abstract: The development of self-regulation is believed to play a crucial role in predicting later psychopathology and is believed to begin in early childhood. The early postpartum period is particularly important in laying the groundwork for later self-regulation as infants' dispositional traits interact with caregivers' co-regulatory behaviors to produce the earliest forms of self-regulation. Moreover, although emerging literature suggests that infants' exposure to maternal stress even before birth may be integral in determining children's self-regulatory capacities, the complex pathways that characterize these developmental processes remain unclear. The current study considers the complex, transactional processes in a high-risk, Mexican American sample. Data were collected from 305 Mexican American infants and their mothers during prenatal, 6- and 12-week home interviews. Mother self-reports of stress were obtained prenatally between 34-37 weeks gestation. Mother reports of infant temperamental negativity and surgency were obtained at 6-weeks as were observed global ratings of maternal sensitivity during a structured peek-a-boo task. Microcoded ratings of infants' engagement orienting and self-comforting behaviors were obtained during the 12-week peek-a-boo task. Study findings suggest that self-comforting and orienting behaviors help to modulate infants' experiences of distress, and also that prenatal stress influences infants' engagement in each of those regulatory behaviors, both directly by influence tendencies to engage in orienting behaviors and indirectly by programming higher levels of infant negativity and surgency, both of which may confer risk for later regulatory disadvantage. Advancing our understandings about the nature of these developmental pathways could have significant implications for targets of early intervention in this high-risk population. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Psychology 2013

abstract: The purpose of the current study was to use structural equation modeling-based quantitative genetic models to characterize latent genetic and environmental influences on proneness to three discrete negative emotions in middle childhood, according to mother-report, father-report and in-home observation. One primary aim was to test the extent to which covariance among the three emotions could be accounted for by a single, common genetically- and environmentally-influenced negative emotionality factor. A second aim was to examine the extent to which different reporters appeared to be tapping into the same genetically- and environmentally-influenced aspects of each emotion. According to mother- and father-report, moderate to high genetic influences were evident for all emotions, with mother- and father-report of fear and father-report of anger showing the highest heritability. Significant common environmental influences were also found for mother-report of anger and sadness in both univariate and multivariate models. For observed emotion, anger was moderately heritable with no evidence for common environmental variance, but sadness, object fear and social fear all showed modest to moderate common environmental influences and no significant genetic variance. In addition, cholesky decompositions examining genetic and environmental influences across reporter suggested that despite considerable overlap between mother-report and father-report, there was also reporter-specific variance on anger, sadness, and fear. Specifically, there were significant common environmental influences on mother-report of anger- and sadness that were not shared with father-report, and genetic influences on father-report of sadness and fear that were not shared with mother-report. In-home observations were not highly correlated enough with parent-report to support multivariate analysis for any emotion. Finally, according to both mother- and father-report, a single set of genetic and environmental influences was sufficient to account for covariance among all three negative emotions. However, fear was primarily explained by genetic influences not shared with other emotions, and anger also showed considerable emotion-specific genetic variance. In both cases, findings support the value of a more emotion-specific approach to temperament, and highlight the need to consider distinctions as well as commonalities across emotions, reporters and situations. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Psychology 2013

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-06-29T17:19:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TEMPERAMENTO.pdf: 515563 bytes, checksum: f0effde4fd02a7e920fe7e33fd43137f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-29T17:19:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TEMPERAMENTO.pdf: 515563 bytes, checksum: f0effde4fd02a7e920fe7e33fd43137f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-06 / O temperamento é um traço herdado geneticamente, e constitui a base do humor, do comportamento e da personalidade. Acredita-se atualmente que o temperamento esteja intimamente relacionado ao desenvolvimento dos transtornos mentais. O alcoolismo é um transtorno mental grave, que se transformou num sério problema de saúde pública mundial, e o seu tratamento ainda é muito deficiente, dificultando muito a recuperação total destes pacientes. A adoção urgente de novas estratégias terapêuticas é necessária para que esta dependência seja controlada de forma mais eficaz. Alguns estudos tem mostrado associação entre traços característicos de temperamento e a dependência por álcool, e esta possível relação pode ser uma ferramenta importante como medida preventiva e para o aperfeiçoamento no processo terapêutico destes indivíduos. Objetivo: Verificar a associação entre temperamentos emocional e afetivo e a dependência por álcool. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com amostragem não probabilística do tipo intencional, realizado em 50 indivíduos dependentes de álcool, tratados no Núcleo Especializado em Dependência Química do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (NEDEQ/HC/UFPE) – do município do Recife, e no Centro de Atenção Psicossocial – Álcool e Drogas – do município do Cabo de Santo Agostinho-PE (CAPS-AD). Inicialmente, o estudo caracterizou o perfil sócio-demográfico dos sujeitos e, em seguida, selecionou os dependentes de álcool por meio do instrumento The Alcohol Use Identification Test (AUDIT), e identificou os tipos de temperamento emocional e afetivo através da escala The Affective and Emotional Composite Temperament Scale (AFECTS). Resultados: A amostra foi composta na sua maioria por indivíduos do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 44 anos. A pontuação média obtida no AUDIT foi de 30,08. Quanto ao AFECTS, a seção emocional mostrou maior prevalência nos altos níveis de vontade e nos baixos níveis de sensibilidade e inibição, enquanto que na seção afetiva, houve uma predominância no subgrupo dos temperamentos instáveis, com uma maior prevalência do temperamento ciclotímico em toda a amostra. Nos ciclotímicos, realmente foi encontrado altos níveis de desejo, raiva e sensibilidade, e de baixos níveis de coping. Conclusão: Houve associação entre temperamento e dependência por álcool na amostra. Os dados deste e de outros estudos sobre temperamento podem auxiliar na prevenção, no diagnóstico e no tratamento de indivíduos com dependência por álcool. É necessário que mais estudos esclareçam esta relação e ajudem a aperfeiçoar os modelos de tratamento do alcoolismo. / The temperament is a genetically inherited trait, and forms the basis of mood, behavior and personality. It is currently believed that temperament is closely related to the development of mental disorders. Alcoholism is a serious mental disorder, which has become a serious public health problem worldwide, and its treatment is still very poor, making it difficult to complete recovery of these patients. The urgent adoption of new therapeutic strategies is necessary so that this dependence is controlled more effectively. Some studies have shown an association between temperament traits and alcohol dependence, and this possible relationship can be an important tool as a preventive measure and to improve the therapeutic process these individuals. Objective: To investigate the association between emotional and affective temperaments and alcohol dependence. Method: This was a cross-sectional study with non-probabilistic intentional sampling, conducted in 50 alcohol-dependent individuals treated at the Center for Chemical Dependency Specialist, Hospital das Clinicas, Federal University of Pernambuco (NEDEQ / HC / UFPE) - the city of Recife, and Psychosocial Care Center - Alcohol and Drugs - the city of Cabo de Santo Agostinho- PE (CAPS-AD). Initially, the study characterized the socio-demographic profile of the subjects and then selected alcoholics by means of the instrument The Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), and identified the types of emotional and affective temperament scale through The Affective and Emotional Composite Temperament Scale (AFECTS). Results: The sample consisted mostly of males, with a mean age of 44 years. The average score on the AUDIT was 30.08. Regarding AFECTS, emotional section showed higher prevalence in high levels of volition and the low levels of sensitivity and inhibition, whereas there was a predominance in the subgroup of unstable affective temperaments in section, with a higher prevalence of cyclothymic temperament in the whole sample. In cyclothymic, was actually found high levels of desire, anger and sensibility, and low levels of coping. Conclusion: There was an association between temperament and alcohol dependence in the sample. The data from this and other studies temper may assist in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of patients with alcohol dependence. It is necessary that further studies clarify this relationship and help improve treatment models of alcoholism.

Orientador: Angelica Maria Bicudo Zeferino / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T13:35:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_FlavioRobertodeCarvalho_D.pdf: 8180846 bytes, checksum: 372bc788c494e5734f1daf172019edd2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: OBJETIVO: Identificar fatores maternos vivenciados no período da concepção até os nove meses de vida em relação ao comportamento infrator na adolescência. MÉTODOS: Entrevistas com mães de adolescentes em conflito com a lei cumprindo Medida Sócioeducativa (MSE) e sem o mesmo conflito. Foi aplicado questionário de enfoque retrospectivo longitudinal da concepção aos nove meses de vida do bebê, nos Centros de Recursos Integrados de Atendimento ao Menor (CRIAM) e escolas públicas da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, enfocando escolaridade, estado civil ao engravidar, ciência da gravidez, acompanhamento pré-natal, aborto, apoio do parceiro, bebida/fumo, agressão psicológica, ansiedade, tipo de parto, o estado de saúde do bebê, permanência na incubadora, problemas na amamentação e informações do perfil das mães destes adolescentes. A análise estatística utilizou o Teste Qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: Foram entrevistadas 162 mães de adolescentes, sendo 85 mães biológicas de adolescentes em conflito com a lei e 77 mães biológicas de adolescentes sem o mesmo conflito. As mães de adolescentes infratores possuem nível de escolaridade menor, ciência da gravidez reduzida, são menos preocupadas com a realização correta do pré-natal, pensaram mais em aborto, sem apoio do parceiro, beberam e fumaram e tiveram mais ansiedade que o grupo controle. Elas também referiram que seus filhos tiveram mais problemas de saúde permanecendo na incubadora, tiveram problemas com a amamentação e o prazer materno em amamentar reduziu até os nove meses de vida. Houve diferenças no perfil das mães entre os grupos, sendo as mães dos adolescentes infratores mais solitárias, sem apoio dos parceiros nos momentos da gravidez e amamentação, sexualidade reduzida, ter sofrido agressão psicológica e este filho não ser o primogênito. CONCLUSÃO: Os dados mencionados são comparativamente significativos entre o grupo de mães de adolescentes infratores e não infratores. Situações vividas pelas mães durante o período gravídico até os nove meses de vida do bebê, período da formação do temperamento de seu filho, mostraram-se associadas ao comportamento infrator na adolescência / Resumo: OBJETIVO: Identificar fatores maternos vivenciados no período da concepção até os nove meses de vida em relação ao comportamento infrator na adolescência. MÉTODOS: Entrevistas com mães de adolescentes em conflito com a lei cumprindo Medida Sócioeducativa (MSE) e sem o mesmo conflito. Foi aplicado questionário de enfoque retrospectivo longitudinal da concepção aos nove meses de vida do bebê, nos Centros de Recursos Integrados de Atendimento ao Menor (CRIAM) e escolas públicas da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, enfocando escolaridade, estado civil ao engravidar, ciência da gravidez, acompanhamento pré-natal, aborto, apoio do parceiro, bebida/fumo, agressão psicológica, ansiedade, tipo de parto, o estado de saúde do bebê, permanência na incubadora, problemas na amamentação e informações do perfil das mães destes adolescentes. A análise estatística utilizou o Teste Qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: Foram entrevistadas 162 mães de adolescentes, sendo 85 mães biológicas de adolescentes em conflito com a lei e 77 mães biológicas de adolescentes sem o mesmo conflito. As mães de adolescentes infratores possuem nível de escolaridade menor, ciência da gravidez reduzida, são menos preocupadas com a realização correta do pré-natal, pensaram mais em aborto, sem apoio do parceiro, beberam e fumaram e tiveram mais ansiedade que o grupo controle. Elas também referiram que seus filhos tiveram mais problemas de saúde permanecendo na incubadora, tiveram problemas com a amamentação e o prazer materno em amamentar reduziu até os nove meses de vida. Houve diferenças no perfil das mães entre os grupos, sendo as mães dos adolescentes infratores mais solitárias, sem apoio dos parceiros nos momentos da gravidez e amamentação, sexualidade reduzida, ter sofrido agressão psicológica e este filho não ser o primogênito. CONCLUSÃO: Os dados mencionados são comparativamente significativos entre o grupo de mães de adolescentes infratores e não infratores. Situações vividas pelas mães durante o período gravídico até os nove meses de vida do bebê, período da formação do temperamento de seu filho, mostraram-se associadas ao comportamento infrator na adolescência / Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Identifying maternal factors experienced within the period from conception to nine months of life, in relation to the delinquent behavior in adolescence. METHODS: Interviews with mothers of adolescents in conflict with the law, undergoing socioeducational mesuares, and of those who are not. A longitudinal retrospective focus questionnaire, from conception to nine months life, was deployed at the integrated resources for the tending to the minors (CRIAM) and public schools oh the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, focusing on the degree of education, marital status, at conception, pré-delivery care, abortion, support from the mate, alcohol/tabaco consummation, psychological agression, anxiety, type of delivery, the baby's health status, permanence in the incubator, problems in breast-feeding and information about the profile of these adolescents' mothers. The statistical analysis deployed the Qui-square test. RESULTS: 162 mothers of adolescents interviewed, being them 85 biological mothers of adolescents in conflict with the law, and 77 biological mothers of adolescents without the same conflict. The mothers of delinquent adolescents possess a lesser degree of education, a more incidental acknowledgement of pregnancy, are less aware of the correct accomplishment of the pré-birth care program, thought more about abortion, without support of the mate, smoked and drank and suffered more from anxiety than the control group. They also stated that their children had more health problems, staying longer in the incubator, had problems with breast-feeding, and the mothers' pleasure in breast-feeding decreased up to the ninth month of their babies lives. There were differences in the profiles of the mothers between groups, being the mothers of the delinquent adolescents more lonely, without the support of their mates at the times of pregnancy and breast-feeding, with reduced sexuality, psychological aggression, and that child was not the first-born. CONCLUSION: The afore mentioned data are comparatively significant between the groups of mothers of delinquents and non-delinquents. Situation experienced by mothers during the gestational period, until the ninth month of the baby's life, which is the period of formation of their children's moods were shown to be associated to the delinquent behavior in adolescence / Doutorado / Saude da Criança e do Adolescente / Doutor em Saude da Criança e do Adolescente

O estudo teve como objetivo adaptar a avaliação comportamental dos equinos durante manejos de rotina como metodologia da averiguação da reatividade dos animais. Para isso foram realizados dois experimentos, o primeiro identificou as variáveis relacionadas à expressão da reatividade dos equinos durante manejos de rotina; e o segundo avaliou a reatividade dos equinos frente à presença de um estímulo sonoro desconhecido durante o manejo habitual de escovação. O primeiro desenvolvido em um criatório de equinos da raça Lusitano situado na cidade de Itapira, SP, avaliou 364 animais de diferentes idades, constituindo 188 éguas adultas reprodutoras e 176 potros (machos e fêmeas), durante os manejos de casqueamento, aplicação de vermífugo, vacinação, tosa, manejos reprodutivos como, palpação, rufiação, lavagem para cobertura, cobertura, inseminação artificial e infusão uterina. A reatividade foi estimada pela atribuição de escores aos comportamentos de: movimentação; posição das orelhas e dos olhos, respiração, vocalização, velocidade de fuga, e micção. Também foi conferida uma variável resposta denominada de reatividade, com variação de escore de reatividade 1 (atribuída ao animal não reativo ou calmo) até escore de reatividade 4 (atribuída ao animal muito reativo ou agressivo). A verificação das possíveis variáveis (idade, sexo e comportamento), que explicam a variável resposta (reatividade), foi feita pelo modelo ordinal de odds proporcionais. Este comprovou que os maiores escores de reatividade estão associados aos potros (P<0,01). Da mesma forma foi comprovado que os maiores escores dos comportamentos de movimentação, posição das orelhas e olhos e os escores de respiração e vocalização não inferiores a 2 estão associados a maiores escores de reatividade (P<0,01). No segundo experimento desenvolvido em um criatório de Mangalarga Marchador situado na cidade de Amparo, SP, foram observados durante o manejo habitual de escovação 20 animais de diferentes idades, sendo 10 éguas e 10 potros, divididos em dois tratamentos. No primeiro (N=10, tratamento controle) os animais foram avaliados sem estímulo desconhecido, e no segundo (N=10, tratamento com estímulo sonoro desconhecido) os animais foram observados na presença do som de um chocalho e um tamborim. A reatividade foi estimada pela atribuição de escores aos mesmos comportamentos do primeiro experimento, exceto a velocidade de fuga. Ao final da observação foi atribuído um escore de reatividade final (variável resposta) com valores de 1 a 4 (não reativo ou calmo a muito reativo ou agressivo). Foi ajustado um modelo de regressão logística ordinal usando como covariáveis as categorias (categoria A: potros de 6 a 7 meses; categoria B: potros de 8 a 9 meses; categoria C: éguas de 2 a 6 anos; categoria D: éguas de 11 a 19 anos); o sexo (masculino e feminino), o dia (0, 1, 2, 3, 30, 31, 45, 46) e o tratamento (tratamento controle e tratamento com estímulo sonoro desconhecido). Os animais do tratamento com estímulo desconhecido apresentaram maior reatividade (P<0,01). Os dias do período experimental influenciaram a reatividade dos animais da categoria A (P<0,01), com diminuição das possibilidades dos animais dessa idade apresentarem maior reatividade. / The study aimed to adapt the evaluation of the horses\' behavior during routine managements as a method of investigating the reactivity of animals. Two experiments were conducted; the first recognized the variables related to the expression of the reactivity of horses during handling, and the second was done during usual brushing management against the presence of an unknown sonorous stimulus. The first experiment was developed in a farm of Lusitano horses located in Itapira, SP, where 364 animals of different ages were evaluated, representing 188 adult mares and 176 foals (males and females) during the managements hooves trimming, vermifuge application, vaccination, leathering, breeding managements as palpation, ruffian presentation, wash to cover, cover, artificial insemination and uterine infusion. The reactivity was estimated by assigning scores to behaviors: movement, position of ears and eyes, breathing, vocalization, flight speed, and urination. A response variable called reactivity was attributed to the animal, ranging from reactivity score 1 (attributed to the animal not reactive or calm) to reactivity score 4 (attributed to the animal very reactive or aggressive). The verification of the possible variables (age, sex, and behavior), which explain the response variable (reactivity), was taken by ordinal proportional odds model. This proved that higher reactivity scores are associated with foals. Likewise it was proven that the higher scores of the behaviors of movement, position of ears and eyes and breathing and vocalization scores of no less than 2 are associated with higher reactivity scores (P<0.01). In the second experiment developed in a farm of Mangalarga Marchador horses located in Amparo, SP, the 20 animals of different ages (10 mares and 10 foals) were observed during usual brushing management, and they were divided into two treatments. In the first (N = 10, control) animals were evaluated without stimulation unknown, and the second (N = 10, treatment with unknown sonorous stimulus) the animals were observed in the presence of the sound stimulus from a rattle and a tambourine. The reactivity was estimated by assigning scores to the same behaviors of the first experiment, except for flight speed. At the end of the observation it was assigned a final reactivity score (response variable) for each animal, varying from 1 to 4 (non-reactive or calm to very reactive or aggressive). For statistical analysis, the results were adjusted to a logistic regression model using the categories as covariates (category A foals 6 to 7 months, category B: foals 8 to 9 months; Category C: mares 2 to 6 years; category D: mares 11 to 19 years), sex (male and female), day (0, 1, 2, 3, 30, 31, 45, 46) and treatment (control and treatment with unknown stimulus). The animals of the treatment unknown stimuli showed greater reactivity (P<0.01). The days of the experimental period influenced the reactivity of animals in category A (P<0,01), with a decrease in the possibilities of animals in this category to have a higher reactivity.

A hypothesised association between personality and emotional processing was investigated within the framework of Cloninger’s psychobiological theory. According to this model, personality development is based on the interaction between two domains: temperament and character. A non-experimental, correlational design was applied, using existing data from a sample of 630 South African first year psychology students who completed the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and the University of Pennsylvania Computerised Neuropsychological Test Battery (PennCNP). Canonical correlation analysis yielded significant associations between character variables Self-Directedness, Cooperativeness, and Self-Transcendence as measured and defined by the TCI and items from Penn Facial Memory Test (CPF) and Penn Emotion Discrimination Task (ED40), respectively. In this exploratory study participants lower in Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness were more efficient in facial recognition compared to participants higher in these dimensions. Conversely, individuals higher in Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness were more accurate in the discrimination of happy and sad emotions, respectively. Participants with higher Self-Transcendence performed better in facial recognition but were less accurate in discriminating between happy and sad faces. These results affirm the importance of further research into the association between temperament and character and emotional processing. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2013 / Psychology / unrestricted

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology / Fred O. Bradley / The purpose of the current study was to identify if any significant relationships between inspiration, temperament, and positive affect existed. The dependent variable was inspiration, which was measured by the Inspiration Scale (IS). Temperament was measured by the Keirsey Temperament Sorter II and positive affect by the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). One hundred forty-five students attending a large Midwestern university and small community college participated. Initially, participants completed the Keirsey Temperament Sorter II online. The IS and PANAS were administered in the student’s classroom. The data were consequently analyzed to determine if there was a correlation between inspiration and temperament, inspiration and positive affect, and inspiration and the combined effects of temperament and positive affect. The results were mixed: 1. No relationship between inspiration and temperament was discovered. ANOVA results indicated that mean inspiration scores for each temperament did not vary significantly. 2. A relationship was identified between inspiration and positive affect. Regression results suggested a positive linear relationship between inspiration and positive affect scores. 3. When inspiration was correlated with positive affect and temperament combined, no relationship was discovered. A 2 x 4 ANOVA showed no correlation between the variables. The implications these results have on psychology and counseling are discussed, along recommendations for future research. Additionally, limitations of the study, such as inherent risks associated with using self-report measures, are mentioned. The study concludes with a discussion of how future research can investigate inspiration, temperament, and positive affect.

The primary problem of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two teaching techniques in relation to their respective influence on changing behavior by a group process.

The purpose of this study was two-fold: (a) to identify, in a large representative sample of Canadian children, the age-related trajectories of overweight and obesity from toddlerhood into childhood and (b) to investigate the associations between these trajectories and children’s temperaments, their parents’ parenting practices and their interactions. Potentially important familial characteristics (i.e., the parents’ or surrogates’ age, income level, and educational attainment) were considered in the models. The sample for this study was drawn from the Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY). Group-based mixture modeling analyses were conducted to identify the number and types of distinct trajectories in the development of obesity (i.e., to explicate the developmental processes in the variability of childhood obesity) in a representative sample of children who were between 24 to 35 months of age, at baseline, and followed biennially over a 6-year span. Discriminant analysis was conducted to assess the theoretical notion of goodness-of-fit between parenting practices and children’s temperament, and their association with membership in the BMI trajectory groups. The results of the group-based modeling established three different BMI trajectories for the boys, namely: stable-normal BMI, transient-high BMI, and j-curve obesity. The analyses revealed four different trajectories of BMI change for the girls: stable-normal BMI, early-declining BMI, late-declining BMI, and accelerating rise to obesity. The multivariate analysis revealed that the combined predictors of the obesity trajectories of the girls (group membership) included having a fussy temperament, ineffective parenting, and parents’ educational attainment. Predictors of the boys’ obesity trajectory (group membership) included household income, parental education, and effective parenting practices. Understanding the different ways in which a child may develop obesity will allow nurses and other health professionals to take different approaches in the assessment, intervention and evaluation of obesity and obesity-related health problems. The results of this study further our understanding of factors associated with the development of obesity at a young age and hence may inform the development of early preventive programs. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Nursing, School of / Graduate

This study examines a number of aspects of the Johnson Temperament Analysis based on the responses of 48 male graduates in the Department of Education at the University of British Columbia. Item difficulty is considered from the reports of 39 students. The mean number of difficult items per student is 21.6 or 12% of the total. It is found that the difficulties can be classified under five headings: (a) Lack of experience with the topic. (b) Difficulties of comprehension. (c) Difficulties of evaluation. (d) Response dependent upon circumstance. (e) Two or more notions in one question. It would appear that a number of these difficulties could be avoided if a revision of the Analysis were undertaken. The adjustment of the group in terms of the Analysis is considered. The means are in the acceptable zone or better in all traits except Cordial, where the mean lies at the borderline between acceptable and improvement desirable. Age differences are not found to be statistically significant. There is some slight advantage of better adjustment in terms of the Analysis for the older group. Reliabilities of the trait tests, calculated by the split half technique are found to range from .32 to .82. In general these support the published figures of the test author. A phenomenon of difference between the first and second halves of the Analysis is noted. No definite conclusions are presented to account for this, but it is suggested that further research might determine the advisability of having unscored practice items at the b beginning of such inventories. The inter-correlations of the trait tests are calculated by the product-moment formula and are found to be comparable to the tetrachoric r's reported in the Manual of Directions, The former are factored by the Centroid Method and five factors extracted. The axes are rotated by the single-plane method and a simple structure obtained. This is discussed in terms of Thurstone's criteria and is considered to be reasonably satisfactory. An attempt is made to identify the factors obtained, one being named with a high degree of assurance. It is Factor II, Social Introversion-Extraversion. Factors I and III are identified with some assurance as Emotionality and Rathymia respectively. The remaining two factors are most tentatively, and with considerable reluctance, named as Objectivity and Cooperativeness. It is suggested that, if a shorter form of the Analysis be required, traits D and H would give a fair index of the general adjustment of the individual in terms of the five factors named. It is felt that, in the case of the 48 students used as the basis of this study, the nine traits defined by the test author are not distinctly measured. Since the group is small and homogeneous, no generalizations to the general population are made. / Education, Faculty of / Graduate