This study explored the potential impact of child temperament and daycare on behavior problems and parental sensitivity. It was expected that children with more "difficult" temperaments would exhibit more behavior problems and have less sensitive parents when experiencing high amounts of daycare. Measures from 60 families involved in the Southern Illinois Twins and Siblings Study (SITSS) were examined. Results indicated that highly active children exhibited more externalizing behaviors when experiencing less daycare. Shy children experiencing more daycare had more sensitive parents. Additionally, a temperamental difference between co-twins was related to differential parental sensitivity. Lastly, DZ co-twins were more temperamentally different when experiencing high amounts of daycare. These results demonstrate that daycare does seem to affect children; however, the specific effect depends on the child's temperament. Additionally, temperament is an important factor when examining parental sensitivity shown to twins and when determining how MZ and DZ twins react to daycare.

xvi, 133 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / The increasing incidence of depression worldwide has led the World Health Organization to predict that depression will be the second leading global burden of disease by 2020. Since depression is often characterized by suboptimal emotion regulation, one of the potential pathways for understanding the transmission of depression risk is through the examination of early emotion regulation development, specifically in a known at-risk group: offspring of depressed parents. A substantial body of literature underscores the myriad ways in which offspring of ever-depressed parents differ from offspring of never-depressed parents, particularly in their development of emotion regulation, and level of risk for affective disorders. Emotion regulation was defined, along with its putative component dimensions, within the context of several well developed temperament models. This study examined emotion regulation in toddlers through data from the Infant Development Study, a longitudinal study of infant development which included parents from the Oregon Adolescent Depression Project and their offspring. A measurement model of emotion regulation based upon mother reports of toddler behavior was developed and tested as a first step in exploring this putative risk pathway. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test three measurement models for absolute and comparative fit. A three factor model with dimensions of Negative Affectivity, Surgency, and Effortful Control, was the best fitted model of those tested. Following this aspect of the study, structural models with outcomes of problem behavior were also tested in order to examine the concurrent and predictive validity of the measure. The best fitting model was found to be significantly associated with concurrent toddler problem behavior and predictive of later toddler problem behavior, including internalizing, externalizing, and aggressive behaviors. Recommendations are presented for future study of emotion regulation as a risk transmission pathway. / Committee in charge: Kenneth Merrell, Chairperson, Special Education and Clinical Sciences; Cynthia Anderson, Member, Special Education and Clinical Sciences Joe Stevens, Member, Educational Leadership; John Seeley, Member, Not from U of 0; Jean Stockard, Outside Member, Planning Public Policy & Mgmt

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-10T14:22:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-07-03. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-12-10T14:28:43Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000855295.pdf: 414267 bytes, checksum: ecd2be3ecca09c1b3f747ec90ba16abe (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / A relação entre seres humanos e bezerros leiteiros pode ser melhorada através do contato tátil gentil. Este estímulo também pode refletir em efeitos na produção e no bem-estar animal. O uso de cruzamentos entre raças europeias e zebuínos vem ganhando espaço na produção leiteira em regiões subtropicais e tropicais, porém ainda se sabe pouco sobre a influência das boas práticas de manejo no bem-estar animal e no temperamento dos animais cruzados. O presente estudo foi desenvolvido buscando entender os efeitos de longo prazo destas práticas de manejo sobre indicadores de comportamento, desempenho, indicadores fisiológicos de estresse e sobre a saúde das bezerras. O primeiro capítulo, revisão bibliográfica, foi desenvolvido com o intuito de contextualizar o leitor sobre os assuntos gerais da dissertação. O segundo capítulo, estudo experimental, foi elaborado com objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de longo prazo de boas práticas de manejo durante o período de pré-desmama em bezerras leiteiras com diferentes proporções de Zebu. Foram utilizadas 98 bezerras recém-nascidas, alocadas aleatoriamente em três tratamentos durante o período pré-desmama: a) boas práticas de manejo com escovação (BME), boas práticas de manejo (BM); e o Grupo controle. Foram realizadas quatro avaliações (AV) de temperamento a cada dois meses, usando quatro indicadores comportamentais: a) tempo de entrada (TE); b) escore composto de reatividade (ECR); c) velocidade de saída (VS); e d) distância de fuga (DF). As frequências respiratória e cardíaca foram usadas como indicadores fisiológicos de estresse agudo durante o manejo. Números de ocorrências de anaplasmose bovina e pneumonia por animal foram obtidos durante o período pós-desmama. O ganho médio diário (GMD) foi calculado baseado no peso corporal de cada avaliação. Os tratamentos tiveram efeito significativo (P < 0,05) nas três características de temperamento... / Human-calves relationship can be improved through gentle tactile interactions. This stimulus can also affect the calves production and animal welfare. The use of European and Zebu crossbreds has gained space for the dairy production in tropical and subtropical regions, however, little it is known about the influence of good handling of practices on the welfare and temperament of crossed cattle. The aim of this study was to understand the longterm effects of the good practices of handling on behavior, performance, physiological stress indicators, and calves health. The first chapter was developed with the purpose of contextualizing the reader about the main subjects of the dissertation. The second chapter, experimental study, was performed with the aim of evaluate the long-term effects of good practice of handling during the preweaning period on dairy calves with different proportions of Zebu breed. Ninety eight newborns calves were used, assigned into three groups of treatments applied during the pre-weaning period: a) good practices of handling plus brushing; b) good practices of handling; and c) Control group. Four temperament evaluations (EV) were performed every two months, using four behavioral indicators: a) time to drive (TD); b) reactivity score (CRS); c) flight speed (FS) and; d) flight distance (FD). Respiratory and heart rates were used as physiological indicators of acute stress during handling. Numbers of occurrences of bovine anaplasmosis and pneumonia per calf during the post-weaning period were obtained. ADG was calculated based on body weight in the time of EV. Treatments had significant effects (P < 0.05) in three temperament traits: TD, FS, and FD, but not in CRS (P = 0.78). In the first three EV the Control group had lower TD means (EV1: 25.40 ± 6.21; EV2: 9.52 ± 3.69 and EV3: 23.90 ± 3.99) than GPB (EV1: 38.63 ± 7.20; EV2: 13.66 ± 3.93 and EV3: 35.45 ± 4.66) and GP groups (EV1: 41.53 ± 7.60; EV2 ...

Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-26T13:21:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-02-27Bitstream added on 2015-01-26T13:31:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000802696.pdf: 377699 bytes, checksum: 2c5a5d1b4bd8c1d09ab0bebaf3dcaa31 (MD5) / A bubalinocultura no Brasil passa por um crescente incremento na mecanização dos sistemas de produção, o que está promovendo, principalmente, a intensificação da produção leiteira. Tendo em vista essa intensificação, é importante ampliar o entendimento sobre o comportamento das búfalas leiteiras, a fim de embasar recomendações de boas práticas de manejo. Um dos aspectos comportamentais mais relevantes para a compreensão das diferenças individuais é o conceito de temperamento. Temperamento é um fenômeno complexo e envolve diversas características intrínsecas do individuo. Buscando entender relação entre dois indicadores comportamentais de temperamento, a fim de descrever as implicações destas características na produção e qualidade do leite, esta dissertação foi elaborada. O primeiro capítulo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de contextualizar o leitor sobre os temas gerais da dissertação. O segundo capítulo, estudo observacional, foi elaborado com o objetivo de avaliar a associação entre o grau de reatividade de búfalas na ordenha e as distâncias percorridas por esses animais, além de estudar como essas características indicadoras do temperamento afetam a produção e a qualidade do leite. Concluímos que há variação individual na reatividade das búfalas em sala de ordenha, e também para a consistência dessa característica. Para os animais com alto grau de consistência, a intensa reatividade na ordenha tem efeito deletério sobre a produção e qualidade do leite. Concluímos também que o deslocamento das búfalas não está associado a sua reatividade na ordenha e não tem efeito sobre a produtividade dos animais. Por fim, as implicações dessa pesquisa foram descritas no capitulo três / The production of dairy buffaloes in Brazil is going through a moment of increased investments on the production mechanization systems, which is promoting, mostly, the intensification of milk production. Given this intensification, it is important to broaden the understanding of the behaviour of dairy buffaloes in order to base recommendations for the good practices of handling. One of the most relevant behavioral aspects for the understanding of individual differences is the concept of temperament. Temperament is a complex phenomenon that involves several intrinsic characteristics of the individual. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between two behavioral indicators of temperament and the implications of these characteristics on milk yield and milk quality. The first chapter was developed with the purpose of contextualizing the reader about the mainly subjects of the dissertation. The second chapter, regarding the observational study, was designed to evaluate the association between the reactivity levels of dairy buffaloes during milking and the distances traveled daily by these animals; besides we focus to evaluate the effects of these temperament indicators on the production and the quality of milk. We conclude that there is individual variation in the reactivity of buffaloes in the milking parlour, and also for the consistency of this characteristic. For animals with a high degree of consistency, the intense reactivity during milking has deleterious effects on the production and quality of milk. We also concluded that the distance traveled daily by the buffaloes is not associated with their reactivity during milking; and have no effect on the animals’ productivity. Finally, the implications of this research have been described in chapter three

Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-26T13:21:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-02-27Bitstream added on 2015-01-26T13:31:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000802706.pdf: 367013 bytes, checksum: 92ef0c5878cac4d3feeeec39cd99fb94 (MD5) / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de duas diferentes frequências de manejo sobre o temperamento de bovinos de corte mantidos à pasto; além de avaliar a associação entre o temperamento dos animais e seu ganho de peso médio diário (GMD), em cada uma das condições de manejo. Foram avaliados 2.007 bovinos mantidos em manejo frequente (MF), caracterizado pelo uso do método de pastejo de lotação rotativa e manejos mensais no curral para pesagem dos animais; e 1593 animais mantidos em manejo pouco frequente (MPF), caracterizado pelo uso do método de pastejo de lotação alternada, e levados ao curral semestralmente. Foram avaliadas três características indicadoras do temperamento: o escore composto de reatividade (ECR); velocidade de saída (VS em m/s) e a avaliação qualitativa do temperamento (QBA), durante os manejos no curral em três fazendas comerciais. O GMD dos animais foi calculado para uma das propriedades em ambas as condições de manejo. Para análise estatística foi utilizada análise de variância, com aplicação do procedimento GLM do SAS. Para a análise dos dados da QBA foi utilizada o procedimento de Análise de Fatores, gerando um índice qualitativo de temperamento (IQT) para cada animal. Para a avaliação do efeito da frequência de manejo sobre a QBA, foi aplicada ANOVA de uma via, que incluiu o IQT como variável dependente e o efeito da frequência de manejo como variável independente. Para a avaliação da associação entre o temperamento e o GMD em função da frequência de manejo foram utilizadas correlações residuais de GMD com VS, ECR e IQT, obtidas com o procedimento GLM (MANOVA) do SAS, considerando o efeito fixo de lote e a idade do animal no momento da avaliação como co-variável de efeito linear para o MPF. Já para o MF foi utilizada correlação de Pearson, pois todos os animais pertenciam a um mesmo lote, sem efeito significativo de ... / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two different handling frequencies on beef cattle temperament kept on pasture; and to evaluate the association between the animals’ temperament and their daily weight gain under each management condition. 2,007 animals kept in the ‘frequent handling condition’ (MF) - characterized by using rotational grazing method with monthly managements in the corral were assessed; and compared to 1593 animals kept in the ‘less frequent handling condition’ (MPF) - characterized by using the alternate stock grazing method, and taken to the corral every six months. Three different temperament indicators were used for the assessment: 1) reactivity composed score (ECR); 2) flight speed (VS in m/s); and 3) qualitative behaviour assessment (QBA). The tests were held during the management in the corral on three commercial farms. The animals’ average daily weight gain (ADG) was calculated for one of the properties in both management conditions. Firstly a variance analysis was made, applying the GLM procedure from SAS. For the QBA, it was held a Factor Analysis, generating a temperament qualitative index (IQT) for each animal. For assessing the effect of the handling frequency on the QBA, it was applied the one-way ANOVA, which included the IQT as a dependent variable and the effect of handling frequency as an independent variable. To test the association between temperament and average daily weight gain (ADG), residual correlations of ADG with VS, ECR and IQT were obtained with the GLM (MANOVA) procedure from SAS for MPF condition. Hence, the handling frequency was used as a function, considering the groups as a fixed effect and the age of the animals at the time of evaluation as a linear effect covariable at this condition. For the MF condition, it was used The Pearson Correlation, since all the animals belonged to the same group, showing no ...

abstract: ABSTRACT This cross-sectional study examined whether the temperament dimensions of negative emotionality, positive emotionality, and impulsivity moderated the relation between interparental conflict and children’s internalizing and externalizing problems. The sample consisted of 355 divorced mothers and their children (9-12 years old) who participated in a randomized controlled trial of a preventive parenting intervention for divorcing families. Children provided reports of their experiences of interparental conflict and internalizing and externalizing problems; mothers provided reports of children’s temperament and internalizing and externalizing problems. The relations were examined separately for child report and mother report of outcomes using multiple regression analyses. Results found no support for the interactive effect of interparental conflict and temperament dimensions on children’s internalizing or externalizing problems. Consistent with an additive model of their effects, interparental conflict and temperament dimensions were directly and independently related to the outcomes. There was a significant, positive effect of interparental conflict and negative emotionality on children’s internalizing and externalizing problems. Positive emotionality was significantly, negatively related to internalizing and externalizing problems. Impulsivity was significantly, positively related to externalizing problems only. The patterns of results varied somewhat across mother and child report of interparental conflict on externalizing problems and positive emotionality on internalizing problems. The results of this study are consistent with the previous research on the significant main effects of interparental conflict and temperament dimensions on children’s internalizing and externalizing problems. These findings suggest that children’s environment and intrapersonal characteristics, represented by children’s experiences of interparental conflict and temperament, both uniquely contribute to children’s post-divorce internalizing and externalizing problems. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Psychology 2016

abstract: Theoretical models support conceptualizing parent-child relationships as reciprocal and transactional with each person exerting influence on the other’s behaviors and the overall quality and valence of the relationship across time. The goals of this study were twofold: 1) determine whether there were reciprocal relations in maternal hostility and child negativity across early and middle childhood, and 2) investigate whether individual characteristics (i.e., child temperamental anger and frustration and maternal neuroticism) moderated relations found in goal one. Data were from the Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. Empirical support was found for conceptualizing mother-child interactions as reciprocal. Maternal hostility was related to a decrease in the probability children would exhibit negative behaviors during mother-child interactions measured approximately two years later. Child negativity was also associated with a significant decrease in the probability mothers would display future hostility. Child temperamental anger and frustration was found to moderate reciprocal relations across all three parent-to-child cross-lagged paths. Children scoring high on a dispositional proclivity to react with anger and frustration were more likely to avoid maternal hostility, via a significant decrease in negativity, across time. Moderation was also supported in two of three child-to-parent lagged paths. Finally, maternal neuroticism moderated the reciprocal effects during early childhood, such that more neurotic mothers were more likely to demonstrate a decrease in the probability of hostility relative to mothers scoring lower on neuroticism. This affect was attenuated in middle childhood, with patterns becoming similar between mothers scoring high and low on neuroticism. Moreover, children of less neurotic mothers were more likely to demonstrate a decrease in the probability of exhibiting negativity from 36 to 54 months compared to children of more neurotic mothers. This effect also attenuated with patterns becoming negative at the grade 1 to grade 3 lag. Overall, the results from this study supported a transactional model of parent-child relationships, were consistent with the motivation literature, did not support a coercive process of interaction when the sample and measurement paradigm were low-risk, and generally suggested parents and children have an equal influence on the relational processes investigated from early to middle childhood. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Family and Human Development 2016

abstract: This dissertation examined how anxiety levels and social competence change across the course of early elementary school, as well as how individual differences at the transition to kindergarten may influence these trajectories. Previous research has supported unidirectional relations among anxiety and social competence, but few studies explore how inter- and intra-individual changes in social competence and anxiety may be related across time. From a developmental perspective, studying these trajectories following the transition to kindergarten is important, as cognitive and emotion regulation capacities increase markedly across kindergarten, and the relative success with which children navigate this transition can have a bearing on future social and emotional functioning across elementary school. In addition, given gender differences in anxiety manifestation and social competence development broadly, gender differences were also examined in an exploratory manner. Data from parent and teacher reports of a community sample of 291 children across kindergarten, 1st, and 2nd grades were analyzed. Results from bivariate growth models revealed steeper increases in anxiety, relative to peers in the sample, were associated with steeper decreases in social competence across time. This finding held after controlling for externalizing behavior problems at each time point, which suggests that relations among anxiety and social competence may be independent of other behavior problems commonly associated with poor social adjustment. Temperament variables were associated with changes in social competence, such that purportedly "risky" temperament traits of higher negative emotionality and lower attention control were associated with concurrently lower social competence in kindergarten, but with relatively steeper increases in social competence across time. Temperament variables in kindergarten were unrelated with changes in anxiety across time. Gender differences in relations among anxiety in kindergarten and growth in social competence also were revealed. Findings for teacher and parent reports of child behavior varied. Results are discussed with respect to contexts that may drive differences between parent and teacher reports of child behavior, as well as key developmental considerations that may help to explain why kindergarten temperament variables examined herein appear to predict changes in social competence but not changes in anxiety levels. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Psychology 2016

Orientador: Mateus José Rodrigues Paranhos da Costa / Coorientador: Aline Cristina Sant'Anna / Banca: Carla Forte Maiolino Molento / Banca: Fernando Sebastian Baldi Rey / Resumo: A relação entre seres humanos e bezerros leiteiros pode ser melhorada através do contato tátil gentil. Este estímulo também pode refletir em efeitos na produção e no bem-estar animal. O uso de cruzamentos entre raças europeias e zebuínos vem ganhando espaço na produção leiteira em regiões subtropicais e tropicais, porém ainda se sabe pouco sobre a influência das boas práticas de manejo no bem-estar animal e no temperamento dos animais cruzados. O presente estudo foi desenvolvido buscando entender os efeitos de longo prazo destas práticas de manejo sobre indicadores de comportamento, desempenho, indicadores fisiológicos de estresse e sobre a saúde das bezerras. O primeiro capítulo, revisão bibliográfica, foi desenvolvido com o intuito de contextualizar o leitor sobre os assuntos gerais da dissertação. O segundo capítulo, estudo experimental, foi elaborado com objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de longo prazo de boas práticas de manejo durante o período de pré-desmama em bezerras leiteiras com diferentes proporções de Zebu. Foram utilizadas 98 bezerras recém-nascidas, alocadas aleatoriamente em três tratamentos durante o período pré-desmama: a) boas práticas de manejo com escovação (BME), boas práticas de manejo (BM); e o Grupo controle. Foram realizadas quatro avaliações (AV) de temperamento a cada dois meses, usando quatro indicadores comportamentais: a) tempo de entrada (TE); b) escore composto de reatividade (ECR); c) velocidade de saída (VS); e d) distância de fuga (DF). As frequências respiratória e cardíaca foram usadas como indicadores fisiológicos de estresse agudo durante o manejo. Números de ocorrências de anaplasmose bovina e pneumonia por animal foram obtidos durante o período pós-desmama. O ganho médio diário (GMD) foi calculado baseado no peso corporal de cada avaliação. Os tratamentos tiveram efeito significativo (P < 0,05) nas três características de temperamento... / Abstract: Human-calves relationship can be improved through gentle tactile interactions. This stimulus can also affect the calves production and animal welfare. The use of European and Zebu crossbreds has gained space for the dairy production in tropical and subtropical regions, however, little it is known about the influence of good handling of practices on the welfare and temperament of crossed cattle. The aim of this study was to understand the longterm effects of the good practices of handling on behavior, performance, physiological stress indicators, and calves health. The first chapter was developed with the purpose of contextualizing the reader about the main subjects of the dissertation. The second chapter, experimental study, was performed with the aim of evaluate the long-term effects of good practice of handling during the preweaning period on dairy calves with different proportions of Zebu breed. Ninety eight newborns calves were used, assigned into three groups of treatments applied during the pre-weaning period: a) good practices of handling plus brushing; b) good practices of handling; and c) Control group. Four temperament evaluations (EV) were performed every two months, using four behavioral indicators: a) time to drive (TD); b) reactivity score (CRS); c) flight speed (FS) and; d) flight distance (FD). Respiratory and heart rates were used as physiological indicators of acute stress during handling. Numbers of occurrences of bovine anaplasmosis and pneumonia per calf during the post-weaning period were obtained. ADG was calculated based on body weight in the time of EV. Treatments had significant effects (P < 0.05) in three temperament traits: TD, FS, and FD, but not in CRS (P = 0.78). In the first three EV the Control group had lower TD means (EV1: 25.40 ± 6.21; EV2: 9.52 ± 3.69 and EV3: 23.90 ± 3.99) than GPB (EV1: 38.63 ± 7.20; EV2: 13.66 ± 3.93 and EV3: 35.45 ± 4.66) and GP groups (EV1: 41.53 ± 7.60; EV2 ... / Mestre

abstract: The development of self-regulation is believed to play a crucial role in predicting later psychopathology and is believed to begin in early childhood. The early postpartum period is particularly important in laying the groundwork for later self-regulation as infants' dispositional traits interact with caregivers' co-regulatory behaviors to produce the earliest forms of self-regulation. Moreover, although emerging literature suggests that infants' exposure to maternal stress even before birth may be integral in determining children's self-regulatory capacities, the complex pathways that characterize these developmental processes remain unclear. The current study considers the complex, transactional processes in a high-risk, Mexican American sample. Data were collected from 305 Mexican American infants and their mothers during prenatal, 6- and 12-week home interviews. Mother self-reports of stress were obtained prenatally between 34-37 weeks gestation. Mother reports of infant temperamental negativity and surgency were obtained at 6-weeks as were observed global ratings of maternal sensitivity during a structured peek-a-boo task. Microcoded ratings of infants' engagement orienting and self-comforting behaviors were obtained during the 12-week peek-a-boo task. Study findings suggest that self-comforting and orienting behaviors help to modulate infants' experiences of distress, and also that prenatal stress influences infants' engagement in each of those regulatory behaviors, both directly by influence tendencies to engage in orienting behaviors and indirectly by programming higher levels of infant negativity and surgency, both of which may confer risk for later regulatory disadvantage. Advancing our understandings about the nature of these developmental pathways could have significant implications for targets of early intervention in this high-risk population. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Psychology 2013