Resumo: O presente trabalho surge em função de buscar um melhor entendimento sobre o papel da torcida, diante dos estados emocionais dos atletas, em especial da ansiedade e da agressividade. Baseado em vasta revisão de literatura, que apresenta as diversas concepções conceituais aqui estudado (adolescência, agressão, ansiedade e torcida) e seus desdobramentos, o estudo assume a vertente da pesquisa qualitativa, optando pela pesquisa participante, como estratégia de verificação. Assim, interessou-se em estudar os aspectos relativos à ação da torcida e sua interferência no comportamento agressivo e ansioso do jogador jovem, que participa de uma modalidade federada, afim de verificar se o aumento da ansiedade e da agressividade, no momento esportivo, reflete o aumento de pressão que se exerce exteriormente. Considerou-se torcida aquele público presente, que assiste aos confrontos esportivos, nas figuras de pais, fãs, familiares e crônica esportiva e o público ausente, como os pais e a imprensa, que ficam no aguardo do resultado, em seus ambientes próprios. Esta pesquisa, exploratória, analisou o contexto esportivo competitivo de atletas das modalidades de basquetebol, futebol de salão, voleibol, handebol, atletismo e natação, observando, entrevistando e coletando falas e expressões que pudessem, após rigorosa categorização, oferecer subsídios para um replanejamento na conduta esportiva de adolescentes. Constatou a grande influência do público, em especial a dos pais, com muito determinismo, seguido do profissional da área esportiva, conforme indicam outros estudos. Explicita a questão da causa efeito no que diz respeito a ansiedade e agressão, oferecendo propostas para trabalhos que possibilitem outra abordagem ou favoreçam outras interferências por parte do público presente. / Abstract: The purpose of this study was to provid a better understanding of the cheer role in the emotional state of adolescent athletes, specially related to anxiety and aggressiveness. Based upon the literature, that shows several conceptions (adolescence, aggression, anxiety, and cheeriness) and their relationships, this study assumes a characteristic of qualitative research, specially the participant research as its strategy for verification. In this way, this study focused on the aspects related to the cheer activity and its interference in the aggressive and anxious behavior of the young players who participate in official modality, verifying in the increase of anxiety and aggressiveness in the sportive situation reflects the pressure coming from the cheering . It was considered cheerthose people in the stadium (parents, relatives, public, and reports) and those people not present in the stadium (parents, relatives, and reports) who only wait for the result in their "homes". This research analyzed athletes participating in basketball, indoor soccer, volleyball, team handball, track and field and swimming through interviews, observations, and talks and expressions that could, based upon rigorous categorization, offer principles for a re-planning of the adolescent sport activities. It was verified strong public influence, in special parental influence and followed by sportive professionals. This finding explains the cause-effect relationship between anxiety and aggressiveness and offers insights for future studies focusing on the interferences coming from the public present in the stadium.

Orientador: Juliana Alvares Duarte Bonini Campos / Banca: Juliana Alvares Duarte Bonini Campos / Banca: João Bosco Faria / Banca: Patrícia Petromilli Nordi Sasso Garcia / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar o padrão de consumo de álcool entre estudantes do ensino médio do município de Passos-MG e sua associação com fatores sócio-demográficos. Para tanto, apresenta-se três capítulos. No capítulo 1 realizou-se uma revisão de literatura para identificar a magnitude, os fatores de risco e de proteção e as consequências do consumo de bebidas alcoólicas na adolescência. No segundo capítulo, estimou-se a confiabilidade do Teste de Identificação de Desordens Devido ao Álcool (AUDIT) em 62 estudantes do ensino médio do município de Passos - MG e verificou-se excelente consistência interna ( =0,77) e reprodutibilidade ( =0,92). O capítulo 3 foi realizado com o objetivo de identificar o padrão de consumo de álcool entre estudantes do ensino médio de Passos - MG e sua associação com fatores sóciodemográficos. Para tanto, adotou-se delineamento amostral probabilístico estratificado segundo o tipo de instituição de ensino (pública e privada), número de estudantes por escola, série cursada e sexo. Participaram do estudo 1.967 adolescentes. Para identificação de desordens devido ao álcool utilizou-se o questionário AUDIT. Realizou-se estatística descritiva, o teste de qui-quadrado e regressão logística múltipla. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5,00%. A média de idade dos participantes foi de 15,84±1,23 anos e 57,38% eram do sexo feminino. O primeiro contato com o álcool ocorreu aos 13,37±1,92 anos. Dos adolescentes, 30,96% eram abstêmios, 45,76% apresentaram comportamento de beber moderado, 16,47% beber de risco, 3,51% beber de alto risco e 3,31% possível dependência. Houve associação significativa entre o risco de beber e o sexo ( 2=9,640, p=0,002), relacionamento do adolescente com a mãe ( 2=14,603, p=0,001), trabalho ( 2=8,754, p=0,003), nível econômico ( 2=4,074, p=0,044) e escolaridade do chefe... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this study was to identify the pattern of alcohol consumption among high school students in the municipality of Passos-MG, and its association with socialdemographic factors. For both, has three chapters. In Chapter 1 there was a literature review to identify the magnitude, risk factors and protection and the consequences of alcohol consumption in adolescence. The second chapter aims to estimate the reliability of the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) in 62 high school students in the municipality of Passos - MG and there was excellent internal consistency ( =0.77) and reproducibility ( =0.92). Chapter 3 was carried out to identify the pattern of alcohol consumption among high school students from Passos-MG and its association with social-demographic factors. Thus, adopted probabilistic sampling design was stratified by type of education institution (public and private), number of students per school, set course and sex. Study participants were 1,967 adolescents. For identification of disorders due to alcohol using the AUDIT questionnaire. There was descriptive statistics, the chi-square test and multiple logistic regression. The significance level was 5.00%. The average age of participants was 15.84±1.23 years and 57.38% were female. The first contact with alcohol occurred at 13.37±1.92 years. Of adolescents, 30.96% were abstainers, 45.76% had moderate drinking behavior, drinking risk 16.47%, 3.51% high-risk drinking and 3.31% possible dependency. There was a significant association between the risk of drinking and sex ( 2=9.640, p=0.002), with the relationship of adolescent mothers ( 2=14.603, p=0.001), work ( 2=8.754, p=0.003), economic level ( 2=4.074, p=0.044) and education of the head of the family ( 2=8.754, p=0.003). In multivariate analysis was a higher risk for adolescent males (OR=1.292, 95%CI=1.038- 1.608), with lack of good... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Bullying à a denominaÃÃo utilizada para um conjunto de comportamentos agressivos, emitidos de maneira intencional e repetitiva, sem um estÃmulo motivador aparente. Pode ser classificado de diversas formas, como: verbal, fÃsica e material, psicolÃgica e moral, sexual e virtual ou ciberbullying. Os objetivos do estudo foram: analisar a situaÃÃo do bullying entre estudantes do Ensino MÃdio de Escolas PÃblicas de Sobral â CE; descrever o perfil socioeconÃmico, cultural e comportamental dos estudantes; identificar situaÃÃes em que os estudantes se encontram como vÃtima, observadores ou agressores e investigar os mecanismos de enfrentamento das vÃtimas frente ao bullying. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado nos meses de setembro a dezembro de 2011 em treze escolas estaduais do municÃpio de Sobral â CE com 369 estudantes. Para identificar diferenÃa entre os grupos de alunos que eram vÃtima, testemunha e agressor, foram realizados teste de qui-quadrado de Pearson e Fisher, sendo utilizado valor de p menor que 0,05. Os dados foram analisados em Excel e SPSS 15. Os dados encontrados mostraram que 18,4% dos estudantes consideram-se vÃtimas de agressÃo, as testemunhas se configuram em 44,4% e 9,5% deles se classificaram como agressores. Quanto à tipologia das agressÃes, destaca-se a forma verbal, identificada por 75% dos estudantes pesquisados, seguido da forma psicolÃgica e fÃsica. No que diz respeito à idade, quanto maior a idade, menor a chance dele vir a ser vÃtima de agressÃo (p<0,05). Ao associar o arranjo familiar com a presenÃa ou nÃo de agressÃo (p<0,05), filhos de pais separados/divorciados tem mais chances de serem agredidos do que filhos de pais casados. Quando se trata da sÃrie e idade, os alunos do 3 ano e os mais velhos presenciam menos episÃdios de agressÃo (p<0,05). Sobre o local do evento, a sala de aula configura-se como principal local, seguido dos espaÃos na hora do intervalo. Mas, no que diz respeito à sÃrie e idade, os alunos do 3 ano e os mais velhos presenciam menos episÃdios de agressÃo (p<0,05). Este estudo poderà contribuir para ajudar pais, educadores, estudantes, profissionais de saÃde e gestores no enfrentamento deste problema na busca de um agir educativo com polÃticas pÃblicas efetivas. / Bullying is the name used for a range of aggressive behaviors, delivered in an intentional and repetitive way, without an apparent motivating stimulus. It can be variously classified as: verbal, physical and material, psychological and moral, sexual and virtual or ciberbullying. The study objectives were to analyze the situation of bullying among students of the Public Schools in Sobral - CE, to describe the socioeconomic, cultural and behavioral of the students, to identify situations in which students find themselves as victims, aggressors or observers and investigate the confrontation mechanisms of the victims against the bullying. This is a cross-sectional study conducted from September to December 2011 in thirteen state schools in the city of Sobral â CE with 369 students. To identify differences between groups of students who were victims, witnesses and aggressors were conducted Pearsonâs chi-square test being used p value less than 0.05. The data were analyzed in Excel and SPSS 15. The results show that 18.4% of students consider themselves victims of aggression, the witnesses are configured in 44.4% and 9.5% are classified as aggressors. As to the types of aggression, there is the verb form, identified by 75% of students surveyed, followed by psychological and physical form. With regard to age, the older, lesser is the chance of the student becoming victim of aggression (p <0.05). By associating the family arrangement with the presence or absence of aggression (p <0.05), those whose parents are separated / divorced are more likely to be abused than children of married parents. When it comes to variety and age, students in third grade and older witness fewer episodes of aggression (p <0.05). About the event location, the classroom is configured as primary site, followed by the space time interval. But, as regards the number and age, students of 3rd year and older witness fewer episodes of aggression (p <0.05). This study may contribute to help parents, educators, students, health professionals and managers in facing this problem in search of an acting education with effective public policies.

M.A. (Sociology) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

M.Ed. / The goal of this research study was to provide Psycho-Educational guidelines to assist adolescent learners to manage aggression in a constructive manner. The participants in this research study were adolescent learners at age of fifteen to seventeen years in Secondary Schools in the of Klerksdorp area. Adolescence is a phase in human development that is synonymous with change, namely, physical, emotional and cognitive changes. It is a crucial phase of development. Aggression is simply defined as a behavior that is intended to hurt someone either physically or psychologically (Weiten, 1992:397). However there are many theorists who define aggression differently but state anti-social behavior as a characteristic. The researcher wanted to formulate guidelines after exploring and describing the perceptions of black adolescence on aggression. It was because this aggressive behavior was impacting on their future successes. The research objectives were as follows: „« To explore and describe the perception of black adolescents of aggression in an informal settlement „« To formulate guidelines to assist black adolescents to manage aggression in a constructive manner. The qualitative research approach helps the researcher to understand and interpret adolescents¡¦ perception on aggression. The information gathered in this study would help determine topics for further research on adolescents¡¦ perceptions on aggression. Focus group interviews were conducted. This study was explorative and descriptive as it aimed to obtain adolescents¡¦ perceptions on aggression. The researcher attempted to find out how adolescents perceived aggression by conducting focus group interviews. Interviews were conducted with four groups. The major themes were: „« Black adolescents in an informal settlement school express different views on what aggression is „« Black adolescents in an informal settlement school experience forms and acts of aggression at school „« Black adolescents experience a sense of being so victimized in schools that it made their school lives miserable. „« View points that necessary structures should be put in place with the objective of providing guidelines to assist black adolescents in an informal settlement school to manage aggression in a constructive manner From the interviews conducted, recommendations were made to reduce the problems caused by aggression. / Prof. C.P.H. Myburgh

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Much published work has pointed to the need for the development of a sound operational definition of sexual orientation in order to enable the research in this area to progress. To contribute to this process the current research set out to develop two measures of sexual orientation and examine their psychometric properties. In order to develop relevant tools historical, conceptual and operational definitions of sexual orientation were critically examined and standard questionnaire development techniques applied. The first scale consisted of 32 items and was administered to a total of 835 adolescents, comprising three sub-groups (189 Grade 11 Scholars, 547 First Year and 99 Third Year Psychology Students). A Cronbach alpha coefficient of 0.85 was calculated indicating that this instrument had very good internal consistency reliability. Similar factors emerged in each of the sample sub-groups when factor analyses were performed suggesting that this instrument has good external and construct validities. These factors each had respectable Cronbach alpha coefficients indicating their own internal consistency. The four factors which consistently emerged were Same Sex Responsiveness, Opposite Sex Responsiveness, Previous Month’s Same Sex Responsiveness and Previous Month’s Opposite Sex Responsiveness. The second scale consisted of 16 items and was administered to 646 adolescents, comprising the latter two sub-groups referred to above. A Cronbach alpha coefficient of 0.82 was calculated indicating that this instrument also had very good internal consistency reliability. Once again similar factors with generally good internal consistency emerged in factor analysis suggesting that this too was a valid instrument. The factors that emerged from the second scale were Same Sex Responsiveness, Unattractive Opposite Sex Responsiveness, Attractive Opposite Sex Responsiveness and Attraction. Future developments, adjustments and applications of the instruments as well as implications for the arena of sexual orientation research are discussed. In the light of the dearth of information with regard to the sexual orientations of South African adolescents the current study also briefly explored and presented the sample’s responses in terms of the dimensions of each questionnaire as well as how each emerging factor related to the demographics (education level, gender, sexual orientation self-label and age) of the sample.

During the past two decades there has been much research conducted on the relationship between the risky sexual behavior practices and substance use among U.S. adolescents. This body of research has documented the fact that substance use and not using condoms are the most important indicators associated with the risk of becoming infected with sexually transmitted diseases (STD) both among adolescents and adults (Florida Department of Public Health, 2004; Malow, Devieux, Jennings, & Lucenko, 2001; McCoy & Inciardi, 1995). Data from those reports and studies indicate that adolescents and adults who use a condom regularly and appropriately are 20 times less likely to contract an STD than those who do not (Pinkerton & Abramson, 1997). However, less empirical evidence exists about the factors that influence adolescent use of condoms, particularly among adolescents who are detained due to their criminal lifestyle. Researchers have found both a high prevalence of STD in addition to early onset of sexual activity without protection among some adolescent groups such as the detainees (D'angelo & DiClemente, 1996) and that adolescents tend to underestimate their risks of acquiring the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (Magura, Shapiro, & Kang, 1994). Many adolescents will experiment with alcohol and other drugs. This behavior may compromise their judgment and increase their chances of engaging in risky sex (Rotheram-Borus, 2000). Hence the need for research that investigates the influence that substance use, risky sexual attitudes, knowledge about the transmission of HIV, and both peer and parental approval of condom use have on the use of condoms among both female and male adolescent detainees. Lastly, it is important for additional research to be conducted because adolescent detainees have been identified as being at high risk of becoming infected with an STD (Malow, Rosemberg, & Devieux, 2006). The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among adolescent substance use, gender, sexual risk attitude, attitude about personal use of condoms, knowledge associated with the transmission of HIV, peer and family approval of condom use, history of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and the level of condom use in a sample of adolescents housed in a correctional institution. Further details of the explanatory variables, the control variables and their expected relationships can be found in the review of the Literature in Chapter 2. Also, more information about the separate analysis of the research questions is detailed in the Methods section in Chapter 3. Based on the literature detailed in Chapter 2 (e.g., Malow et al., 2006), the current study’s researcher anticipated that adolescents’ higher levels of illicit drug use would be related to higher levels of sexual risk behaviors, as measured by lower levels of condom use, than their counterparts who used no drugs. Similarly, it was hypothesized that positive attitudes toward condom use and higher levels of HIV risk knowledge would be associated with a lower level of risky sexual behaviors along with a higher level of condom use skill. It was further hypothesized that the level of approval perceived from parents and peers regarding condom use was going to be related to adolescents’ safe sex behavior (i.e., condom use). Therefore, it was expected that participants’ perception of a high level of approval to use condoms from peers and parents would be a statistically significant variable in helping explain the condom use within this sample of adolescent detainees.

It is estimated that about 10 million children and adolescents worldwide, annually suffer from psychiatric disorders. They often require hospital treatment because they are not coping with their psychiatric condition at home or there is a lack of supervision. Suicide amongst adolescents who are experiencing a crisis is a bleak reality. In-patient treatment provides the necessary structure and supervision in order to secure a stable environment which is vital for treating adolescents. Treatment usually includes a therapeutic programme provided by members of the multi-professional team. Since there is at present no adolescent in-patient treatment facility in the Nelson Mandela Bay to provide psychiatric care to adolescents who are experiencing a mental problem, these patients are admitted to psychiatric hospitals which cater only for the needs of adult patients or they are referred to facilities in other provinces. The goals and objectives of this study are firstly, to explore and describe the perceptions of mental health professionals working in psychiatric hospitals regarding what should be included in a therapeutic programme for adolescents and secondly, to develop guidelines for treating adolescents that can be implemented in psychiatric hospitals in the Nelson Mandela Bay. The study followed a qualitative, exploratory, descriptive, contextual design. The research population included various professionals who provide services at psychiatric hospitals in the Nelson Mandela Bay. Purposive sampling was utilized. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect information-rich data and field notes were kept. The interviews were transcribed and Tesch’s eight steps of data analysis were followed to create meaning from the data collected. Themes were identified and grouped together to form new categories. An independent coder assisted with the coding process to ensure the trustworthiness of the findings. Literature was reviewed in order to identify research that was done previously regarding adolescent psychiatric in-patient programmes in order to bridge the gaps that were identified. The researcher ensured the validity of the study by conforming to Lincoln and Guba’s model of trustworthiness which consists of the following four constructs, namely, credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability. The researcher ensured that the study was conducted in an ethical manner by adhering to ethical principles such as beneficence, justice and fidelity.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the challenges faced by high school managers in dealing with pregnant learners in their schools and also ways of dealing with such challenges in selected Senior Secondary Schools in the Idutywa Education District (IED) in the Eastern Cape Province. The study mainly focused on rural schools. Qualitative research method was used and a Case Study design was used to conduct the study. The sample constituted of 16 high School Management Team (SMT) members from the four chosen high schools. An interview schedule designed by the researcher was used to gather data. The collected data were analysed using codes, segments, categories and themes. The researcher interpreted the data and the findings of the study showed that pregnancy changed the behaviour of female learners as a result, School Management Teams (SMT) found it difficult to deal with pregnant learner behaviours in terms of punishing them or expelling them due to South African Schools Act (1996). The study showed that, the School Management Teams in the four selected high schools felt that there should be parental involvement in schools when dealing with learner behaviours. The study showed that pregnant learners dropout of school before they completed their matriculation and they returned anytime after giving birth and SMT had no choice but to accept them even if they returned in the middle of the year. The study further showed that teachers had to assist pregnant learners by organizing catch up programmes so that they produce good results at the end of the year. According to the findings of the study it was clear that pregnancy really affected school policies in terms of learner discipline, learner absenteeism, school dropout and learner overall results. The researcher recommended that, the Department of Education should formulate a policy on pregnant learners that will not allow pregnant learners to attend school while being pregnant in order to assist School Management Teams in schools. The formulated policy should allow School Management Teams to expel pregnant learners in school.