + aigua calenta. La substitució d'un 30% del contingut total de fibra pel nou ingredient va aconseguir un producte similar al control, sense descriptors de sabor no agradables, amb una millora en la lluentor i la textura / [EN] This thesis covered the development of an ingredient from the by-product of the citrus industry. The aim was to obtain a powdered ingredient, with high soluble fiber content, that could be used in the formulation of other products. The work was divided into four stages. After obtaining the ingredient by the different methodologies, in the first stages its chemical composition and techno-functional properties were analyzed. Afterwards, a stability test of the ingredient was carried out after storage at different water activities. Finally, theincorporation of the ingredient as a source of fiber, in the formulation of a flan was evaluated; the effect of information on the origin of the added fiber on consumer response and the effect of incorporating said fiber on the sensory properties of the product were studied. Four non-contaminant technologies for the extraction of soluble fiber were tested. These were hot water, extrusion + hot water, jet cooker, and jet cooker + hot water. The extraction supernatant was dried in a spray dryer to obtain a powdered ingredient. The content of high and low molecular weight dietary fiber and the content of simple sugars and bioactive compounds were analyzed. The total fiber content varied between 10 and 20 grams per 100 grams of product among the tested treatments, being the extrusion + hot water process the one with the highest fiber content. In addition, this treatment was the one with the lowest sugar content and the highest content of bioactive compounds. In the second stage, the foaming capacity and stability, oil holding capacity, water solubility, hygroscopicity, microstructure, glass transition temperature, color and rheology of the solutions were analyzed. Different degrees of caking were observed in the powders, which were related to the low glass transition temperature of the ingredients, due to their low molecular weight components. Although all the solutions formed foams, the foam of the ingredient obtained by extrusion + hot water was the most stable, which could be due to its higher viscosity. In the third stage, the ingredients obtained were stored at different water activities for 15 weeks, and once the time had elapsed, their sorption isotherm was modeled. In addition, the glass transition was studied, along with the content of bioactive compounds, color, and texture. The powders were not stable in their initial state, due to their high moisture content. Browning was observed as the water activity increased. In the last stage, the incorporation of the ingredient in the formulation of a flan was evaluated. The effect of information about the ingredient on consumer response and the effect of its incorporation on the sensory properties of the dessert were studied. To evaluate the effect of information on consumer response, a survey was carried out in Spain and Uruguay, taking purchase intention and healthiness and environmental friendliness perceptions as study variables. Three different product categories were evaluated (a ready-to-eat product, a powder to prepare dessert at home and a homemade flan), varying the information offered (origin of the fiber and a logo referring to sustainability). The behavior of both populations was different in the three study variables. To evaluate the incorporation of the ingredient in the formulation of a "fiber source" (total fibre content 3%) flan, different percentages of substitution of inulin content (control sample) the total fiber content of the dessert by the orange ingredient obtained from extrusion + hot water were tested. The substitution of 30% of the total fiber content with the new ingredient achieved a product similar to the control, without unpleasant flavor descriptors and with an improvement in brightness and texture. / This work was supported by the National Innovation and Investigation Agency (ANII), Uruguay, under code POS_EXT_2018_1_154449. / Pérez Pirotto, C. (2022). Obtención de fibra alimentaria a partir del subproducto de la industria citrícola, a través de la aplicación de diferentes tecnologías de extracción [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/191431 / Compendio

Depuis les années 1970 et l’époque du disco, Montréal jouit d’une réputation de ville de fête où la dance music1 occupe une place importante de la vie culturelle nocturne. Autour de ce phénomène musical se sont développées des scènes qui s’inscrivent plus globalement dans une culture locale et transnationale. Les recherches sociomusicologiques portant sur la réception des musiques électroniques populaires underground, notamment la techno qui connait une popularité grandissante, sont peu nombreuses lorsqu’on sort du cadre des festivals, des free et des rave parties et qu’on s’intéresse aux pratiques urbaines « ordinaires ». Ce mémoire de maitrise s’intéresse à la scène techno montréalaise et à ses publics. Les enquêtes sur les pratiques culturelles ont tendance à dépeindre les publics comme homogènes, idée que vient nuancer ce travail. En considérant la techno comme une scène plutôt que comme une sous-culture, notre réflexion permet de rendre compte de la diversité des pratiques et des dynamiques qui existent entre les différents acteurs et objets qui constituent cet espace en mouvement constant. Afin d’en apprendre plus sur la façon dont la techno évolue à Montréal, nous fréquentons la scène depuis 2014 et avons entamé une période d’observation participante avant la pandémie. Nous avons diffusé un questionnaire sur Internet (n= 336). Au terme de quinze entretiens semi-dirigés réalisés à l’automne 2020, au cours desquels nous avons utilisé le procédé de photo-élicitation, nous avons approché les représentations sociales d’amateur-trices de techno sur la scène par l’image. Nous avons fait le même exercice avec la musique pour saisir le sens que les auditeur-trices lui donnent. Cette première percée au coeur de la scène techno montréalaise nous a permis d’interroger la définition de la techno, de cartographier ses lieux de diffusion, de découvrir les publics montréalais et leurs pratiques. Nos résultats nous amènent à penser qu’il n’existe pas une seule scène techno mais plusieurs. / Since the 1970s and disco, Montreal has enjoyed a reputation as a party city where dance music has been an important part of the cultural nightlife. Around this musical phenomenon, scenes have developed, being a part of a more global local and transnational culture. Socio-musicological research on the reception of popular underground electronic music - particularly techno, which is enjoying increasing popularity - is scarce when one leaves the framework of festivals, free parties and rave parties and looks at "ordinary" urban practices. This thesis focuses on the Montreal techno scene and its audiences. Surveys on cultural practices tend to portray audiences as homogeneous, but this work allows us to nuance this idea. By considering techno as a scene rather than a subculture, it allows us to account for the diversity of practices and the dynamics that exist between the different actors and objects that make up this constantly moving space. In order to learn more about how techno takes root in Montreal, we have been frequenting the scene since 2014 and began a period of participant observation prior to the pandemic. We distributed a questionnaire on the Internet (n= 336). At the end of fifteen semi-structured interviews conducted this fall, during which we used the photo-elicitation process, we approached the social representations of techno fans on the scene through images. We have done the same exercise with the music to grasp the meaning that the listeners give to it.This breakthrough in the Montreal techno scene allowed us to question the definition of techno, to map its places of diffusion, to discover the Montreal public and their practices. Our results lead us to believe that there is not one techno scene but many.

<p dir="ltr">This thesis focuses on securing different attack surfaces of embedded systems while meeting the stringent requirements imposed by these systems. Due to the specialized architecture of embedded systems, the security measures should be customized to match the unique requirements of each specific domain. To this end, this thesis identified novel security architectures using techniques such as anomaly detection, program analysis, compartmentalization, etc. This thesis synergizes work at the intersection of programming languages, compilers, computer architecture, operating systems, and embedded systems. </p>

<p dir="ltr">As the demand for energy rises and the threat of climate change looms, the need for clean, reliable, and affordable energy solutions like renewable energies has been more crucial. Energy storage systems (ESSs) are indispensable in addressing the intermittent nature of renewable energies and optimizing grid efficiency. Redox flow batteries (RFBs), thanks to their scalability, independent energy and power, swift response time, and minimal environmental impact, are a particularly promising ESS technology for long-duration storage applications. Despite the technological maturity of aqueous RFBs, nonaqueous organic RFBs (NAORFBs) are a prospective solution due to their wider operational voltage, potentially higher energy density, and larger pool of redox-active materials. However, the current state-of-the-art NAORFBs face challenges due to the lack of suitable organic redox-active materials (ORMs).</p><p dir="ltr">Despite the development of new materials, how their variables influence the total system cost of RFBs remains an unsolved challenge. With this regard, we established a techno-economic (TE) model to calculate the capital cost of nonaqueous hybrid RFBs (NAHRFBs). Prior to this work, NAHRFBs, which employs lithium metal as the anode, were regarded as an RFB system with the highest energy density. However, the correlation between their features and the system cost remained unclear, leaving a research gap for new ORMs. In our model, we selected a state-of-the-art NAHRFB system where 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) serves as the catholyte and lithium metal functions as the anode. Thereafter, sensitivity analyses identified several key factors that determine the system cost, including operational current density, area-specific resistance, cell voltage, electrolyte composition, and both the price and equivalent molecular weight of the ORM. To enhance the cost-competitiveness of current NAHRFBs, it is advised to increase the current density by 10 times and modulate the ORM-related characteristics. The virtually optimized condition manifests that the system cost of NAHRFB can meet the long-term cost target set by the U. S. Department of Energy.</p><p dir="ltr">Informed by the TE model, we discovered that elevating the oxidation potential of catholyte ORMs is instrumental in reducing the system cost of RFBs. To explore this possibility, we incorporated fluorine atoms, a potent electron-withdrawing group (EWG), into a dimethoxybenzene (DMB) derivative, yielding a new ORM (ANL-C46) with an oxidation potential enhanced by ~0.41 V. Surprisingly, ANL-C46 demonstrated superior kinetic and electrochemical stability compared to its parent molecule, as indicated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) study and bulk electrolysis. In particular, the cycling performance of ANL-46 during the bulk electrolysis outperformed most reported high-potential (> 1 V vs. Ag/Ag⁺) ORMs. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveals that the introduced fluorine substituents suppress the typical side reaction pathways of the DMB series. These findings offer valuable insights into molecular engineering strategies that concurrently improve multiple desired ORM properties.</p><p dir="ltr">The stability of ORMs is critical for ensuring the extended lifetime of RFBs. We conducted a systematic exploration of the conjugation effect, which potentially stabilizes the ORMs by facilitating a more homogeneous distribution of delocalized charges. This was applied to tailor the electrochemical and physical properties of several DMB derivatives with varying aromatic ring counts. As we extended the aromatic core from 1,4-dimethoxybenzene (1,4-DMB) to 1,4-dimethoxynaphthalene (1,4-DMN), we noted a decrease in oxidation potential, enhanced kinetic stability, and an extended cycling life. However, further extending the aromatic core to 2-ethyl-9,10-dimethyanthracene (EDMA) results in rapid dealkylation of the radical cation due to increased strain in the methoxy substituents. Additionally, 1,4-DMN shows cross-reactions between radical cations, likely via disproportionation. This study demonstrates that extending the π-conjugation changes reactivity in multiple ways. Therefore, attempts to lower oxidation potential and improve ORMs stability through π-conjugation should be pursued with caution.</p>

There is a need for alternative marine fuels and propulsion techniques in order to reduce the environmental and climate impacts of the transport sector, and meet the new Swedish climate targets of net zero emissions by 2045. There are several projects and studies on full electric ferries, while the option of hydrogen fuel cell-battery hybrids are not as well explored. This study assesses the prospects for three alternative fuels and propulsion techniques for a commuter ferry in Stockholm City. The fuels assessed are hydrogen (Fuel cellbattery hybrid/electric engine), electricity (Full battery/electric engine) and a biofuel (HVO/Internal combustion engine). Conventional diesel was included as benchmark. A multi-criteria decision analysis approach is employed in order to assess the fuel systems by estimated fuel performance and benchmarked input onthe relative criteria importance. The criteria cover economic, environmental, technical, and ultimately social aspects like availability and supply of fuel. The full battery solution was discarded due to excessive weight, but as only one charging solution was investigated it is recommended for further investigation. HVO performed best in an overall score comparing all fuel alternatives, but in a comparison between only fuel cell hybrid and HVO, including the availability criteria, the fuel cell hybrid system performed best. The analysis therefore supports the opportunity to implement fuel cell-battery hybrids onthis route. / Det finns ett behov av alternativa marina bränslen och framdrivningstekniker för att minska transportsektorns miljö- och klimatpåverkan, och för att uppfylla de nya svenska klimatmålen om att inte ha några nettoutsläpp till 2045. Det finns flera projekt och studier om fullt elektriska färjor, alternativet att använda bränslecellshybrider inte är däremot inte lika utforskat. Denna studie utvärderar möjligheterna för tre alternativa bränslen och framdrivningstekniker för implementering på Djurgårdsfärjan i Stockholm Stad. De utvärderade bränslena är vätgas (bränslecellshybrid / elmotor), elektricitet (full batterilösning / elmotor) och ett biobränsle (HVO / Förbränningsmotor). Konventionell diesel ingick som riktmärke för jämförelse. Analysen genomfördes för att bedöma och jämföra bränsleprestandan mellan de olika systemen. En beslutsgrundande multikriterieanalys (MKA) utfördes och jämfördes mot liknande studier där en analytisk hierarkisk process (AHP) utförts tillsammans med viktiga intressenter i den marina transportsektorn i Sverige. Kriterierna täcker ekonomiska, miljömässiga, tekniska och i slutändan sociala aspekter som tillgång till bränsle. Den fullständiga batterilösningen avfärdades på grund av för stor massa av energisystemet, men att eftersom endast ett laddningsalternativ undersöktes rekommenderas den för ytterligare analys. HVO presterade bäst i den övergripande poängen där alla bränslealternativ jämfördes. Hybridsystemet presterade dock bäst i en jämförelse mellan HVO och hybrid där kriterierna justerades till att inkludera tillgängligheten av bränslet. Resultatet visar att viktningen av den relativa betydelsen för de olika kriterierna har stor betydelse vid utvärdering av bränslealternativ. Analysen stöder därmed möjligheten att implementera bränslecellshybrid på denna linje.

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