Este trabalho aborda uma análise comparativa dos resultados obtidos em provas de carga à tração, com os diversos métodos de previsão de carga última de estacas tracionadas. Os ensaios foram realizados no campo experimental de fundações do Departamento de Geotecnia da USP/São Carlos, sobre estacas apiloadas, escavadas a trado helicoidal e do tipo Strauss, com diâmetros de 20 a 32 cm, e comprimentos de 6 e 9 m. Observou-se que os métodos que consideram a ruptura na interface solo-estaca são os que conduzem a resultados mais satisfatórios de previsão. Ademais, estudou-se a colapsibilidade da ligação solo-estaca, uma vez que as estacas analisadas têm seu fuste embutido em solo de estrutura comprovadamente colapsível. Para tanto, realizaram-se as provas de carga primeiramente com o solo em estado natural e, posteriormente, inundado por 48 h, na carga de trabalho. Constatou-se o colapso da ligação solo-estaca nas cinco estacas, sendo que em três delas - duas escavadas e uma apiloada -, o colapso deu-se na carga de trabalho, com tempos de inundação inferiores a 48 h; nas outras duas estacas, após 48 h de inundação, prossegui-se normalmente com os incrementos de carga, ocorrendo o colapso para 60 e 78% das cargas respectivas de ruptura. / This dissertation deals with an analysis by comparison of results obtained with piles submitted to axial uplift foreces using several prediction methods of ultimate loads. The pile tests were performed in the Experimental Site of the Departament of Geotechnical Engineering of USP/São Carlos, on bored, hammed and Strauss pile types, with diameters varying from 0,20 to 0,32 m and 6 to 9 m long. It was observed that the methods that took into account the pile-soil interface failure yelded better results. Moreover, the pile-soil interface colapsibility was analyzed, once the shaft of the studied piles were embedded in soil whose structure are truly collapsible. For this, pile testings were performed both in the natural soil conditions and soaked during 48 h for working load. Collapse was observed in the pile-soil interface in five piles. For three of them (two of which were bored and one hammed) the failure took place with working loads under 48 h soaking time; in two others, the failure, occured after 48 h soaking time with loads equivalents to 60% and 78% of natural soil\'s ultimate loads, respectively.

[pt] Placas de ancoragem embutidas em concreto são empregadas, geralmente, com a finalidade de permitir a fixação de elementos para a introdução de cargas concentradas nas estruturas de concreto, bem como viabilizar as ligações estruturais entre componentes pré-fabricados. As placas são ancoradas no concreto através de pinos soldados a elas. Estas placas são bastante empregadas em estruturas de usinas nucleares onde um grande número de equipamentos e tubulações são apoiados na estrutura de concreto. A pesquisa é de natureza experimental e tem como objetivo investigar a redução da resistência à tração de placas de ancoragem com grupo de chumbadores, placas instaladas com pequena distância dos bordos do elemento de concreto, e também de duas placas adjacentes, devido a interferência de seus cones de ruptura. A eficiência de uma armadura de suspensão (que transmite a carga além do cone de ruptura), também é verificada. Os resultados experimentais sugerem uma notável redução da resistência à tração para placas com grupo de chumbadores, e que o uso da armadura de suspensão para placa instalada nas proximidades do bordo do elemento de concreto não é muito eficiente. A armadura de suspensão apresentou um bom rendimento quando foi empregada em placas com grupo de chumbadores. Os resultados teóricos obtidos através de equações desenvolvidas para estimativa da carga de ruptura, apresentaram, de maneira geral, uma boa aproximação quando comparados com os resultados experimentais. / [en] Anchorage plates embedded in concrete are used with the purpose of allowing the fixation of elements for the introduction of concentrated loads into concrete structures, as well as to make possible the structural connections between prefabricated components. The plates are anchored in the concrete through studs welded to them. These plates are used in structures of nuclear power stations where a great number of equipments and pipings are fixed in the concrete structure. The research is of experimental nature and its objective is to investigate the reduction of the tensile strength of multiple studs group, anchorage plates located close to a free edge, and also of two adjacent plates, due to interference of failure concrete cones. The efficiency of an additional reinforcement (that transfers the load beyond the concrete cone), is also addressed. The experimental results suggest a significant reduction of the tensile strength for plates with studs group, and that the use of the additional reinforcement for anchorage plates located close to a free edge is not too efficient. The additional reinforcement presented a good efficiency when it was used in plates with studs group. The theoretical results obtained from equations developed to estimate the concrete failure load show, in a general way, a good agreement with the experimental results.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T19:22:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ROBERTOAMARAL.pdf: 3642079 bytes, checksum: 8d0b5d5330120eb300a8c6e7ed3ff428 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different modes of application (active vs. inactive) of one step self-etch adhesives under in vitro conditions (resindentin bond strength [BS] and nanoleakage under Scaning Electron Microscopy [SEM]) and in vivo conditions (in non carious class V restorations) in the immediate [IM] and 6 month period [6M]. For the in vitro test, 32 human third molars (20 for BS and 12 for SEM) had their occlusal dentin exposed by wet abrasion with 600-grit SiC paper. The following adhesives Adper Prompt [AP] and Xeno II [XE] were applied under inactive [I] or following vigorous application mode [V] in two coats, which were then ligh-cured for the recommended time. Composite “crowns” were incrementally constructed and the after storage (37C/24 h) the specimens were sectioned in both “x” and “y” direction to obtain bonded sticks (0.8 mm2) to be tested in tension (0.5 mm/min). Half of the specimens were tested I or after 6M of water storage. A threeway ANOVA and Tukey test was used to statistically evaluate the data (0,05). For the clinical study, 120 restorations were placed in non carious cervical lesions in 30 patients, in a way that all four experimental conditions were placed in the same patient. The restorations were evaluated according the modified USPHS. The differences for each adhesive at baseline and 6 months were analysed Fisher’s (0,05) and the performance of each mode of application for each adhesive at each period of evaluation was evaluated by Mc Nemar’s test ( 0,05). In the immediate time, an increase in the BS and lower nanoleakage was observed when both adhesive were applied under A mode. However, after 6 months, the BS were reduced ad a higher nanoleakage occurred for both adhesives regardless the mode of application. Under the in vitro part of the study, 29 patients attended the 6 month recall. Only one AP restoration debonded after 6 months in the inactive mode. Based on the results of the present investigation one can conclude that: 1) although the vigorous application improves the immediate performance of the adhesive systems tested, no improvement was observed after 6 months of water storage. 2) After the short-term evaluation of 6 months no significant difference was observed in none of the USPHS items for the experimental conditions. / O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar, in vitro (resistência de união [RU] por microtração e análise ultramorfológica pela impregnação de nitrato de prata em microscopia eletrônica de varredura [INP]) e in vivo (avaliação clínica), o efeito da forma de aplicação (inativa vs. ativa) de adesivos autocondicionantes de passo único na dentina nos tempos imediato (baseline) e 6 meses. Para o teste in vitro, trinta e dois terceiros molares humanos (20 para o teste de RU e 12 para MEV) tiveram a dentina exposta com lixas carbeto de silício de granulação 180 e 600 para obter uma smear layer padronizada. Os adesivos (Adper Prompt [AP], e Xeno III [XE]) foram aplicados sobre a superfície dentinária em duas camadas de forma inativa ou sob vigorosa agitação por todo substrato (forma ativa). Após serem restaurados, os dentes foram seccionados em eixos “x” e “y” para obtenção dos corpos-de-prova (cps) com média de (0,8 mm2) e testados sob tração (0,5 mm/min). Metades dos cps obtidos foram testados imediatamente e a outra metade armazenada em água para ser testada após seis meses. Os dados de RU foram submetidos a uma análise de variância de 3 fatores e teste de Tukey (α = 0,05). Para avaliar a efetividade clínica dos sistemas adesivos, 120 lesões cervicais não cariosas foram restauradas em trinta pacientes (n=4), sendo distribuídas aleatoriamente de acordo com cada condição experimental (AP inativa = 30; AP ativa = 30; XE inativa = 30 e XE ativa = 30). As restaurações foram avaliadas de acordo com os critérios USPHS modificado. As diferenças nos índices das duas formas de aplicação testada para cada adesivo após cada tempo (baseline e 6 meses) foram submetidos ao teste exato de Fisher′s (0,05) e a performance dos modos de aplicação para cada adesivo no momento e após 6 meses foi avaliado pelo teste de Mc Nemar′s ( 0,05). Na análise in vitro, os fatores técnica e tempo foram significantes (p < 0,05). No tempo imediato houve um aumento da RU e menor INP para os dois adesivos testados quando foram aplicados de forma ativa, entretanto após 6 meses, houve uma diminuição da RU e aumento da INP para os dois adesivos independentemente da técnica de aplicação. No estudo in vivo, 29 pacientes foram avaliados no período de 6 meses. A única diferença registrada foi à queda de uma restauração para o AP inativa, sendo classificado como critério C (Charlie). Conclui-se que: a RU e uma menor INP pode ser conseguida no período imediato quando os adesivos são aplicados sob vigorosa aplicação, entretanto após 6 meses a técnica de aplicação não se mostrou eficaz e na avaliação clínica nenhuma diferença foi observada no tempo de 6 meses.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T19:22:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexandra Serrano.pdf: 5795461 bytes, checksum: d55b3e436e3ca0014b131ab661ce7049 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different application modes on the immediate and 6-month resin-dentin bond strength and silver nitrate uptake. Three one-step self-etch adhesive systems (One Coat 7.0 [OC], Coltène Whaledent; Clearfil S3 Bond [CS], Kuraray and FuturaBond NR [FB], Voco) were applied in a flat superficial dentin surface of thirty human molars under slight [S] or vibratory [V] application modes. Composite build-ups (Opallis, FGM) were constructed incrementally. After water storage at 37 °C for 24 h, teeth were sectioned to obtain sticks with cross-sectional area of 0.8 mm2 to be tested in tension (0.5 mm/min) either immediately [IM] or after 6 months [6M] of water storage. Two bonded sticks from each tooth at each storage time were immersed in a 50% (w/v) solution of silver nitrate (24 h), photo-developed (8 h) and analyzed under SEM. The silver nitrate uptake was measured using the ImageTool 3.0 software. The data from each adhesive were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). The adhesives OC and CS showed higher resin-dentin bond strength values and lower silver nitrate deposition in the immediate time and vibratory application groups. For FB, no significant difference was observed between the two modes of application in the respective storage periods. The vibratory application mode can improve the resin-dentin bonds, reduce the silver nitrate uptake and retard the degradation of the resin-dentin bonds of Clearfil S3 Bond and One Coat 7.0 adhesives. / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação vibratória de adesivos autocondicionantes simplificados na resistência de união à dentina e nanoinfiltração, tanto no tempo imediato como após 6 meses de armazenamento em água. A superfície oclusal de trinta terceiros molares foi desgastada até obtenção de uma superfície plana de dentina. Três sistemas adesivos autocondicionantes de 1 passo (One Coat 7.0 [OC], Coltène Whaledent; Clearfil S3 Bond [CS], Kuraray e FuturaBond NR [FB], Voco) foram aplicados de forma suave (SU) ou vibratória (VB) (n=5). Após a construção de coroas de resina composta (Opallis, FGM), os espécimes foram armazenados durante 24 h em água destilada a 37 °C. Ao término deste período os espécimes foram cortados longitudinalmente nas direções “x” e “y” para conseguir palitos com seção transversal de 0,8 mm2. Os espécimes foram testados sob tração (0,5 mm/min) no tempo imediato [IM] ou após 6 meses de armazenamento em água [6M]. Dois espécimes de cada dente nos respectivos períodos de armazenamento foram imersos por 24 h em uma solução 50% por peso, revelados (8 h) e analisados em microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A quantidade de penetração de nitrato de prata na interface adesiva foi medida no software ImageTool 3.0. Os dados de cada adesivo provenientes de cada teste foram submetidos a uma análise de variância de dois fatores (Forma de Aplicação vs. Tempo) e teste de Tukey (α=0,05) para contraste das médias. Maiores valores de resistência de união e menor deposição de nitrato de prata foram observados no tempo imediato e nos grupos de aplicação vibratória para os adesivos OC e CS. FB apresentou baixos valores de resistência de união independente do tipo de aplicação. Pode-se concluir que a aplicação vibratória pode aumentar os valores de resistência de união dos adesivos One Coat 7.0 e Clearfil S3 Bond retardando o processo de degradação destas interfaces.

Orientador: Paula Carolina Komori de Carvalho / Coorientador: Ronaldo Luís Almeida de Carvalho / Banca: Fernanda de Cássia Papaiz Gonçalves / Banca: Estevão Tomomitsu Kimpara / Resumo: O estudo avaliou in vitro o efeito da modificação de primers dentinários com digluconato de clorexidina na resistência de união de pinos de fibra de vidro em dentina radicular. A hipótese testada considerou que a incorporação de clorexidina em primers dentinários não interferiria na resistência de união de pinos de fibra de vidro independentemente da profundidade da dentina radicular testada imediatamente e após envelhecimento. Sessenta raízes retilíneas bovinas foram selecionadas e divididas aleatoriamente em 6 grupos (n=10). As raízes foram obturadas e os condutos preparados de modo sequencial e padronizado para receber os pinos de fibra de vidro que foram silanizados previamente. A dentina radicular foi condicionada com ácido fosfórico 37% por 15s, seguido da aplicação do primer do sistema adesivo convencional ou primer modificado, seguido da aplicação do adesivo dentinário. Os primers experimentais foram preparados, incorporando solução aquosa ou alcóolica de clorexidina com concentração de 0,12%. O cimento resinoso dual foi inserido no interior das raízes e os pinos posicionados para fotoativação durante 40s. Para determinar a resistência de união, metade das amostras foram cortadas transversalmente em 3 secções em diferentes profundidades da dentina radicular, e testadas imediatamente por push-out, em uma máquina de ensaios universal (EMIC), com célula de carga de 100Kgf e velocidade de 1mm/min. A outra metade das amostras receberam reconstrução coronária com resina com... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present in vitro study evaluated the influence of modified dentin primers containing chlorhexidine digluconate on bond strength of glass fiber posts to radicular dentin. The hypothesis to be tested considers that the incorporation of chlorexidine in dentin primers does not interfere on the bond strength of glass fiber posts independently of the analyzed radicular dentin depth tested immediately or after thermocycling aging. Sixty rectilinear bovine roots were selected and randomly distributed into 6 groups (n=10). The endodontically treated root canals were sequentially and standardized prepared for glass-fiber posts insertion, which were previously silanized. The radicular dentin was etched with 37% phosphoric acid for 15s and conditioned using the conventional primer or the modified primer followed by the corresponding adhesive. Experimental primers were prepared by adding aqueous or alcoholic solutions of chlorexidine to obtain a 0.12% concentration. A dual- cured resin cement was inserted into the root canals and the posts were positioned for light polymerization for 40s.To measure the bond strength, half of the samples were transversally sectioned into 3 slices from different radicular regions, and immediately processed for push-out test into an universal test machine (EMIC), with a load-cell of 100Kgf, and at a speed of 1mm/min. The other half a coronary reconstruction was conducted with composite resin, based on a standardized silicon matrix. The periodontal ligame... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Fibres with ultra-high tensile strength have attracted unprecedented attention due to the rapidly increasing demand for strong fibre reinforced composites in various fields. However, despite a theoretical strength as high as around 46 GPa, current commercial alumina fibres only reach strength value of around 3.3 GPa because of the defects between the grains. Electrospinning provides a method to produce ceramic nanofibres with diameters reduced to nano-scale with effectively enhanced strength. Different calcination procedures were applied to study the morphology and crystal structure growth of alumina. Tested with a custom-built AFM-SEM system, the tensile strength of single crystal α-alumina nanofibres were found to have little dependence on diameter variations, with an average value of 11.4±1.1 GPa. While the strength of polycrystalline γ-alumina nanofibres were controlled by defects, showing a diameter dependent mechanism. Apart from the intrinsic properties of the fibre and matrix, the interface between them also plays an important role in determining composite mechanical properties. Collected by a rotating drum during electrospinning, aligned fibres were used to reinforce polycarbonate matrix for fabricating composite. The composite mechanical properties were successfully improved after surface modification with silane coupling agent. With a fibre volume fraction of around 7.5%, the composite strength doubled and the Young's modulus increased by a factor of 4 when compared with the pure polycarbonate. Apart from surface modification, the fibre/matrix interface can also be affected by transcrystallinity. Transcrystalline layers were formed in the alumina reinforced polycarbonate composites after annealing. Significant enhancement of the Young's modulus of the crystallized polycarbonate by a factor of 3 compared to the amorphous phase was measured directly using AFM based nanoindentation. Optimization of the Young's modulus is suggested as a balance between extending the annealing time to grow the transcrystalline layer and reducing the processing time to suppress void development in the PC matrix.

This thesis is part of an on going project within Autoliv Sweden AB to develop the process in changing the material in airbags. Most airbags are today constructed of fabric in polyamide 6.6 (PA6.6) and the thesis view the possibility of changing the material to one of three different polyesters (PET1, PET2, PET3). Both materials have different properties that have been looked into by two test methods, linear testing and dynamic testing with cold gas. The two testing methods were conducted on plain fabric and on fabric with seam to see differences in the materials when subjected to different stress caused by force or pressure. During testing the seam rupture was measured by filming the test sequences, and used for visual analysis. Tensile testing was conducted using a constant-rate-of-extension machine where the material is subjected to linear force until rupture. Dynamic testing was done with a cold nitrogen gas system using vessels to build up pressure that then releases towards the material putting it under stress. Tensile testing results for elongation do not have significant differences between testing in plain fabric or fabric with seam. PET2 have highest elongation in warp and weft. Visual analysis of specimens shows difference in how materials break, where the reference material in PA6.6 breaks more even than in PET materials. Dynamic testing show that the biggest seam opening do not occur at the highest pressure. In order to understand what is happening with the fabric during testing, three different times have been chosen in the pressure-time chart. Results in dynamic testing on fabric with seam show that PET3 have the smallest seam opening while reference material in PA6.6 has the largest opening. All PET materials have similar properties even if these are not always same as reference material in PA6.6. We can neither discard nor confirm our hypothesis of seam slippage and elongation relates equally in the same material independent of test method. From these results PET2 would not be recommended due to seam opens most at maximum force and the material has the biggest elongation. PET3 would be the recommended material, since seam opening is smallest at measured pressure. / Program: Textilingenjörsutbildningen

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar sistemas adesivos de fabricação nacional - Magic Bond DE (Vigodent), Master Bond (Biodinâmica) e Self Etch Bond (Vigodent) e similares importados - Adper Single Bond 2 (3M/ESPE) e Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray) por meio da avaliação da resistência de união, resistência à tração e micromorfologia da interface. Para a avaliação da resistência de união foram utilizados vinte e cinco molares humanos hígidos (n=5). Os dentes foram preparados de modo a obterem-se superfícies planas em dentina, sobre as quais os sistemas adesivos foram aplicados seguindo as instruções dos fabricantes. Após 24 horas de armazenamento em água destilada a 37oC os dentes restaurados foram seccionados para obterem-se corpos-de-prova com área aderida de aproximadamente 0,8mm2. Metade dos corpos-de-prova foi submetida imediatamente ao teste de microtração, com velocidade de 0,5 mm/min até o momento da fratura. Os demais corpos de prova foram armazenados por mais 6 meses antes da realização do teste. A resistência à tração foi avaliada em corposde- prova (n=10) usinados em forma de haltere, com secção transversal aproximada de 0,4 mm2. O teste foi realizado em períodos idênticos aos do ensaio de microtração. Para a análise em microscopia eletrônica de varredura dois dentes foram preparados para cada sistema adesivo. Os valores obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste de correlação de Pearson. Os resultados obtidos no teste de resistência de união mostraram que, em 24 horas, os sistemas Adper Single Bond 2 e Master Bond apresentaram médias superiores aos demais sistemas adesivos nacionais e inferiores ao sistema importado Clearfil SE Bond. Já após 6 meses, os dois sistemas importados foram superiores aos nacionais. Considerando os valores obtidos no teste de resistência à tração, os sistemas nacionais foram similares entre si nos dois momentos de avaliação. O sistema Clearfil SE Bond apresentou a maior média em 24 horas e média similar a dos sistemas nacionais após o armazenamento, com a maior redução nos valores de resistência à tração. O sistema Adper Single Bond 2 apresentou as menores médias nos dois períodos. Não foi encontrada correlação entre as variáveis resistência de união e resistência à tração. Na análise em microscopia eletrônica de varredura, interfaces defeituosas foram observadas para os sistemas adesivos nacionais, com exceção das formadas pelo sistema Master Bond. Os sistemas adesivos nacionais, exceto o Self Etch Bond, tiveram a durabilidade da união comprometida, o que não ocorreu com os similares importados. A resistência mecânica dos sistemas adesivos não influenciou a resistência de união proporcionada, em nenhum dos períodos avaliados. / The aim of this study was to compare national adhesive systems to similar imported materials by microtensile bond strength test, tensile strength and SEM evaluation. The adhesive systems evaluated were Magic Bond DE (Vigodent), Master Bond (Biodinâmica) and Self Etch Bond (Vigodent), from national manufacturer and similar imported materials Adper Single Bond 2 (3M/ESPE) and Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray). For bond strength evaluation twenty five sound human molars were used, divided into five groups and prepared in order to obtain flat dentin surfaces in which the adhesive systems were applied following manufacturers instructions and resin blocks were made. After 24 hours of storage in distilled water at 37oC restores teeth were sectioned in order to obtain specimen with a bonded area of around 0,8mm2. Half of the specimen were immediately submitted to the test with a crosshead speed of 0,5 mm/min until fracture the other specimen were stored for additional 6 month prior to the test. Tensile strength was evaluated in adhesive dumbbell trimmed specimen with cross section area of around 0,4 mm2. The test was performed at the same storage periods used in the bond strength test. For the SEM analysis two teeth with each material were prepared. The values were submitted to ANOVA and Pearson correlation. The results of bond strength showed that in 24 hours Adper Single Bond 2 and Master Bond produced higher values compared to the other systems and lower than Clearfil SE Bond. After 6 months the two imported materials were superior to the national adhesive systems. Regarding tensile strength the national adhesive systems were similar to each other in both periods. Clearfil SE Bond showed the highest mean in 24 hours and after 6 months was similar to national adhesive systems. Adper Single Bond 2 showed the lower means in both periods. No correlation was found between bond strength and tensile strength. In SEM analisys defective interfaces were found to national adhesive systems excluding Master Bond. National adhesive systems bond strength longevity was compromised, excluding Self Etch Bond. After storage Clearfil SE Bond diminished tensile strength. In both storage times tensile strength did not influenced bond strength.

Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons étudié différentes approches qui devraient permettre d’obtenir l’effet laser dans le germanium. Nous avons pu montrer expérimentalement l’influence du dopage et de la déformation sur la structure de bande du germanium, et l’adéquation avec les modèles concluants à l’existence de gain. Nous avons exploré les possibilités offertes par l’hétéro-épitaxie sur III-V pour obtenir une déformation en tension du germanium. Nous avons évalué la déformation résultante par des mesures croisées de rayons X, de diffusion Raman et de photoluminescence, et étudié l’évolution de la qualité des couches épitaxiées en fonction de la déformation et de l’épaisseur. Une nouvelle méthode de déformation du germanium, s’appuyant sur le dépôt par plasma de couches contraintes de nitrure, a été introduite et étudiée. L’effet laser a été recherché par la conception de guides ridges et microdisques déformés par ces dépôts. Plusieurs voies d’application de la déformation dans ces cavités ont été explorées à travers des simulations par éléments finis et la conception de structures de test. Cette optimisation préalable nous a permis d’observer sur les microdisques une déformation biaxiale de 1.11%. En uniaxial, nous avons pu appliquer au germanium une déformation de 1.07% et montrer expérimentalement l’importance de la direction de la déformation dans l’augmentation de la luminescence. Nous avons pu observer et mesurer un gain optique net de 80 cm⁻¹ dans des structures déformées uniaxialement à 0.8%. / In this PhD work, we studied different approaches that should lead to a germanium laser. We have experimentally shown the influence of strain and doping on the germanium band structure, and the adequacy of the existing models. We explored the possibilities offered by heteroepitaxy on III-V compounds to apply stress. We investigated the resulting strain by cross-checking X-rays, Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence measurements, and analysed the quality of the grown layers depending on strain and thickness. A new method to apply strain to the germanium, by means of plasma deposited stressed nitride layers, was introduced and studied. Lasing has been pursued by conceiving ridges and microdisks strained by this method. An optimization of the geometry was performed through finite element modeling and the production of test structures. This optimization allowed to achieve a maximum biaxial strain of 1.1%. For uniaxial strains, we observed a maximum of 1.07% and showed experimentally the importance of the crystalline orientation in the enhancement of the emission. We demonstrated a modal gain value of 80 cm⁻¹ in ridges uniaxially strained at 0.8%.

Flexible risers that carry hydrocarbon fuels from the subsea facilities to the floatation units above the sea surface are composed of multiple metallic and polymeric layers (in their wall). Among these layers, the tensile armour layer consists of several helically wound metallic wires; these tensile armour layers carry the weight of the riser, provide tensile stiffness &amp; strength and maintain the structural integrity of the riser structure during harsh underwater currents. However, as the oil &amp; gas fields in shallow waters are receding, the oil &amp; gas industry is being forced to move towards deeper offshore waters, where the metallic tensile armour wires pose limitations (fatigue, corrosion, weight, etc.). In this thesis an alternative to metallic tensile armour wires will be presented in form of a flexible hybrid composite formed by stacking seven pultruded composite (carbon and vinyl-ester) circular rods in form of hexagonal pack, held together by an over-braid (Dyneema fibres) sleeve. The manufacturing process for hybrid composite tensile armour wires will be studied and their mechanical properties will be presented. A multi-scale finite element model developed for hybrid composite wires will be presented in this thesis to help further understand the mechanical properties of hybrid composite wires.