Orientador: Marcelo Ferraz Mesquita / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T19:45:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Takahashi_JessicaMieFerreiraKoyama_M.pdf: 3156848 bytes, checksum: e45be536e6455880f4523ac84c0d2894 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes tempos de envelhecimento acelerado realizado por meio da simulação do intemperismo natural, sobre as propriedades de deformação permanente e resistência à tração da união de dois materiais resilientes usados como forradores de base de prótese, sendo um à base de resina acrílica e outro à base de silicone. Para o ensaio de resistência à tração da união, os materiais reembasadores foram unidos a dois blocos de resina acrílica (9 X 9 X 40 mm) utilizada para a confecção de bases de próteses totais. Para o ensaio de deformação permanente, os corpos-de-prova de reembasador resiliente apresentaram 19 mm de altura e 12,7 mm de diâmetro. Os corpos-de-prova (n=10) foram submetidos ao envelhecimento acelerado nos tempos 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 e 64 ciclos por meio da simulação do intemperismo natural. O ensaio de resistência à tração da união foi realizado em máquina de ensaios EMIC DL-500 MF com velocidade média de 5 mm/min, sendo avaliado também o tipo de falha de união (adesiva, coesiva ou mista). Para o ensaio de deformação permanente foi utilizado aparelho mecânico descrito na especificação no 18 da A.D.A., com carga compressiva de 750 gf. Foi realizada análise estatística utilizando o teste Kruskall-Wallis associado ao método de Dunn, para comparação entre os materiais no mesmo intervalo de envelhecimento, e o teste Mann-Whitney para comparação do efeito dos tempos de envelhecimento em cada material. Avaliando os resultados obtidos após a análise estatística, pôde-se observar que o reembasador à base de silicone apresentou menor porcentagem de deformação permanente (p<0,0001) e maior resistência à tração (p<0,0001) que o reembasador à base de resina acrílica em todos os intervalos de envelhecimento. E que a simulação do intemperismo natural não afetou a deformação permanente (p=0,90) e a resistência à tração (p=0,15) do reembasador à base de silicone, mas reduziu a porcentagem de deformação permanente e aumentou a resistência à tração do material à base de resina acrílica (p<0,05). Os resultados demonstraram que o reembasador resiliente à base de silicone é menos susceptível à cargas compressivas, pois apresentou melhor recuperação elástica, menor deformação permanente e maior resistência à tração que o à base de resina acrílica. E que o envelhecimento acelerado, afeta as propriedades de deformação permanente e resistência à tração do material reembasador à base de resina acrílica. / Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different times of accelerated ageing over the properties of permanent deformation and tensile bond strength of two soft liners used on prostheses relining. The soft liners studied were auto-polymerizing and acrylic resin and silicone based. The materials were processed according the manufacturers' instructions. The resilient liner specimens (9 X 9 X 3 mm) for tensile bond strength were processed between 2 acrylic resin blocks (9 X 9 X 40 mm). The resilient liner specimens for permanent deformation test were 19 mm height and 12.7 mm diameter. The specimens (n=10) were submitted to accelerated ageing process during 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 cycles. Tensile bond strength was performed with crosshead speed of 5 mm/min using a testing machine EMIC DL-500 MF. Permanent deformation was performed with an apparatus described on specification no 18 of A.D.A., with compressive load of 750 gf. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskall-Wallis and Dunn tests to compare materials on the same ageing period and Mann-Whitney test to compare the effect of different ageing periods on each material. The results obtained after statistical analysis demonstrated that the silicone based reliner presented lower percentage of permanent deformation (p<0.0001) and higher tensile bond strength (p<0.0001) than the acrylic resin based reliner in all the ageing intervals. And that the accelerated ageing process did not affect the permanent deformation (p=0.90) and tensile bond strength (p=0.15) of the silicone based reliner, but reduced the percentage of permanent deformation and increased tensile bond strength of the acrylic resin based reliner (p<0.05). Results demonstrated that silicone based reliner is less susceptible to compressive loads, presenting better elastic recovery, lower permanent deformation and higher tensile bond strength. And that accelerated ageing affected only acrylic resin based reliners. / Mestrado / Protese Dental / Mestre em Clínica Odontológica

Orientadores: Luiz Andre Freire Pimenta, Lourenço Correr Sobrinho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T18:37:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Valentino_ThiagoAssuncao_M.pdf: 33208197 bytes, checksum: 1b097596ca0a13008a544ccb8786f3f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo in vitro foi analisar o efeito da armazenagem em solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 10% (NaOCl), para acelerar a degradação hidrolítica e simular o envelhecimento da interface adesiva ao longo do tempo, através da avaliação da resistência de união adesiva com a utilização do teste de microtração. A solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 10% é usada em curtos períodos de tempo (horas) resultando em decréscimo significante da resistência de união no substrato dentinário após a armazenagem nesta solução; entretanto, o mecanismo de degradação gerado por esta solução não é totalmente compreendido, desde que o NaOCL é um agente proteolítico nãoespecífico, que poderia degradar não apenas as fibrilas colágenas expostas não encapsuladas na camada híbrida, mas também a interface adesiva. Foram avaliados 2 sistemas adesivos comercialmente disponíveis: um sistema adesivo de frasco único Single Bond (SB) e um sistema adesivo contendo primer autocondicionante Clearfil SE Bond (SE). Foram utilizados neste experimento, 80 incisivos bovinos hígidos, 40 para esmalte e 40 para dentina, e 40 blocos confeccionados em resina composta, totalizando 120 unidades experimentais divididas em 12 grupos (n = 10). Após a restauração com resina composta Filtek Z250, a amostra foi armazenada em água destilada por 24 horas, a 37 'GRAUS'C. Para a realização do teste de microtração, as unidades experimentais foram cortadas em forma de palitos de 1 mm2 e 8 palitos de cada unidade experimental foram armazenados em solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 10 % (NaOCl) por 2 horas (Grupos experimentais) ou em água destilada (H2O) por 24 horas (Grupos controle). O padrão de fratura foi observado com o auxílio da Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura e foram realizadas fotomicrografias em magnitude de 80X para classificação do padrão de fratura e 1000X para caracterização dos detalhes das regiões mais expressivas das superfícies analisadas. As médias convertidas em MPa para os valores de união foram analisadas pelo teste de Análise de Variância (ANOVA) fatorial (3X2X2) e teste de Tukey para comparação das médias, ambos ao nível de 5 %. Os valores médios de microtração foram: Esmalte/NaOCl/SB = 29.3(4.0) a; Esmalte/NaOCl/SE = 20.7(3.4) b; Esmalte/H2O/SB = 31.2(5.0) a; Esmalte/H2O/SE = 20.8(2.9) b; Dentina/NaOCl/SB = 13.5(1.6) c; Dentina/NaOCl/SE = 7.5(1.1) d;Dentina/H2O/SB = 34.9(3.4) a; Dentina/H2O/SE = 20.3(3.7) b;ResinaComposta/NaOCl/SB = 24.1(7.0) b; ResinaComposta/NaOCl/SE = 42.8(4.7) a;ResinaComposta/H2O/SB =26.6(2.7) b; ResinaComposta/H2O/SE = 41.3(3.5) a. O padrão de fratura foi predominantemente adesivo para os substratos esmalte e resina composta,independentemente do sistema adesivo empregado e, para dentina, o padrão de fratura para a armazenagem em H2O foi predominantemente adesivo e para a armazenagem em NaOCl foi predominantemente na área de degradação. A armazenagem em NaOCl apresentou maior potencial significante de degradação e desproteinização para o substrato dentinário e o sistema autocondicionante empregado apresentou uma menor suscetibilidade à degradação. Este experimento in vitro provou ser efetivo na degradação de apenas das fibrilas colágenas na dentina, este método poderia útil para se predizer o desempenho clínico dos sistemas adesivos / Abstract: The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the fast effect of the 10 % hypochrorite sodium storage in simulation to hydrolytic degradation and adhesive interface aged for long time, through to evaluate the bond strength of microtensile bond test. The 10% NaOCl solution used in short periods of time (hours) resulting in a significant decrease in bond strength in dentin after storage in that solution; however the mechanism of degradation generated by this solution is not totally understood, since sodium hypochlorite is a non-specific proteolytic agent, which could degrade not only the exposed collagen fibrils underneath the hybrid layer, but also the adhesive interface. For 2 adhesive systems avaliable commercially: one-bottle total-etch adhesive system Single Bond (SB) and primer self-etching adhesive system Clearfil SE Bond (SE). For this study, 80 ound bovine incisors, 40 for enamel and 40 for dentin, and 40 blocks building-up in composite resin, entirety 120 experimental units (n = 10). After sample restoration with resin composite Filtek Z250, the sample was storaged in distilled water at 37° C for 24 hours. For the microtensile bond test performance, the experimental units was sectioned into 1 mm² beams and 8 beams for each experimental unit was storaged in 10 % hypochrorite sodium (NaOCl) for 2 hours (Experimental groups) or in destilled water (H2O) for 24 hours (Control groups), entirety 960 beams observed. The failure pattern was observed in Scanning Electron Microscope (MEV) and photomicrographs was accomplished in 80X magnification for failure pattern classification and 1000X for details characterization of the more expressive areas for analysed surfaces. The means converted in MPa for the bond strength values were analysed by the Statistical Analysis (ANOVA) fatorial (3X2X2) and Tukey test for multiple comparison, both at level 5%. The means values for the microtensile test were: Enamel/NaOCl/SB = 29.3(4.0) a; Enamel/NaOCl/SE = 20.7(3.4) b; Enamel/H2O/SB = 31.2(5.0) a; Enamel/H2O/SE = 20.8(2.9) b; Dentin/NaOCl/SB = 13.5(1.6) c; Dentin/NaOCl/SE = 7.5(1.1) d; Dentin/H2O/SB = 34.9(3.4) a; Dentin/H2O/SE = 20.3(3.7) b; ResinComposite/NaOCl/SB = 24.1(7.0) b; ResinComposite/NaOCl/SE = 42.8(4.7) a; ResinComposite/H2O/SB =26.6(2.7) b; ResinComposite/H2O/SE = 41.3(3.5) a. The failure pattern was predominantly adhesive for the substrates enamel e resin composite, independently adhesive system utilized and, for dentin, the failure pattern for H2O storage was predominantly adhesive and for NaOCl storage was predominantly in degradation area. NaOCl storage showed a bigger degradation and desproteinization potencial significantly for the dentin substrate and the self-etching adhesive system tested showed smaller degradation susceptibility. This in vitro test proves to be effective in degrading just the collagen fibrils in dentin, this method might be very useful to predict the performance of the adhesive systems in clinics / Mestrado / Dentística / Mestre em Clínica Odontológica

Orientadores: Regina Maria Puppin-Rontani, Cinthia Pereira Machado Tabchoury / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T03:14:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kantovitz_KamilaRosamilia_D.pdf: 5297560 bytes, checksum: 54075c4dc9273e22fd57c6da011f7606 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Os selantes de fossas e fissuras oclusais vêm sendo propostos na prevenção de cárie em pacientes de alto risco. As lesões iniciais de cárie em esmalte necessitam de atenção preventiva especial e de um diagnóstico preciso. A decisão se o selante deve ser realizado na superfície hígida, com lesão inicial de cárie ou remineralizada pode gerar dúvidas. No intuito de facilitar a apresentação desta Tese, a mesma foi dividida em dois capítulos, como descrito a seguir. Capítulo 1: teve como objetivo revisar a literatura a respeito do efeito dos infiltrantes e materiais seladores na inibição da desmineralização do esmalte em lesões de cárie não cavitadas. Dezoito estudos foram selecionados na avaliação crítica realizada. Dois artigos foram classificados como grau A (estudos in vivo), nove como grau B (estudos in vitro) e sete com grau C (estudos in vitro). Capítulo 2: teve como objetivo avaliar a resistência de união à micro-tração (uTBS) de materiais seladores (FluroShield® - F e Helioseal Clear Chroma® - H) aplicados em diferentes substratos de esmalte (hígido - H, lesão inicial de cárie - C e lesão inicial de cárie + aplicação tópica de verniz de flúor - CF) após desafio cariogênico (ciclagem de pH). Baseado no estudo experimental, a resistência de união à micro-tração foi influenciada pelos diferentes substratos de esmalte. O grupo do substrato de esmalte com lesão inicial de cárie + aplicação tópica de verniz de flúor mostrou maior valores de resistência da união esmalte/material à micro-tração, seguido do hígido e da lesão inicial de cárie. Além disso, os valores de resistência da união esmalte/material à micro-tração foram dependentes do material selador e da ciclagem de pH. Observou-se que os valores de uTBS foram maiores para FluroShield que Helioseal Clear Chroma associados à ciclagem de pH. A fratura tipo mista foi predominante em todos os grupos. Pôde-se concluir que enquanto o selamento da superfície externa do esmalte das fóssulas e fissuras age como uma barreira à difusão dos ácidos na superfície de lesão de mancha branca, a técnica de infiltração cria uma barreira dentro da lesão inicial de cárie, por meio da substituição do ar dos espaços da área de perda mineral por uma resina fotopolimerizável de baixa viscosidade. Os valores mais altos foram encontrados para o substrato com lesão inicial de cárie associado a aplicação de verniz fluoretado. Quando os materiais seladores foram expostos ao desafio cariogênico (ciclagem de pH), FluroShield demonstrou os maiores valores de resistência de união ao esmalte. A resistência de união foi substrato dependente. / Abstract: Pit and fissure dental sealants are recognized as an important adjunct approach for caries prevention in high caries risk patients. The caries-like lesions enamel need special preventive action and accurate diagnosis. The decision whether the sealant must been made on the sound, inicial carious enamel or remineralized enamel may lead to uncertainties. In order to facilitate the accomplishment of this Thesis, it was divided into two chapters, as described on the following descriptions. Chapter 1: to present a literature review on the effects of infiltrants and sealers on the inhibition of enamel demineralization of non-cavitated enamel lesions. Eighteen studies identified were included in the project critical appraisal. Two papers were classified as grade A (in vivo studies), nine as grade B (in vitro studies), and seven as grade C (in vitro studies). Chapter 2: to evaluate the microtensile bond strength (uTBS) of resinous sealant materials (FluroShield e Helioseal Clear Chroma) on different enamel substrates (sound, caries-like lesion, and caries-like lesion + varnish topical fluoride appication) after a cariogenic challenge (pH-cycling). The caries-like lesion + varnish topical fluoride showed the highest values, following sound and caries-like lesion enamel. Additionally, uTBS values were dependent on both materials and pH-cycling. FluroShield presented the highest uTBS values, when the materials were submitted to pH-cycling. Mixed failure was the most frequently observed failure for all groups. It could be concluded that while fissure sealing act as a diffusion barrier on the top of the lesion surface, the infiltration technique creates a barrier inside the lesion, replacing lost mineral with low-viscous light-curing resin. The highest values were found for caries-like lesion + varnish topical fluoride enamel. When sealer materials were submitteted to cariogenico challenge (pH-cycling), FluroShield showed the highest microtensile bond strength values. The sealant/enamel microtensile bond strength (uTBS) was enamel substrate dependent. / Doutorado / Odontopediatria / Doutor em Odontologia

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of residual temporary cements on the microtensile bond strength of indirect composite resin build-ups employing two types of adhesive systems. Thirty non-carious human third molars were selected and the occlusal enamel was removed to produce flat dentin surfaces. The surfaces were coated with provisional restorations fixed with either eugenol-containing temporary cement (Temp Bond), or non-eugenol temporary cement (Freegenol). After one week, the provisional restorations and residual cement were removed with a dental probe and one specimen of each group was selected for evaluation by atomic force microscopy to investigate the presence of remnants of temporary cements. For the control groups, no provisional restorations were made. The dentin surfaces were cleaned with pumice and treated either with a total-etch (TE) adhesive system (Adper Single Bond 2) or with a self-etch (SE) adhesive system (Adper Prompt). Composite resin build-ups (Filtek Z250) were fixed to the bonded dentin surfaces using resin luting cement (RelyX ARC). The bonded specimens were then cross-sectioned producing sticks of 0.9 mm2 of adhesive area. Microtensile bond strength testing was perfomed in a universal test machine at a rate of 0.5 mm/min until fracture occurred. Optical microscopic images and scanning electron micrographs of fractured surfaces were obtained and recorded for fractographic analysis. Bond strength values were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-Student tests to detect significant differences between groups. The results showed a significant reduction on microtensile bond strength values when Temp Bond cement was employed in comparison with the control groups either for TE (p = 0.0331) or SE (p = 0.0267) adhesive systems. Total-etch groups showed significantly higher bond strength values than self-etch groups (p < 0.0001). Optical and scanning electron microscopic analysis revealed a majority of mixed fractures (67%). Adhesive failure at dentin-adhesive interface was significantly higher for SE groups than for TE groups (p = 0.0001). Atomic force microscopic images showed that residues of both temporary cements remained on dentin surfaces even after mechanical cleansing and treatment with acids. Bond strengths of total-etch and self-etch adhesive systems were significantly lowered only when eugenol-containing temporary cement was used prior to bonding and cementation procedures. / O presente estudo experimental in vitro se propÃÂs a investigar a influÃÂncia de resÃÂduos de cimentos provisÃÂrios sobre a resistÃÂncia de uniÃÂo de restauraÃÂÃÂes indiretas de resina composta ÃÂ dentina, empregando-se dois sistemas adesivos resinosos, por meio de ensaio mecÃÂnico de microtraÃÂÃÂo. SuperfÃÂcies planas de dentina foram obtidas a partir da remoÃÂÃÂo do esmalte oclusal de 30 (trinta) dentes terceiros molares humanos sem lesÃÂes de cÃÂrie, extraÃÂdos por indicaÃÂÃÂo cirÃÂrgica ou ortodÃÂntica. Os espÃÂcimes foram distribuÃÂdos em 6 (seis) grupos, de acordo com o tipo de cimento provisÃÂrio e o tipo de sistema adesivo empregado. Discos de resina acrÃÂlica foram fixados ÃÂ superfÃÂcie dentinÃÂria dos espÃÂcimes empregando-se o cimento provisÃÂrio com eugenol Temp Bond ou o cimento sem eugenol Freegenol. ApÃÂs 7 (sete) dias em ÃÂgua destilada a 37ÃÂC, as restauraÃÂÃÂes provisÃÂrias e os resÃÂduos de cimento foram removidos com instrumento manual. Nos grupos-controle, nÃÂo foram empregadas restauraÃÂÃÂes provisÃÂrias. As superfÃÂcies dentinÃÂrias foram limpas com pasta de pedra-pomes e ÃÂgua e tratadas de acordo com o sistema adesivo empregado: condicionamento com ÃÂcido fosfÃÂrico a 37% e aplicaÃÂÃÂo do sistema adesivo Adper Single Bond 2 (SB2) ou aplicaÃÂÃÂo do sistema adesivo autocondicionante Adper Prompt (AP). Em seguida, blocos de resina composta (Filtek Z 250) foram fixados ao substrato dentinÃÂrio utilizando-se um cimento resinoso (RelyX ARC). AtravÃÂs de cortes seriados, foram obtidos corpos-de-prova em forma de palitos com ÃÂrea de interface adesiva de aproximadamente 0,9 mm2 que foram submetidos ao ensaio de microtraÃÂÃÂo em mÃÂquina universal de testes com velocidade de 0,5mm/min atÃÂ a ruptura. A resistÃÂncia adesiva foi expressa pela tensÃÂo de ruptura dos corpos-de-prova. Os modos de fratura das interfaces adesivas foram analisados por microscopia ÃÂptica digital e microscopia eletrÃÂnica de varredura. A presenÃÂa de resÃÂduos dos cimentos provisÃÂrios foi investigada por microscopia de forÃÂa atÃÂmica. Os resultados de resistÃÂncia adesiva foram submetidos ÃÂ anÃÂlise de variÃÂncia (ANOVA) de dois critÃÂrios e teste t-Student para detectar diferenÃÂas significativas entre os grupos. Observou-se uma reduÃÂÃÂo estatisticamente significativa da resistÃÂncia adesiva quando o cimento Temp Bond foi empregado em relaÃÂÃÂo aos grupos-controle, tanto com o sistema adesivo SB2 (p = 0,0331) quanto com o sistema AP (p = 0,0267). Os grupos em que o sistema SB2 foi utilizado apresentaram valores de resistÃÂncia adesiva estatisticamente superiores aos grupos com o sistema AP (p< 0,0001), independentemente do emprego ou nÃÂo de cimentos provisÃÂrios. A anÃÂlise dos modos de fratura mostrou uma maior ocorrÃÂncia de fraturas mistas (67%), sendo que nos grupos com o sistema de condicionamento ÃÂcido total a ocorrÃÂncia de fraturas adesivas na interface dentina-adesivo foi estatisticamente menor que nos grupos com o sistema autocondicionante (p = 0,0001). Com base nesses resultados, concluiu-se que resÃÂduos microscÃÂpicos dos dois cimentos provisÃÂrios permaneceram sobre a superfÃÂcie dentinÃÂria mesmo apÃÂs limpeza mecÃÂnica e tratamento com ÃÂcidos. PorÃÂm, apenas o cimento provisÃÂrio contendo eugenol reduziu significativamente a resistÃÂncia de uniÃÂo ÃÂ dentina das restauraÃÂÃÂes indiretas de resina, independentemente do sistema adesivo empregado.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:22:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO PAULA RODRIGUES ODONTOLOGIA.pdf: 2469324 bytes, checksum: 06856e4c36b3f2621c6c83d9aa0e9f32 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-13 / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ozone gas and its use with an antioxidant on the resin-dentin microtensile bond strength. The oclusal enamel of forty human third molars was then removed to expose a flat superficial dentin surface. The teeth were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10): (G1) untreated dentin with ozone (control group); (G2) ozone gas application for 40 s followed by acid etching; (G3) acid etching followed by ozone gas for 40s; and (G4) ozone gas for 40s with subsequent application of sodium ascorbato 10% for 10 min. Composite build-ups were constructed incrementally. Specimens were sectioned to obtain sticks with cross-sectional areas of 1mm2 to be tested in tension (0.5 mm/min). The microtensile bond strength values were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey s test (&#945;=0.05). All sticks fractured were then observed under a stereomicroscope (40X). The results showed that the G1 had higher values of microtensile bond strength when compared to G2 and G3 (p=0.00). The values of microtensile bond strength of G1 and G4 were similar (p = 0158) and higher than the G2, but there was no difference between the values of G3 and G4 (p=0,115). The use of ozone prior to etching (G2) resulted in lower value of microtensile bond strength in all conditions evaluated (p = 0.00). The application of ozone gas decreased the microtensile bond strength of the interface dentin/composite resin, but the values were reversed when the use of sodium ascorbate / Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do gás ozônio e do ascorbato de sódio na resistência de união entre dentina e resina composta. O esmalte oclusal de 40 terceiros molares humanos foi removido expondo uma superfície plana de dentina. Os dentes foram divididos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos (n=10): (G1) dentina não tratada com ozônio (grupo controle); (G2) gás ozônio aplicado por 40s seguido pelo condicionamento ácido; (G3) condicionamento ácido seguido pela aplicação do gás ozônio por 40s; e (G4) gás ozônio por 40s com subsequente aplicação do ascorbato de sódio 10% por 10 min. Coroas de resina composta foram confeccionadas incrementalmente. Os espécimes obtidos foram seccionados obtendo palitos com área de secção transversal de 1mm2 a serem testados em ensaio de microtração (0,5 mm/min). Os valores de resistência de união a microtração foram analisados por meio da analise de variância ANOVA em fator único e teste de Tukey (&#945;=0,05). Todos os palitos fraturados foram analisados em estereomicroscópio (40X). Os resultados mostraram que o G1 apresentou maiores valores de resistência de união quando comparado ao G2 e G3 (p=0,00). Os valores de resistência de união do G1 e G4 foram similares (p=0,158) e maiores que do G2, porém não houve diferença entre os valores de G3 e G4 (p=0,115). O uso do ozônio antes do condicionamento ácido (G2) resultou em menor valor de resistência de união em todas condições avaliadas (p=0,00). A aplicação do gás ozônio diminuiu a resistência de união ao teste de microtração da interface dentina/resina composta, porém os valores foram revertidos quando do uso do ascorbato de sódio

Problemas freqüentes na prótese sobre implante são o afrouxamento do parafuso que une o munhão ao implante e a soltura da prótese cimentada. Assim, foi estudada a manutenção da força de torque, promovida por 2 diferentes parafusos fixadores de munhão, e a resistência à remoção por tração de coroas de NiCr, cimentadas ou re-cimentadas com fosfato de zinco sobre munhões com diferentes características. Numa primeira fase, foram utilizados 20 conjuntos implante/munhão/parafuso (NEODENT), constituídos de liga de Ti, nos quais existiam 10 parafusos comuns e 10 revestidos com carbono (Neotorque). A força de torque de 32 N era aplicada com um torquímetro analógico de precisão (TOHNICHI) e, para a aplicação cíclica de carga de compressão axial, foi utilizada uma máquina eletro-mecânica de fadiga, com carga de 200 N e freqüência de 2 hertz, durante 500.000 ciclos. Na segunda fase, foram usados 30 conjuntos (implante/munhão/parafuso e respectivas coroas), onde existiam apenas parafusos comuns, porém com munhões de diferentes tamanhos e aspectos superficiais: o munhão universal (MU), o personalizado original (MPO) e o personalizado irradiado (MPI). As coroas destes 2 últimos grupos já haviam sido cimentadas e tracionadas, num trabalho anterior. Todas as coroas foram agora cimentadas com fosfato de zinco e submetidas (7 dias depois) a ensaios de tração, em uma máquina universal de ensaios regulada na velocidade de 0,5 mm/min. Nas condições deste trabalho, foi possível concluir que ambos os parafusos analisados (comum e Neotorque) apresentaram comportamento semelhante, na manutenção da força de torque promovida, e que a resistência à remoção por tração de coroas, cimentadas pela primeira vez, com o munhão universal (MU), foi a menor de todas (227,83 N.cm); para os caso das recimentações, com o munhão personalizado de textura original, esta resistência apresentou valor intermediário (448,37 N.cm), tendo sido a maior de todas (1.570,76 N.cm) aquela apresentada pelo munhão personalizado que sofreu irradiação por LASER. / Frequent problems in implant prosthodontics are loosening the screw that joins the abutment to implant and the releasing of the cemented prosthesis. Thus, it was studied both the torque force mantenaince promoted by two different screws as the resistance to removal by traction of NiCr crowns, cemented or re-cemented with zinc phosphate over abutments with different characteristics. In a first phase, it were used 20 Ti alloy-made sets (composed by Neodent implant / abutment / screw), in which there were 10 slotted screws carbon-coated (Neotorque). The torque force of 32 N was applied with an analogical torque wrench (TOHNICHI) and the cyclic axial compression load with a fatigue electro-mechanical machine, with a load of 200 N and frequency of 2 Hz, over 500,000 cycles. In the second phase, it was used 30 other sets (composed by implant / abutment / screw and their crowns) where there were only common screws, but with sleeves of different size and superficial aspects: the universal abutment (MU), that personalizable with original texture (MPO) and the personalizable with a LASER treatment (MPI). Crowns of these two latter groups had already been cemented and pulled in a previous work. All crowns were here cemented with zinc phosphate and submitted (7 days later) to tensile tests in an universal testing machine set at a speed of 0.5 mm / min. In the conditions of the present work, it was concluded that both analyzed screws (common and Neotorque) behaved similarly, maintaining the torque force promoted, and that resistance to removal by traction of crowns cemented by first time with the universal abutment (MU) was the lowest of all (227.83 N.cm); for recementations, personal abutment with original texture had intermediate values resistance (448.37 N.cm), being the largest of all (1570.76 N.cm) that presented by the abutment modified by LASER irradiation.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito de adesivos autocondicionantes com diferentes pHs aplicados em camadas de esfregaço (CE) fina e espessa na sua resistência de união (RU), adaptação marginal (AM) e micromorfologia. Foram utilizados 47 molares (n=5). A dentina oclusal foi exposta e cada dente foi seccionado em duas metades (unidade experimental) preparadas com lixa 600 (CE fina) e 60 (CE espessa). Os sistemas autocondicionantes foram selecionados conforme a acidez: Clearfil SE Bond (SE- fraco), Optibond Solo primer e adesivo (SO-intermediário), TYrian + One Step Plus (TY–forte). Um sistema convencional, ScotchBond Multi-Uso (MP) também foi estudado. A aplicação dos adesivos foi aleatória e uma reconstrução da porção coronária foi realizada com resina Z-250. Após 24h, os palitos para microtração (0,8mm 2 ) foram preparados. Parte deles foi submetida à microtração (Kratos–0,5mm/min). (Um índice de RU foi calculado levando-se em consideração a contribuição relativa dos tipos de fratura ocorridos). A outra parte foi avaliada em microscopia de luz (400x) quanto à AM tendo sido calculada a largura média de fendas (Lm) na interface de união. Para observação do padrão de condicionamento por MEV, os primers autocondicionantes e o H3PO4 foram aplicados à dentina tratada com lixa 60 e 600, removidos com banhos de álcool e acetona, fixados, desidratados com etanol, secos com HMDS e recobertos com ouro. Para observação dos prolongamentos resinosos, unidades experimentais “restauradas” com Z-250 tiveram a dentina removida com HCl e NaHOCl e as amostras recobertas com ouro. Os dados de RU e AM foram submetidos a ANOVA de 2 fatores (p=0,05). Testes de regressão (p=0,05) foram aplicados para RU e Lm e de cada um com o pH dos primers autocondicionantes. Apenas o fator Adesivo foi significante para RU e Lm e não houve relação entre ambos. Observou-se que TY apresentou RU significativamente inferior aos demais sistemas, semelhantes entre si. A Lm foi tanto maior quanto menor a acidez do sistema autocondicionante e MP apresentou a menor Lm. Em condições de CE espessa, as Lm foram significativamente maiores. Notou-se que o sistema de acidez fraca foi o mais afetado pela CE espessa tanto no padrão de condicionamento como na formação de prolongamentos resinosos. Houve maior remoção da CE com o sistema de acidez forte. Concluiu-se que, nas condições experimentais testadas, apenas o sistema convencional conseguiu aliar altos valores de resistência de união a uma boa adaptação marginal, e ainda reunir aspectos de micromorfologia compatíveis / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different pH self-etch adhesives applied to thick and thin smear layer (SL) on bond strength (BS), marginal adaptation (MA) and micromorphology. 47 molars (n=5) were used. The occlusal dentin was exposed and each tooth was sectioned in two halves (experimental unit) prepared with 600-grit SiC paper (thin SL) and 60-grit (thick SL). The self-etch adhesives were selected according to the acidity: Clearfil SE Bond (SE-mild), Optibond Solo primer and adhesive (SO-intermediary), Tyrian + One Step Plus (TY– strong). An etch-&-rinse system, ScotchBond Multi-Purpose (MP) was also studied. The adhesives application was randomized and a resin composite build-up was made with Z-250. After 24h, the microtensile sticks (0.8 mm2) were prepared. Part of them was submitted to the microtensile bond strength test (Kratos-0.5 mm/min). (A BS index was calculated considering the relative contribution of the fracture types observed in the fractured sticks). The other part had the MA evaluated by light microscopy (400x) for the mean interfacial gap width (Gw) calculation. For the conditioning pattern SEM evaluation, the self-etch primers and the phosphoric acid was applied to dentin (60 and 600-grit), removed with baths of alcohol and acetone, fixed, dehydrated with ethanol, dried with HMDS and gold sputtered. For resin tags observation, restored experimental units were used. The dentin was removed with HCl and NaHOCl and gold sputtered. The BS and MA data was analyzed by 2-way ANOVA (p=0.05). The regression test (p=0.05) was performed for BS and Gw and for both with the self-etch primers pH. A regression test was applied for Gw and Li to evaluate their relationship (p=0.05). Only the Adhesive was significant for BS and Gw and no there was no relationship for them. TY presented significantly lower BS compared to the other adhesives that had similar BS. The higher the pH of the self-etch primers, the larger were the corresponding Gw (Gw x pH regression was significant). MP presented the lowest Gw. With thick SL, the Gw was significantly larger. The mild self-etch adhesive was affected by the thick SL in both the conditioning pattern and tags formation. The SL removal was more extensive with the strong self-etch. It was concluded that only the etch-&-rinse system achieved high BS and good MA with compatible micromorphological aspects

The primary aim of this research was to develop a method for determining the true uniaxial tensile strength of concrete by conducting a series of cylinder splitting, modulus of rupture (MOR) and cylinder/cube compression tests. The main objectives were: • Critically reviewing previous published research in order to identify gaps in current knowledge and understanding, including theoretical and methodological contributions to the true uniaxial tensile strength of concrete. In order to maintain consistency and increase the reliability of the proposed methods, it is essential to review the literature to provide additional data points in order to add additional depth, breathe and rigor to Senussi's investigation (2004). • The design of self compacting concrete (SCC), normal strength concrete (NSC) and high strength concrete (HSC) mixes and undertaking lab-based experimental works for mixing, casting, curing and testing of specimens in order to establish new empirical evidence and data. • Analysing the data, presenting the results, and investigating the application of validity methods as stated by Lin and Raoof (1999) and Senussi (2004). • To draw conclusions including comparison with previous research and literature, including the proposal of new correction factors and recommendations for future research. 29 batches of NSC, 137 batches of HSC, 44 batches of fly ash SCC and 47 batches of GGBS SCC were cast and their hardened and fresh properties were measured. Hardened properties measured included: cylinder splitting strength, MOR, cylinder compressive strength and cube compressive strength. A variety of rheological tests were also applied to characterise the fresh properties of the SCC mixes, including: slump flow, T50, L-box, V-funnel, J-ring and sieve stability. Cylinders were also visually checked after splitting for segregation. The tensile strength of concrete has traditionally been expressed in terms of its compressive strength (e.g. ft = c x c f ). Based on this premise, extensive laboratory testing was conducted to evaluate the tensile strength of the concretes, including the direct tension test and the indirect cylinder splitting and MOR tests. These tests however, do not provide sufficiently accurate results for the true uniaxial tensile strength, due to the results being based upon different test methods. This shortcoming has been overcome by recently developed methods reported by Lin and Raoof (1999) and Senussi (2004) who proposed simple correction factors for the application to the cylinder splitting and MOR test results, with the final outcome providing practically reasonable estimates of the true uniaxial tensile strength of concrete, covering a wide range of concrete compressive strengths 12.57 ≤ fc ≤ 93.82 MPa, as well as a wide range of aggregate types. The current investigation has covered a wide range of ages at testing, from 3 to 91 days. Test data from other sources has also been applied for ages up to 365 days, with the test results reported relating to a variety of mix designs. NSC, SCC and HSC data from the current investigation has shown an encouraging correlation with the previously reported results, hence providing additional wider and deeper empirical evidence for the validity of the recommended correction factors. The results have also demonstrated that the type (size, texture and strength) of aggregate has a negligible effect on the recommended correction factors. The concrete age at testing was demonstrated to have a potentially significant effect on the recommended correction factors. Altering the cement type can also have a significant effect on the hardened properties measured and demonstrated practically noticeable variations on the recommended correction factors. The correction factors proved to be valid regarding the effects of incorporating various blended cements in the HSC and SCC. The NSC, HSC and SCC showed an encouraging correlation with previously reported results, providing additional support, depth, breadth and rigor for the validity of the correction factors recommended.

The effect of the chemical composition, austenitisation temperature and tempering temperature and time on the mechanical properties and on the ballistic performance of martensitic steel armour plates was studied. It was established in this study that the mechanical properties and the ballistic performance of martensitic steels can be optimised by controlling the chemical composition and the heat treatment parameters. However, it was observed that for a given chemical composition of the steel the heat treatment parameters to be applied to advanced ballistic performance armour plates were different from those required for higher mechanical properties. Such a contradiction rendered the relationship between mechanical properties and ballistic performance questionable. Systematic analysis of the microstructure and the fracture mechanism of some martensitic armour plate steels was carried out to explain the improved ballistic performance of steels whose mechanical properties were below that specificied for military and security applications. It was inferred from phase analysis and its quantification by X-ray diffraction, characterisation of the martensite using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy that the retained austenite located in the plate interfaces and on grain boundaries of the martensite was the main constituent resisting localised yielding during ballistic impact on thin steel plates. A part of the kinetic energy is transformed into adiabatic heat where a reaustenitisation of the plate martensite and the formation of new lath martensite was observed. Another part is used to elastically and plastically deform the ballistic impact affected region around the incidence point. Dislocation pile-ups at twinned plate interfaces suggest that the twin interfaces act as barriers to dislocation movement upon high velocity impact loading. The diameter of the affected regions, that determines the volume of the material deforming plastically upon impact, was found to vary as a function of the volume fraction of retained austenite in the martensitic steel. Upon impact, retained austenite transforms to martensite by Transformation Induced Plasticity, the “ TRIP ” effect. High volume fractions of retained austenite in the martensitic steel were found to yield low values of the ratio yield strength to ultimate tensile strength (YS/UTS) and a high resistance against localised yielding and, therefore, against ballistic perforation. A Ballistic Parameter was proposed for the prediction of ballistic performance using the volume fraction of retained austenite and the thickness of the armour plate as variables. Based on the martensite structure and the results of the ballistic testing of 13 armour plate steels a design methodology comprising new specifications was proposed for the manufacture of armour plates whose thicknesses may be thinner than 6mm. / Dissertation (MSc (Metallurgical Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering / unrestricted

Ce travail thèse a pour objet une méthode expérimentale combinant un essai de traction indirect par écaillage et une mesure de champs à partir d’images obtenues par caméra ultra rapide, ceci à des fins d’identification des propriétés de rupture du béton sous chargement de traction dynamique. Cette méthode, proposée dans la littérature peu de temps avant le démarrage de ces travaux, fait ici l’objet d’une étude approfondi ainsi que d’une série de développements et d’amélioration. Les images obtenues sont traités par une technique de grille et la méthode des champs virtuels est appliquée pour identifier le comportement local des matériaux quasi-fragiles soumis à de hautes vitesses de déformation (plusieurs 100 1/s}). Dans un premier temps, afin de valider la technique de traitement maus aussi d’étudier l’incertitude de mesure associée, un simulateur de la chaîne de mesure complète a été mis au point. Il a été ainsi possible d’étudier l’influence de différentes sources potentielles d’erreurs qui peuvent être rencontrées dans le protocole expérimental. Cette étude a permis de retenir des recommandations sur les conditions de réalisations réelles de l’essai afin d’améliorer la fiabilité des mesures obtenues. D’un point de vue expérimental, différents capteurs ultra haute vitesse ont été utilisés afin d’étudier leur performances vis-à-vis des mesures réalisées. Ainsi, les campagnes d’essais ont été réalisées sur un matériau aux caractéristiques bien identifiées permettant l’étude des performances métrologiques de toute la chaine d’identification, pour chaque modèle de capteur. Enfin, le protocole expérimentale a été mis en place pour étudier le comportement de plusieurs types de béton soumis en traction dynamique. L’objectif, ici, est d’identifier leur comportements mécaniques ainsi que leur caractéristiques de rupture et fragmentation sous traction dynamique. En ce qui concerne la résistance à la traction, les valeurs identifiées dans cette étude sont inférieures, pour chaque cas, à celles rapportées dans la littérature et obtenues, pour la plupart, à partir du traitement de la vitesse matérielle mesurée en face arrière de l’échantillon. Pour ce qui est de l’énergie spécifique de rupture, les valeurs obtenues dans ces travaux sont égalements inférieures à celles publiées dans les revues scientifiques. / In this thesis a recently proposed photomechanical spalling experiment has been used in light of identifying concrete failure properties under dynamic tension.The experimental technique uses ultra-high speed imaging, the grid method and the virtual fields method.First, in order to investigate the accuracy and validate the processing technique, a methodology of using simulated experiments has been developed by numerically simulating the entire identification process.In this way, several potential sources of errors have been investigated allowing to place guidelines on how to perform the experiment in a more reliable manner.Second, several latest ultra-high speed acquisition systems have been used in order to investigate their contribution to a possible measurement refinement.In this case, the trial experiments have been conducted on a material of known characteristics which allowed investigating the metrological performance of the acquisition system on the entire identification chain.Finally, the experimental methodology has been applied to testing several grades of concrete in light of identifying the material constitutive response as well as their fracturing characteristics under dynamic tension.The identified tensile strengths in this work were found to be consistently lower than those obtained from the standard processing of the rear-face velocity profile.Moreover, the values of the identified specific fracture energy were also found to be markedly lower than the ones often reported in the literature.